By the court, Daniels, J.
But one question is presented for the consideration of this court, by the demurrer in this case, and that is whether the plaintiff, who is a colored child, is lawfully entitled to attend a school provided by the city authorities, for the education of white children % The case involves no other right or privilege, claimed to be secured by the laws of this state.
The right to be educated in the common schools of the state, is one derived entirely from the legislation of the state; and as such, it has at all times been subject to such restrictions and qualifications as the legislature have from time to time deemed it proper to impose upon its enjoyment.
It is not one of those inherent and paramount rights which the people by constitutional provisions have placed beyond the reach and control of legislation. For the provisions of the constitution upon this subject require only that the capital of the common school fund, literature fund, and United States deposit fund, shall be preserved inviolate, and that the revenue of the common school fund [252]*252and twenty-five thousand dollars annually of the United States deposit, fund shall be applied to the support of the common schools. (Article 9, Section 1, Constituion of 1846.) How the revenue is to be applied is not declared, neither are any regulations concerning its application made by the' constitution itself. That was, therefore, necessarily left to the action of the legislature. Under the restrictions imposed upon the funds and revenue derived from them by the article of the constitution just referred to, the legislature have ample and complete authority to prescribe and regulate the manner in which the revenue1 of the funds shall be applied towards the promotion of the objects for which they have been secured.
In the course of the execution of this authority, laws have been enacted under which the revenues derived from these funds, to the extent, permitted by the constitution, have been devoted and applied to the support of common schools throughout the state.
But the legislation of the state concerning that fund, does not necessarily have any connection with the disposition which should be made of the controversy in the present action. For the right of a person to attend a public school, is nowhere made to depend upon the circumstances whether or not the school is in whole or in part maintained by the revenue derived from the common school fund. If public schools are provided and maintained by taxation, without receiving for that purpose any part of the revenue of the common school fund, it is difficult to see how the rights or privileges of the person attending such a school can be in any manner prejudiced thereby. The object which it has been the policy of this state to accomplish, is just as completely secured in that manner as it would be if such schools were maintained in part by the revenues of the fund, and in part by taxation. No objection, therefore, can exist to the legality of the creation of the public school, arising out of the fact that it may be required to be [253]*253maintained by taxation alone. Hence, the legislation applying to this subject in the city of Buffalo, cannot be justly assailed on this account as an unauthorized exercise of legislative authority.
By this legislation, it was provided that all public schools organized in the city of Buffalo, shail be free to all white children between the ages of five and eighteen years, who reside within their respective districts. And that the common council shall provide and maintain one or more free schools in the city, for the colored children- thereof, and shall raise all moneys necessary for that purpose by taxation. (Laws of 1853, 487, sections 5 and 7.) Before these provisions were enacted, it had been generally provided by statute that the common schools of the state should be free to all children residing within the district, who should be between the ages of five and twenty-one years, (2 R. S. bill ed. 95, section 46,) which was sufficiently general in its language to include white and colored children alike. But still the right which it secured was derived from and conferred by the law, and it was liable to be modified and changed by the same authority that had made the law. And since the power of the legislature over the subject was complete and ample, it could in the exercise of that power, either repeal the law, and thereby defeat the right altogether, or change and qualify it, or render the law inapplicable in certain portions of the state, leaving the others to be governed by its authority. It becomes important, therefore^ to inquire what the legislature have done in this respect, not what its constitutional power would properly permit it to do. For the latter furnishes no ground upon which the authority of the legislature can be properly questioned.
As already seen, before the act of 1853, to which reference has been made, the privilege was conferred upon all the children in the district, between the prescribed ages, of attending the public schools. And it is, therefore, to [254]*254be presumed that a change was intended to be made, in this respect, by the act of 1853. But that change was not for the state at large, but only for so much of it as was, or should be, included within the city of Buffalo. The object of this act of 1853, was to' reorganize the local government of the city, and to confer upon it privileges and powers not conferred upon the state at large. And as a portion of the powers and privileges conferred, those relating to the schools of the city were included within the objects of the law. By the express language of that part of the law relating to the schools, the authorities of,-the city were re-, quired to organize schools for white children, which they. could only do by excluding colored children from them. - The nature of the power conferred to that extent, is necessarily exclusive. It is to organize .schools not for white and colored children, but for white children as distinguished from the colored children of the city. Such am organization of the schools, therefore, as would permit them to be attended by the white and colored children alike, would be unauthorized by the authority conferred by the ■ law. For the law is expressly made in such a manner as to create a more restricted authority. This yiew of the lay. is sustained and fortified by the obligation subsequently, imposed upon the common council, to provide and maintain one or more colored schools, which shall be free to the-colored children of the city. The language used is such as to render this an imperative duty. . And that would not have been imposed upon the common council if it had not been intended by the previous enactment to exclude the colored children from the other schools organized by the city. For if they were to be at.liberty to attend the schools organized for the white children, there would be no need of schools for the colored children alone. But as it was the intention of the legislature in providing for the organization of schools for white children to exclude the colored children from them, it became' a consequent necessity, that [255]*255other schools should be provided for the education of the colored children, and to meet that necessity, the duty of providing and maintaining schools for such children, was imposed upon the common council of the" city.
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By the court, Daniels, J.
But one question is presented for the consideration of this court, by the demurrer in this case, and that is whether the plaintiff, who is a colored child, is lawfully entitled to attend a school provided by the city authorities, for the education of white children % The case involves no other right or privilege, claimed to be secured by the laws of this state.
The right to be educated in the common schools of the state, is one derived entirely from the legislation of the state; and as such, it has at all times been subject to such restrictions and qualifications as the legislature have from time to time deemed it proper to impose upon its enjoyment.
It is not one of those inherent and paramount rights which the people by constitutional provisions have placed beyond the reach and control of legislation. For the provisions of the constitution upon this subject require only that the capital of the common school fund, literature fund, and United States deposit fund, shall be preserved inviolate, and that the revenue of the common school fund [252]*252and twenty-five thousand dollars annually of the United States deposit, fund shall be applied to the support of the common schools. (Article 9, Section 1, Constituion of 1846.) How the revenue is to be applied is not declared, neither are any regulations concerning its application made by the' constitution itself. That was, therefore, necessarily left to the action of the legislature. Under the restrictions imposed upon the funds and revenue derived from them by the article of the constitution just referred to, the legislature have ample and complete authority to prescribe and regulate the manner in which the revenue1 of the funds shall be applied towards the promotion of the objects for which they have been secured.
In the course of the execution of this authority, laws have been enacted under which the revenues derived from these funds, to the extent, permitted by the constitution, have been devoted and applied to the support of common schools throughout the state.
But the legislation of the state concerning that fund, does not necessarily have any connection with the disposition which should be made of the controversy in the present action. For the right of a person to attend a public school, is nowhere made to depend upon the circumstances whether or not the school is in whole or in part maintained by the revenue derived from the common school fund. If public schools are provided and maintained by taxation, without receiving for that purpose any part of the revenue of the common school fund, it is difficult to see how the rights or privileges of the person attending such a school can be in any manner prejudiced thereby. The object which it has been the policy of this state to accomplish, is just as completely secured in that manner as it would be if such schools were maintained in part by the revenues of the fund, and in part by taxation. No objection, therefore, can exist to the legality of the creation of the public school, arising out of the fact that it may be required to be [253]*253maintained by taxation alone. Hence, the legislation applying to this subject in the city of Buffalo, cannot be justly assailed on this account as an unauthorized exercise of legislative authority.
By this legislation, it was provided that all public schools organized in the city of Buffalo, shail be free to all white children between the ages of five and eighteen years, who reside within their respective districts. And that the common council shall provide and maintain one or more free schools in the city, for the colored children- thereof, and shall raise all moneys necessary for that purpose by taxation. (Laws of 1853, 487, sections 5 and 7.) Before these provisions were enacted, it had been generally provided by statute that the common schools of the state should be free to all children residing within the district, who should be between the ages of five and twenty-one years, (2 R. S. bill ed. 95, section 46,) which was sufficiently general in its language to include white and colored children alike. But still the right which it secured was derived from and conferred by the law, and it was liable to be modified and changed by the same authority that had made the law. And since the power of the legislature over the subject was complete and ample, it could in the exercise of that power, either repeal the law, and thereby defeat the right altogether, or change and qualify it, or render the law inapplicable in certain portions of the state, leaving the others to be governed by its authority. It becomes important, therefore^ to inquire what the legislature have done in this respect, not what its constitutional power would properly permit it to do. For the latter furnishes no ground upon which the authority of the legislature can be properly questioned.
As already seen, before the act of 1853, to which reference has been made, the privilege was conferred upon all the children in the district, between the prescribed ages, of attending the public schools. And it is, therefore, to [254]*254be presumed that a change was intended to be made, in this respect, by the act of 1853. But that change was not for the state at large, but only for so much of it as was, or should be, included within the city of Buffalo. The object of this act of 1853, was to' reorganize the local government of the city, and to confer upon it privileges and powers not conferred upon the state at large. And as a portion of the powers and privileges conferred, those relating to the schools of the city were included within the objects of the law. By the express language of that part of the law relating to the schools, the authorities of,-the city were re-, quired to organize schools for white children, which they. could only do by excluding colored children from them. - The nature of the power conferred to that extent, is necessarily exclusive. It is to organize .schools not for white and colored children, but for white children as distinguished from the colored children of the city. Such am organization of the schools, therefore, as would permit them to be attended by the white and colored children alike, would be unauthorized by the authority conferred by the ■ law. For the law is expressly made in such a manner as to create a more restricted authority. This yiew of the lay. is sustained and fortified by the obligation subsequently, imposed upon the common council, to provide and maintain one or more colored schools, which shall be free to the-colored children of the city. The language used is such as to render this an imperative duty. . And that would not have been imposed upon the common council if it had not been intended by the previous enactment to exclude the colored children from the other schools organized by the city. For if they were to be at.liberty to attend the schools organized for the white children, there would be no need of schools for the colored children alone. But as it was the intention of the legislature in providing for the organization of schools for white children to exclude the colored children from them, it became' a consequent necessity, that [255]*255other schools should be provided for the education of the colored children, and to meet that necessity, the duty of providing and maintaining schools for such children, was imposed upon the common council of the" city.
The necessary effect of these provisions of the city charter was to repeal by implication, so far as it included the city of Buffalo, the general provision of the previously existing statute, which allowed all the children of the district, without regard to color, to attend the public schools. For the provisions of these statutes upon this subject are directly in conflict with each other. Both cannot be observed and maintained together within the territorial limits included by the charter, for the privilege conferred upon all children, by the general law of attending the same public school, is very manifestly and strikingly in conflict with the provisions of-the charter, which require that separa schools shall be provided and maintained for the white nd colored children of the city, and by which the latter constructively excluded from the schools provided for tb . rmer.
This separation of the schools provided for white and colored children appears to have constituted a part of the general policy of the state upon that subject. For in 1856 it was enacted that a school for colored children might be established in any city or town of the state (2 R. S., 5th ed., 129, § 199). And by an act passed in 1864 the power of separating the schools for white and colored children is conferred upon the school authorities of the incorporated cities and villages of the state. (Laws of 1864, 1281, § 1, tit. 10.) So that as the laws stand at the present time, all the cities and incorporated villages of the state, by the general laws, have power to separate the schools for white and colored children. And by the additional provisions of the charter of the city of Buffalo, this separation has been imperatively required to be made. The provisions contained in this charter are not affected by the act of 1864; for by the last section of that act it is expressly declared that the [256]*256act shall not impair, or in any manner affect or change- any special law touching the schools or school system of any city or incorporated village of the state. (Laws of 1864, 1289, § 14.)
It was claimed upon the argument of the appeal takein this cause, that the provisions of the charter, if they were to be so construed as to exclude colored children from the schools provided for white children, were inconsistent with the act of congress called the “ civil rights bill,” and had, therefore, become inoperative. But that is very clearly not the case. It was no part of the civil rights bill to regulate or provide for the enjoyment of rights or privileges of the nature of those in controversy in this case. A principal object of that act was to confer citizenship upon the colored people, and in that manner to abrogate the rule previously adopted by the supreme court of the United States in the decision of what is commonly known as the Dred Scott case. This was clearly and unequivocally aecom plished. In addition to that, this act was intended to confer upon the colored people all the substantial rights of the citizen. And these, so far as they are- affected by the act, are enumerated In the first section, as the right “to make and enforce contracts, to sue, be parties, and give evidence, to inherit, purchase, lease, sell, hold and convey real and personal property, and to full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings, for the security of person and property, as is enjoyed by white citizens.” [Laws of Congress, 1866, 27, § 1.) It is clear that the right or privilege of attending a school provided for white children is not among those included in this section. Nothing is contained "in either of the succeeding sections of this act from which it is.or can be claimed, that such a right or privilege can be derived,.and it is; therefore, unnecessary that any particular reference should be made to them for the purpose of disposing of this case. They were enacted for the purpose of more effect[257]*257ually' securing and maintaining the rights conferred by and enumerated in the first section.
Under no view, therefore, that can be properly taken of the law on this subject, did the plaintiff have the legal right of attending the school from which she was expelled. For that had been provided for the education of white children alone, and by the provisions of the charter under which the school was organized, she, as well as all other colored children, were constructively excluded from attending it
. Courts of justice are not allowed to regard or disregard the laws on the ground of policy. The proper policy to be adopted by the laws, is a matter addressed solely t© the legislature. Where they are constitutionally enacted, the powers and duties of courts are limited to ascertaining and determining the meaning of the laws, and when that has been done of carrying them into effect.
The order appealed from, must be affirmed with costs, MArvin J., concurred 5 Barker dissented; Davis took no part in the decision, not having heard the argument.