MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED regarded as precedent or cited before any Aug 30 2017, 6:33 am court except for the purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata, collateral CLERK Indiana Supreme Court estoppel, or the law of the case. Court of Appeals and Tax Court
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE Monty K. Woolsey Donna Jameson Andrew R. Bloch Greenwood, Indiana Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
C.Z., August 30, 2017 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 41A04-1611-DR-2456 v. Appeal from the Johnson County Circuit Court J.Z., The Honorable K. Mark Lloyd, Appellee-Plaintiff Judge Trial Court Cause No. 41C01-1404-DR-245
Altice, Judge.
Case Summary
[1] C.Z. (Father) appeals the child custody order entered following the dissolution
of his marriage to J.Z. (Mother). On appeal, Father raises the following issues:
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 41A04-1611-DR-2456 | August 30, 2017 Page 1 of 11 1. Did the trial court abuse its discretion in awarding primary physical custody to Mother?
2. Did the trial court err in finding that Ind. Code § 31-17-2.2-1 (the Relocation Statute) did not apply?
Mother cross appeals, raising the following issue:
3. Did the trial court abuse its discretion in awarding joint legal custody?
[2] We affirm.
Facts & Procedural History
[3] Mother and Father were married in 2010, and their daughter, C.Z. (Child), was
born in 2012. Father is a physician and Mother is a licensed speech and
language pathologist. During the marriage, the parties lived in Greenwood,
Indiana. In April 2014, when Child was one and a half years old, Mother filed
a petition for dissolution of marriage, and Mother and Child moved out of the
marital residence and into an apartment in Greenwood.
[4] The trial court entered a preliminary order on June 23, 2014, pursuant to which
Mother was awarded temporary primary physical custody and Father was
awarded parenting time. On December 16, 2014, the trial court entered a
partial decree of dissolution, but noted that issues relating to child custody
remained open.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 41A04-1611-DR-2456 | August 30, 2017 Page 2 of 11 [5] On June 10, 2015, Mother filed a Notice of Intent to Relocate, in which she
indicated a desire to move with Child to Columbus, Indiana, which is
approximately thirty miles away from Mother’s Greenwood apartment.
Mother had lived in Columbus prior to the marriage and Mother’s twin sister
and her family continued to reside there. Mother had accepted a promotion to
the position of Program Director at one of her employer’s campuses in
Columbus. The position came with a significant pay increase and Mother’s
work week was increased from thirty to forty hours. Mother and Child
continued to reside at Mother’s apartment in Greenwood pending the trial
court’s final custody order, but Mother indicated that her employer would
require her to move to Columbus if she wished to keep her new position. There
were no similar positions available to Mother in Greenwood. Father objected
to Mother’s proposed relocation.
[6] A final hearing on all pending matters concluded on March 28, 2016. On July
28, 2016, the trial court entered its supplemental decree of dissolution, in which
it awarded primary physical custody to Mother and ordered the parties to share
joint legal custody. In its findings, the trial court noted that it was “not
convinced” that the Relocation Statute applied to initial custody determinations
like the one at issue here, but nevertheless found that Mother had a good faith
reason for relocating and that relocation was in Child’s best interest and would
have a minimal impact on parenting time. Appellant’s Appendix Vol. 2 at 14.
Father filed a motion to correct error, which was denied after a hearing. Father
now appeals. Additional facts will be provided as necessary.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 41A04-1611-DR-2456 | August 30, 2017 Page 3 of 11 Discussion & Decision
[7] Where, as here, a trial court enters special findings and conclusions sua sponte,
the specific findings and conclusions control only as to the issues they cover,
while a general judgment standard applies to any issue upon which the trial
court has not made findings. Tew v. Tew, 924 N.E.2d 1262, 1264 (Ind. Ct. App.
2010), trans. denied. We review the trial court’s specific findings and
conclusions using a two-tiered standard of review: first, we consider whether
the evidence supports the findings, and second, whether the findings support
the judgment. Id. at 1264-65. We will set aside the trial court’s findings and
conclusions only if they are clearly erroneous, that is, if the record contains no
facts or inferences supporting them. Id. at 1265. We will affirm a general
judgment on any theory supported by the evidence presented. Id. In reviewing
the findings and judgment, we will neither reweigh the evidence nor judge the
credibility of witnesses, and we will consider only the evidence most favorable
to the ruling. Id.
[8] Furthermore, “there is a well-established preference in Indiana ‘for granting
latitude and deference to our trial judges in family law matters.’” Steele-Giri v.
Steele, 51 N.E.3d 119, 124 (Ind. 2016) (quoting In re Marriage of Richardson, 622
N.E.2d 178, 178 (Ind. 1993)). As our Supreme Court has explained:
Appellate deference to the determinations of our trial court judges, especially in domestic relations matters, is warranted because of their unique, direct interactions with the parties face- to-face, often over an extended period of time. Thus enabled to assess credibility and character through both factual testimony
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 41A04-1611-DR-2456 | August 30, 2017 Page 4 of 11 and intuitive discernment, our trial judges are in a superior position to ascertain information and apply common sense, particularly in the determination of the best interests of the involved children.
Best v. Best, 941 N.E.2d 499, 502 (Ind. 2011). It is not enough on appeal that the
evidence might support some other conclusion; rather, the evidence must
positively require the result sought by the appellant. D.C. v. J.A.C., 977 N.E.2d
951, 957 (Ind. 2012). Accordingly, we will not substitute our own judgment if
any evidence or legitimate inferences support the trial court’s judgment. Id.
1. Physical Custody
[9] Father argues that the trial court’s decision to award primary physical custody
to Mother was an abuse of discretion. In an initial custody determination, both
parents are presumed equally entitled to custody, and “[t]he court shall
determine custody and enter a custody order in accordance with the best
interests of the child.” I.C. § 31-17-2-8. See also Kondamuri v. Kondamuri, 852
N.E.2d 939, 945 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006). In determining the child’s best interests,
the trial court must consider all relevant factors, including specifically the
following:
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MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED regarded as precedent or cited before any Aug 30 2017, 6:33 am court except for the purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata, collateral CLERK Indiana Supreme Court estoppel, or the law of the case. Court of Appeals and Tax Court
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE Monty K. Woolsey Donna Jameson Andrew R. Bloch Greenwood, Indiana Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
C.Z., August 30, 2017 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 41A04-1611-DR-2456 v. Appeal from the Johnson County Circuit Court J.Z., The Honorable K. Mark Lloyd, Appellee-Plaintiff Judge Trial Court Cause No. 41C01-1404-DR-245
Altice, Judge.
Case Summary
[1] C.Z. (Father) appeals the child custody order entered following the dissolution
of his marriage to J.Z. (Mother). On appeal, Father raises the following issues:
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 41A04-1611-DR-2456 | August 30, 2017 Page 1 of 11 1. Did the trial court abuse its discretion in awarding primary physical custody to Mother?
2. Did the trial court err in finding that Ind. Code § 31-17-2.2-1 (the Relocation Statute) did not apply?
Mother cross appeals, raising the following issue:
3. Did the trial court abuse its discretion in awarding joint legal custody?
[2] We affirm.
Facts & Procedural History
[3] Mother and Father were married in 2010, and their daughter, C.Z. (Child), was
born in 2012. Father is a physician and Mother is a licensed speech and
language pathologist. During the marriage, the parties lived in Greenwood,
Indiana. In April 2014, when Child was one and a half years old, Mother filed
a petition for dissolution of marriage, and Mother and Child moved out of the
marital residence and into an apartment in Greenwood.
[4] The trial court entered a preliminary order on June 23, 2014, pursuant to which
Mother was awarded temporary primary physical custody and Father was
awarded parenting time. On December 16, 2014, the trial court entered a
partial decree of dissolution, but noted that issues relating to child custody
remained open.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 41A04-1611-DR-2456 | August 30, 2017 Page 2 of 11 [5] On June 10, 2015, Mother filed a Notice of Intent to Relocate, in which she
indicated a desire to move with Child to Columbus, Indiana, which is
approximately thirty miles away from Mother’s Greenwood apartment.
Mother had lived in Columbus prior to the marriage and Mother’s twin sister
and her family continued to reside there. Mother had accepted a promotion to
the position of Program Director at one of her employer’s campuses in
Columbus. The position came with a significant pay increase and Mother’s
work week was increased from thirty to forty hours. Mother and Child
continued to reside at Mother’s apartment in Greenwood pending the trial
court’s final custody order, but Mother indicated that her employer would
require her to move to Columbus if she wished to keep her new position. There
were no similar positions available to Mother in Greenwood. Father objected
to Mother’s proposed relocation.
[6] A final hearing on all pending matters concluded on March 28, 2016. On July
28, 2016, the trial court entered its supplemental decree of dissolution, in which
it awarded primary physical custody to Mother and ordered the parties to share
joint legal custody. In its findings, the trial court noted that it was “not
convinced” that the Relocation Statute applied to initial custody determinations
like the one at issue here, but nevertheless found that Mother had a good faith
reason for relocating and that relocation was in Child’s best interest and would
have a minimal impact on parenting time. Appellant’s Appendix Vol. 2 at 14.
Father filed a motion to correct error, which was denied after a hearing. Father
now appeals. Additional facts will be provided as necessary.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 41A04-1611-DR-2456 | August 30, 2017 Page 3 of 11 Discussion & Decision
[7] Where, as here, a trial court enters special findings and conclusions sua sponte,
the specific findings and conclusions control only as to the issues they cover,
while a general judgment standard applies to any issue upon which the trial
court has not made findings. Tew v. Tew, 924 N.E.2d 1262, 1264 (Ind. Ct. App.
2010), trans. denied. We review the trial court’s specific findings and
conclusions using a two-tiered standard of review: first, we consider whether
the evidence supports the findings, and second, whether the findings support
the judgment. Id. at 1264-65. We will set aside the trial court’s findings and
conclusions only if they are clearly erroneous, that is, if the record contains no
facts or inferences supporting them. Id. at 1265. We will affirm a general
judgment on any theory supported by the evidence presented. Id. In reviewing
the findings and judgment, we will neither reweigh the evidence nor judge the
credibility of witnesses, and we will consider only the evidence most favorable
to the ruling. Id.
[8] Furthermore, “there is a well-established preference in Indiana ‘for granting
latitude and deference to our trial judges in family law matters.’” Steele-Giri v.
Steele, 51 N.E.3d 119, 124 (Ind. 2016) (quoting In re Marriage of Richardson, 622
N.E.2d 178, 178 (Ind. 1993)). As our Supreme Court has explained:
Appellate deference to the determinations of our trial court judges, especially in domestic relations matters, is warranted because of their unique, direct interactions with the parties face- to-face, often over an extended period of time. Thus enabled to assess credibility and character through both factual testimony
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 41A04-1611-DR-2456 | August 30, 2017 Page 4 of 11 and intuitive discernment, our trial judges are in a superior position to ascertain information and apply common sense, particularly in the determination of the best interests of the involved children.
Best v. Best, 941 N.E.2d 499, 502 (Ind. 2011). It is not enough on appeal that the
evidence might support some other conclusion; rather, the evidence must
positively require the result sought by the appellant. D.C. v. J.A.C., 977 N.E.2d
951, 957 (Ind. 2012). Accordingly, we will not substitute our own judgment if
any evidence or legitimate inferences support the trial court’s judgment. Id.
1. Physical Custody
[9] Father argues that the trial court’s decision to award primary physical custody
to Mother was an abuse of discretion. In an initial custody determination, both
parents are presumed equally entitled to custody, and “[t]he court shall
determine custody and enter a custody order in accordance with the best
interests of the child.” I.C. § 31-17-2-8. See also Kondamuri v. Kondamuri, 852
N.E.2d 939, 945 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006). In determining the child’s best interests,
the trial court must consider all relevant factors, including specifically the
following:
(1) The age and sex of the child.
(2) The wishes of the child’s parent or parents.
(3) The wishes of the child, with more consideration given to the child’s wishes if the child is at least fourteen (14) years of age.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 41A04-1611-DR-2456 | August 30, 2017 Page 5 of 11 (4) The interaction and interrelationship of the child with:
(A) the child’s parent or parents;
(B) the child’s sibling; and
(C) any other person who may significantly affect the child’s best interests.
(5) The child’s adjustment to the child’s:
(A) home;
(B) school; and
(C) community.
(6) The mental and physical health of all individuals involved.
(7) Evidence of a pattern of domestic or family violence by either parent.
(8) Evidence that the child has been cared for by a de facto custodian . . . .
The trial court’s decisions on child custody are reviewed only for an abuse of
discretion. Sabo v. Sabo, 858 N.E.2d 1064, 1068 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006).
[10] Father concedes that the trial court’s findings are supported by the evidence, but
argues that the findings do not support the trial court’s decision to award
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 41A04-1611-DR-2456 | August 30, 2017 Page 6 of 11 Mother primary physical custody. According to Father, the findings and record
compel a conclusion that he should have been awarded primary physical
custody or, “at a minimum,” an award of joint physical custody. Appellant’s
Brief at 22. Father’s arguments are nothing more than a request to reweigh the
evidence and substitute our judgment for that of the trial court, which we will
not do.1
[11] The trial court noted that Mother believed Father was a “good dad[.]”
Appellant’s Appendix at 13. The court found further that Father “either does not
feel the same about [Mother’s] parenting or is unwilling to acknowledge the
same” and that “[i]n either case, [Father’s] actions during the proceedings make
his perspective suspect[.]” Id. The court found that Father had “repeatedly
demonstrated his unwillingness and/or inability to cooperate with decision
making through co-parenting” and that “[d]uring the provisional period and
throughout numerous texts and emails with [Mother] regarding parenting time
with [Child], [Father] remain[ed] argumentative and abrasive.” Id. at 12. The
trial court further found that although Mother would ask for Father’s
participation and input regarding the parenting-time schedule, Father would not
contribute his thoughts or preferences in a meaningful manner. The court also
noted that Father claimed to be concerned for Child’s safety in Mother’s care,
1 Father’s arguments rely in large part on disputed evidence unfavorable to the trial court’s ruling, which we will not consider. Father also misstates the record by asserting that Mother relocated during the pendency of the custody proceedings. The record clearly establishes that Mother continued to reside at her Greenwood apartment pending the trial court’s ruling.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 41A04-1611-DR-2456 | August 30, 2017 Page 7 of 11 but found those concerns to be “largely unsupported by the evidence or grossly
exaggerated.” Id.
[12] These findings support a conclusion that if Father had been awarded primary
physical custody, he would have been unlikely to effectively co-parent with
Mother and facilitate her relationship with Child. The trial court found that
Mother, on the other hand, had continued to attempt to work with Father to
facilitate his parenting time with Child despite his abrasive attitude and lack of
cooperation. Indeed, the record shows that Mother has exhibited
commendable flexibility and willingness to accommodate Father’s irregular
work schedule, and she has allowed him more time with Child than required by
the Indiana Parenting Time Guidelines. These findings are sufficient to support
the trial court’s conclusion that awarding primary physical custody to Mother
was in Child’s best interests.
2. Relocation
[13] Father next argues that the trial court erred as a matter of law by concluding
that the Relocation Statute was inapplicable to this case. Father has
mischaracterized the trial court’s order. Although the trial court expressed
doubt as to whether the Relocation Statute applied, it nevertheless found that
application of the Relocation Statute did not alter its ultimate custody decision.
Specifically, the trial court found as follows:
The Court notes that it is not convinced that the Relocation Statute . . . applies in these circumstances. As there has, until now, been no final custody order, it would appear that the Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 41A04-1611-DR-2456 | August 30, 2017 Page 8 of 11 pertinent analysis is under the factors set forth in I.C. 31-17-2-8. However, in this instance the conclusion of the analysis under both statutes is the same as there is certainly a good faith reason for [Mother] to relocate back to Columbus and such a relocation is certainly in the child’s best interest, with minimal impact to parenting time.
Appellant’s Appendix Vol. 2 at 14. See I.C. § 31-17-2.2-5 (providing that if a
relocating parent satisfies his or her burden of proving that the proposed
relocation is made in good faith and for a legitimate reason, the burden shifts to
the nonrelocating parent to prove that the proposed relocation is not in the
child’s best interest); I.C. § 31-17-2.2-1(b) (providing that a court considering a
relocation petition should consider, among other things, the distance involved,
the hardship and expense for the nonrelocating parent to exercise parenting
time, and the feasibility of preserving the relationship between the
nonrelocating parent and child through suitable parenting time).
[14] Thus, contrary to Father’s arguments on appeal, the trial court clearly
considered the Relocation Statute and performed the necessary analysis. The
trial court was not, as Father seems to suggest, required to make specific
findings on each of the factors set forth in the Relocation Statute. See H.H. v.
A.A., 3 N.E.3d 30, 36 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014) (explaining that when considering a
request to relocate, “while the trial court is to consider all relevant factors, [it] is
not necessarily required to make specific findings on each factor unless
requested to do so by the parties”). Father makes no attempt to challenge the
trial court’s findings that Mother’s proposed relocation was made in good faith
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 41A04-1611-DR-2456 | August 30, 2017 Page 9 of 11 and for a legitimate purpose or its finding that the relocation was in Child’s best
interests, and we conclude that both findings were clearly supported by the
evidence. The trial court’s ruling on Mother’s petition to relocate was not an
abuse of discretion.
3. Joint Legal Custody
[15] On cross-appeal, Mother argues that the trial court abused its discretion in
awarding joint legal custody. I.C. § 31-17-2-13 provides that a court may award
joint legal custody if doing so is in the best interest of the child. In determining
whether an award of joint legal custody would be in the child’s best interest, the
court must “consider it a matter of primary, but not determinative, importance
that the persons awarded joint custody have agreed to an award of joint legal
custody.” I.C. § 31-17-2-15. The court must also consider the following
factors:
(1) the fitness and suitability of each of the persons awarded joint custody;
(2) whether the persons awarded joint custody are willing and able to communicate and cooperate in advancing the child’s welfare;
(3) the wishes of the child, with more consideration given to the child’s wishes if the child is at least fourteen (14) years of age;
(4) whether the child has established a close and beneficial relationship with both of the persons awarded joint custody;
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 41A04-1611-DR-2456 | August 30, 2017 Page 10 of 11 (5) whether the persons awarded joint custody:
(A) live in close proximity to each other; and
(B) plan to continue to do so; and
(6) the nature of the physical and emotional environment in the home of each of the persons awarded joint custody.
Id.
[16] In this case, the trial court noted that the parties had not agreed to joint legal
custody, but found that all other factors weighed in favor of an award of joint
legal custody. On appeal, Mother argues that an award of joint custody was an
abuse of discretion because the parties have been unable to communicate
effectively concerning Child’s upbringing. We must reject this invitation to
reweigh the evidence. Although the record plainly indicates that Mother and
Father do not get along, they nevertheless managed to communicate effectively
enough throughout the provisional period when it came to Child. Accordingly,
we cannot conclude that the trial court’s decision to award joint legal custody
was an abuse of discretion.
[17] Judgment affirmed.
[18] Baker, J. and Bailey, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 41A04-1611-DR-2456 | August 30, 2017 Page 11 of 11