Opinion by
William W. Porter J.,
Referring to the consideration for the note given by Dailey to his wife, the auditor finds: “ That Jonathan Dailey received all or a greater part of this money from his wife is undoubtedly true, but the validity and bona fides of the lien procured therefor is questioned.” Again he finds : “ The auditor is forced to the conclusion that Jonathan Dailey received this money from his wife, but that he was to repay it with interest is not so well established.” Again: “ It is evident from these facts that Mr. Dailey was not acting in good faith-with his creditors. Was his wife, A. C. Dailey, cognizant of the facts and the acts of her [508]*508husband, and did she collude with her husband in this deception ? An examination of her testimony forces the conclusion that she was lamentably faulty in memory or faithless in intent. :She can remember, little that occurred except that she loaned money to her husband and that he was to repay it with interest. ;She lays suspicious emphasis upon the fact that he was to repay it with interest.” Referring to her testimony again, the auditor says that he “ is not satisfied of its honesty or her innocence of the fraud of her husband.” He then finds: “ From all the -evidence before him, the auditor is satisfied and so finds that the confession of the judgment by Jonathan Dailey to his wife, Agnes C. Dailey, was made in 1896, at or near the time the note was entered of record; that the same was fraudulent and collusive between Jonathan Dailey and Agnes C. Dailey, the claimant, and was made and entered in fraud of the creditors by Jonathan Dailey. For these reasons the claim is postponed to that of Mary High, Rachel Curts and William Bear, administrator, in point of priority o£ lien, upon the fund for distribution.”
In a subsequent part of the report the auditor says: “ Mrs. Dailey has established her claim against her husband’s estate to take effect and position or priority after the claims or liens of Mary High, Rachel Curts and William Bear, as the auditor has hereinbefore found, as there is no evidence of a fraud having been perpetrated against the claims of the subsequent liens to those named.” From the findings quoted and from the discussion in the report, it is clear that the debt as between husband and wife was honestly due. There is no finding which stamps the giving of the note by the husband to the wife with fraudulent intent as to the creditors generally. No one doubts that a husband can confess a judgment to his wife for money borrowed from her, and by this means make her a preferred creditor, or add to the security of her claim, even though the claim be held long enough to be barred by the statute of limitations: Wingerd v. Fallon, 95 Pa. 184; Lahr’s Appeal, 90 Pa. 507; Benson v. Maxwell, 105 Pa. 274; or include interest on the loan when there was, in fact, no agreement that the sum loaned should bear interest: Meckley’s Appeal, 102 Pa. 586; Hawley v. Griffith, 187 Pa. 306. The auditor does not seem to hold anywhere in his report that the giving of the note was [509]*509a fraud, even as to the three creditors he names. His report,, as a whole, is consistent only on the ground that the fraud was. in the use of the note after it was given. This is not, therefore, to be regarded as the case of a judgment confessed to a-wife and void for failure of proof of the amount and source of the sum loaned to the husband. It is not ruled by the authorities to this point cited by the appellee. A scrutiny of the evidence has failed to disclose to us any knowledge brought home-to the wife of an intention on the part of the husband to hinder or defraud any of his creditors. The auditor’s criticisms of her testimony are perhaps warranted, but we are unable to find, even in the inconsistencies and inaccuracies of that testimony a substantial indication that she was knowingly a party to any act intended to defraud three certain creditors of her husband, and as to the other creditors the auditor specifically finds that, no fraud was committed.
We thus have a confessed judgment by the husband to the-wife for money borrowed from her long anterior to the confession: for an amount honestly due; entered of record nearly a. year previous to any assignment for creditors; and given at a. time when the husband was possessed of property and was then completing negotiations for the purchase of more real estate. The auditor does not put his conclusion upon any finding of' fact that the wife had actual knowledge of or participation in an intended or accomplished fraud. He holds, however, that-the act of the husband in entering up the judgment note was-the act of the wife, and that his acts and knowledge in connection therewith became hers.
There are three creditors of Jonathan Dailey as to whom the-auditor finds that the judgment in favor of Agnes C. Dailey is fraudulent. The first is Mary High, to whom Dailey took a-judgment note and agreed to enter it up the same day. He postponed entering it of record until after the entry of the note in favor of his wife. He admits that he was the agent of Mary High for the purpose of entering the judgment. He was thus entrusted with the entry upon the record of the notes held by both his wife and Mary High. He admits that he agreed to enter up the High judgment note on the same day that he gave it, but does not say, nor is it elsewhere proven, that it was to-precede the lien of the judgment in favor of his wife, or take [510]*510any particular position in the sequence of liens. He apparently was gratuitously aiding Mary High by giving her the judgment note for a debt he already owed her. He seems to have gone to her with the note. She does not appear (save by counsel) as accusing either of the Daileys of fraud. She was not called as a witness, and it is out of Dailey’s own mouth that it is attempted to convict him and his wife. It may be that he failed in his promise when he delayed entering the judgment as he had agreed, but his act, unknown to his wife, does not taint the judgment held by her with fraud, or relegate it to a junior position.
The auditor also postpones the judgment of Mrs. Dailey to the judgment of Rachel Curts, on the ground of fraud. It appears from the testimony that the judgment note was given to Miss Curts about July 2 and dated July 25. Dailey says that he so dated it in order that this and certain other notes might not “ all appear so close together.” Apparently, it was a gratuitous act on the part of Dailey to convert his existing indebtedness to Miss Curts into a judgment on July 25. Miss Curts was called as a witness in her own behalf. She does not allege that Dailey represented that the Curts judgment should precede that of his wife. The substance of her testimony is that Dailey did not tell her anything about a judgment to his wife. How can this be regarded as proof of fraud and prejudicial to the right of Mrs. Dailey to priority in her judgment? Miss Curts, who was receiving the judgment note, was not injured by the concealment of the fact of the wife’s judgment. Miss Curts obtained a document by which she was enabled to -obtain a judgment summarily and within a time presumably less than she could otherwise have obtained it. Futhermore, it would be carrying the doctrine of agency beyond any application yet exhibited by the books to hold that in giving the judgment note to Miss Curts the husband was acting as the agent of Ms wife, or that any omission to gratuitously call attention to the wife’s judgment would estop his wife from asserting its priority.
The judgment of William M. Bear (also given priority) stands in a different position from the other two.
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Opinion by
William W. Porter J.,
Referring to the consideration for the note given by Dailey to his wife, the auditor finds: “ That Jonathan Dailey received all or a greater part of this money from his wife is undoubtedly true, but the validity and bona fides of the lien procured therefor is questioned.” Again he finds : “ The auditor is forced to the conclusion that Jonathan Dailey received this money from his wife, but that he was to repay it with interest is not so well established.” Again: “ It is evident from these facts that Mr. Dailey was not acting in good faith-with his creditors. Was his wife, A. C. Dailey, cognizant of the facts and the acts of her [508]*508husband, and did she collude with her husband in this deception ? An examination of her testimony forces the conclusion that she was lamentably faulty in memory or faithless in intent. :She can remember, little that occurred except that she loaned money to her husband and that he was to repay it with interest. ;She lays suspicious emphasis upon the fact that he was to repay it with interest.” Referring to her testimony again, the auditor says that he “ is not satisfied of its honesty or her innocence of the fraud of her husband.” He then finds: “ From all the -evidence before him, the auditor is satisfied and so finds that the confession of the judgment by Jonathan Dailey to his wife, Agnes C. Dailey, was made in 1896, at or near the time the note was entered of record; that the same was fraudulent and collusive between Jonathan Dailey and Agnes C. Dailey, the claimant, and was made and entered in fraud of the creditors by Jonathan Dailey. For these reasons the claim is postponed to that of Mary High, Rachel Curts and William Bear, administrator, in point of priority o£ lien, upon the fund for distribution.”
In a subsequent part of the report the auditor says: “ Mrs. Dailey has established her claim against her husband’s estate to take effect and position or priority after the claims or liens of Mary High, Rachel Curts and William Bear, as the auditor has hereinbefore found, as there is no evidence of a fraud having been perpetrated against the claims of the subsequent liens to those named.” From the findings quoted and from the discussion in the report, it is clear that the debt as between husband and wife was honestly due. There is no finding which stamps the giving of the note by the husband to the wife with fraudulent intent as to the creditors generally. No one doubts that a husband can confess a judgment to his wife for money borrowed from her, and by this means make her a preferred creditor, or add to the security of her claim, even though the claim be held long enough to be barred by the statute of limitations: Wingerd v. Fallon, 95 Pa. 184; Lahr’s Appeal, 90 Pa. 507; Benson v. Maxwell, 105 Pa. 274; or include interest on the loan when there was, in fact, no agreement that the sum loaned should bear interest: Meckley’s Appeal, 102 Pa. 586; Hawley v. Griffith, 187 Pa. 306. The auditor does not seem to hold anywhere in his report that the giving of the note was [509]*509a fraud, even as to the three creditors he names. His report,, as a whole, is consistent only on the ground that the fraud was. in the use of the note after it was given. This is not, therefore, to be regarded as the case of a judgment confessed to a-wife and void for failure of proof of the amount and source of the sum loaned to the husband. It is not ruled by the authorities to this point cited by the appellee. A scrutiny of the evidence has failed to disclose to us any knowledge brought home-to the wife of an intention on the part of the husband to hinder or defraud any of his creditors. The auditor’s criticisms of her testimony are perhaps warranted, but we are unable to find, even in the inconsistencies and inaccuracies of that testimony a substantial indication that she was knowingly a party to any act intended to defraud three certain creditors of her husband, and as to the other creditors the auditor specifically finds that, no fraud was committed.
We thus have a confessed judgment by the husband to the-wife for money borrowed from her long anterior to the confession: for an amount honestly due; entered of record nearly a. year previous to any assignment for creditors; and given at a. time when the husband was possessed of property and was then completing negotiations for the purchase of more real estate. The auditor does not put his conclusion upon any finding of' fact that the wife had actual knowledge of or participation in an intended or accomplished fraud. He holds, however, that-the act of the husband in entering up the judgment note was-the act of the wife, and that his acts and knowledge in connection therewith became hers.
There are three creditors of Jonathan Dailey as to whom the-auditor finds that the judgment in favor of Agnes C. Dailey is fraudulent. The first is Mary High, to whom Dailey took a-judgment note and agreed to enter it up the same day. He postponed entering it of record until after the entry of the note in favor of his wife. He admits that he was the agent of Mary High for the purpose of entering the judgment. He was thus entrusted with the entry upon the record of the notes held by both his wife and Mary High. He admits that he agreed to enter up the High judgment note on the same day that he gave it, but does not say, nor is it elsewhere proven, that it was to-precede the lien of the judgment in favor of his wife, or take [510]*510any particular position in the sequence of liens. He apparently was gratuitously aiding Mary High by giving her the judgment note for a debt he already owed her. He seems to have gone to her with the note. She does not appear (save by counsel) as accusing either of the Daileys of fraud. She was not called as a witness, and it is out of Dailey’s own mouth that it is attempted to convict him and his wife. It may be that he failed in his promise when he delayed entering the judgment as he had agreed, but his act, unknown to his wife, does not taint the judgment held by her with fraud, or relegate it to a junior position.
The auditor also postpones the judgment of Mrs. Dailey to the judgment of Rachel Curts, on the ground of fraud. It appears from the testimony that the judgment note was given to Miss Curts about July 2 and dated July 25. Dailey says that he so dated it in order that this and certain other notes might not “ all appear so close together.” Apparently, it was a gratuitous act on the part of Dailey to convert his existing indebtedness to Miss Curts into a judgment on July 25. Miss Curts was called as a witness in her own behalf. She does not allege that Dailey represented that the Curts judgment should precede that of his wife. The substance of her testimony is that Dailey did not tell her anything about a judgment to his wife. How can this be regarded as proof of fraud and prejudicial to the right of Mrs. Dailey to priority in her judgment? Miss Curts, who was receiving the judgment note, was not injured by the concealment of the fact of the wife’s judgment. Miss Curts obtained a document by which she was enabled to -obtain a judgment summarily and within a time presumably less than she could otherwise have obtained it. Futhermore, it would be carrying the doctrine of agency beyond any application yet exhibited by the books to hold that in giving the judgment note to Miss Curts the husband was acting as the agent of Ms wife, or that any omission to gratuitously call attention to the wife’s judgment would estop his wife from asserting its priority.
The judgment of William M. Bear (also given priority) stands in a different position from the other two. About a month before he took the judgment note from Dailey he made an examination of the record to see what incumbrances there [511]*511were on Dailey’s real estate. He does not say in distinct terms that Dailey misrepresented to him the facts in regard to the incumbrances upon his property on the day the note was given. Bear’s testimony is only: “I asked Mr. Dailey if the docket was then as when I looked, and he left me under the impression that it was the same as when I had looked. On the strength of that I took the note.” Mr. Rogers, the attorney for Bear, testifies that Dailey did say that no additional judgments liad been entered. It has been held, however, in the appeal of the Manufacturers’ National Bank, 2 Pennypacker, 374, that a false declaration, as to the amount of liens, made by the husband to subsequent creditors, will not estop a wife from claiming upon a lien held by her against his property. It is said in that case, that “ even if her husband did make a false representation to the bank when he obtained the discount, that surely can be no estoppel to her. They ought to have sought information on the subject of the amount of the incumbrances from the record.”
Conceding, as the auditor does, that the judgment held by the wife was for an amount due, the silence or even false statement of the husband in his transaction with Bear does not estop the wife from prosecuting her lien in the absence of any evidence showing knowledge on her part that any misrepresentation, by silence or by false statement, was made by her husband and of any intent on her part to deceive.
We are not forgetful of all that this court and the Supreme Court have said in regard to the effect to be given to the findings of an auditor, nor of the fact that a collusive judgment may be attacked before and its character determined by him in the absence of a proper application for an issue: Meckley’s Appeal, 102 Pa. 536. We cannot better conclude than by quoting a paragraph from Mr. Justice Mitchell’s opinion in Werner v. Zierfuss, 162 Pa. 360. “The forms and devices of fraud are legion, and it would be vain to attempt to enumerate or define them, but it may be said as a general rule, that to impeach the payment or security of an actual debt there should be evidence tending to show either, first, some other advantage or benefit to the debtor beyond the discharge of his obligation; or, secondly, some other benefit to the creditor beyond mere payment of his debt; or, lastly, some injury to the other credi [512]*512tors beyond mere postponement to the debt preferred.” None-of these requisites is found in the present case.
The decree is reversed, and the record remitted to the end that distribution may be made in accordance with the views-herein above expressed.