NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED
IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF FLORIDA SECOND DISTRICT
CYNTHIA J. BRO, ) ) Appellant, ) ) v. ) Case No. 2D18-31 ) KEITH BRO, ) ) Appellee. ) ___________________________________)
Opinion filed December 14, 2018.
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Hillsborough County; Chet A. Tharpe, Judge.
Ingrid Anderson, Clearwater, for Appellant.
No appearance for Appellee.
KHOUZAM, Judge.
Cynthia J. Bro appeals the amended final judgment of dissolution of her
marriage to Keith Bro.1 We reverse and remand for the trial court to reconsider the
equitable distribution scheme.
1Mr. Bro filed a notice of cross-appeal. But after he failed to file an answer/cross-initial brief, this court dismissed the cross-appeal and proceeded without a brief from Mr. Bro. The parties were married in St. Petersburg, Florida, on November 26,
2005. They separated on or about July 8, 2014. Ms. Bro filed a petition for dissolution
on July 18, 2014, and Mr. Bro filed a counter-petition shortly thereafter. Two children
were born of the marriage: A.E.B., a boy born in 2007, and A.C.B., a boy born in 2009.
During the marriage, the parties owned and operated multiple businesses, including CK
Holdings, LLC, a real estate holding company that owned an office/warehouse facility.
Ms. Bro, a certified public accountant, also had her own accounting firm.
The parties resolved all issues related to parental responsibility and
timesharing in an agreed-upon parenting plan, which the court ratified. They also
entered into a partial marital settlement agreement, which was approved by the court
and resolved much of the equitable distribution of their assets and liabilities. However,
the agreement left open several issues for the court to address, including the
distribution of CK Holdings as well as the parties' prior federal income tax refunds and
liabilities.
A final evidentiary hearing was held on October 9, 2017, and the amended
final judgment of dissolution of marriage was entered on December 14, 2017. As to CK
Holdings, the court ordered the business's property to be sold and the proceeds to be
distributed between the parties. As to tax refunds and liabilities, the court found that the
$55,119.67 refund Ms. Bro received from her personal tax return in 2013 was a marital
asset and that Mr. Bro was entitled to a portion of it. Ms. Bro argues on appeal that
both of these holdings are erroneous. We agree.
"The standard of review for a trial court's equitable distribution of marital
assets and liabilities is abuse of discretion." Callwood v. Callwood, 221 So. 3d 1198,
-2- 1201 (Fla. 4th DCA 2017). It is true that "[t]he trial judge can ordinarily best determine
what is appropriate and just because only he can personally observe the participants
and events of the trial." Canakaris v. Canakaris, 382 So. 2d 1197, 1202 (Fla. 1980).
However, a court's failure to apply the correct legal rule is error as a matter of law. Id.
I. CK Holdings, LLC
At the final hearing, Mr. Bro argued that selling CK Holdings' property and
dividing the proceeds would be the best way to do equity between the parties and
prevent Ms. Bro from gaining an unfair advantage from unilateral actions she had taken
to increase the business's value. The court agreed, specifically finding that Ms. Bro had
used the business to unilaterally and unfairly advantage herself, thereby disadvantaging
Mr. Bro. In an attempt to fashion an equitable remedy, the court determined that CK
Holdings' property should be sold and distributed between the parties.
However, the court did not have authority to reach CK Holdings' property
directly because the LLC is a separate legal entity and was not a party to the suit. See
Ehman v. Ehman, 156 So. 3d 7, 8 (Fla. 2d DCA 2014) ("Tierra Technologies [LLC] was
never brought in as a party to this dissolution proceeding, and the trial court did not
have the power or authority to transfer the property of a corporation without the joinder
of that entity."); Mathes v. Mathes, 91 So. 3d 207, 208-09 (Fla. 2d DCA 2012) (holding
that the trial court in a dissolution proceeding did not have jurisdiction over a nonparty
corporation and discussing "the basic difference between the family's marital assets and
those of [their] separate Florida corporation"). Accordingly, it was error for the court to
order the sale of CK Holdings' commercial property.
-3- II. 2013 Tax Refund
Ms. Bro testified at the final hearing that she used the funds from her 2013
tax return for personal living expenses. She denied spending the funds on anything that
was not a regular expense for her during the marriage. No evidence was presented to
dispute that this was how she used the funds. Instead of presenting contrary evidence,
Mr. Bro argued that Ms. Bro's testimony on this point was not credible, emphasized that
Ms. Bro was a CPA, and claimed that in order to do equity the court should divide the
refund between the parties. The court agreed with Mr. Bro, indicating that he did not
find Ms. Bro's testimony on the issue credible and questioning, "How do we know she
didn't take a vacation?" The court ultimately found that
[t]he Wife, a Certified Public Accountant, created an advantageous tax situation for herself by filing her 2013 federal income tax return as married filing separate, thus requiring the Husband to do the same. This resulted in the Wife receiving a substantial refund and the Husband having to pay substantial taxes.
Based on these findings, the court determined that Mr. Bro was entitled to a portion of
Ms. Bro's 2013 tax return as a marital asset.
"This court has held that it is error to include assets in an equitable
distribution scheme that have been diminished or dissipated during the dissolution
proceedings unless there has been misconduct during the proceedings that results in
the dissipation." Bair v. Bair, 214 So. 3d 750, 758 (Fla. 2d DCA 2017). "Misconduct is
not shown by 'mismanagement or simple squandering of marital assets in a manner of
which the other spouse disapproves.' " Belford v. Belford, 51 So. 3d 1259, 1260 (Fla.
2d DCA 2011) (quoting Roth v. Roth, 973 So. 2d 580, 585 (Fla. 2d DCA 2008)).
Instead, "there must be a specific finding of intentional misconduct based on evidence
-4- showing that the marital funds were used for one party's 'own benefit and for a purpose
unrelated to the marriage at a time when the marriage is undergoing an irreconcilable
breakdown.' " Id.
"If there is uncontradicted evidence in the record that the dissipated funds
were used to pay marital expenses during the dissolution proceedings and if there is no
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NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED
IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF FLORIDA SECOND DISTRICT
CYNTHIA J. BRO, ) ) Appellant, ) ) v. ) Case No. 2D18-31 ) KEITH BRO, ) ) Appellee. ) ___________________________________)
Opinion filed December 14, 2018.
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Hillsborough County; Chet A. Tharpe, Judge.
Ingrid Anderson, Clearwater, for Appellant.
No appearance for Appellee.
KHOUZAM, Judge.
Cynthia J. Bro appeals the amended final judgment of dissolution of her
marriage to Keith Bro.1 We reverse and remand for the trial court to reconsider the
equitable distribution scheme.
1Mr. Bro filed a notice of cross-appeal. But after he failed to file an answer/cross-initial brief, this court dismissed the cross-appeal and proceeded without a brief from Mr. Bro. The parties were married in St. Petersburg, Florida, on November 26,
2005. They separated on or about July 8, 2014. Ms. Bro filed a petition for dissolution
on July 18, 2014, and Mr. Bro filed a counter-petition shortly thereafter. Two children
were born of the marriage: A.E.B., a boy born in 2007, and A.C.B., a boy born in 2009.
During the marriage, the parties owned and operated multiple businesses, including CK
Holdings, LLC, a real estate holding company that owned an office/warehouse facility.
Ms. Bro, a certified public accountant, also had her own accounting firm.
The parties resolved all issues related to parental responsibility and
timesharing in an agreed-upon parenting plan, which the court ratified. They also
entered into a partial marital settlement agreement, which was approved by the court
and resolved much of the equitable distribution of their assets and liabilities. However,
the agreement left open several issues for the court to address, including the
distribution of CK Holdings as well as the parties' prior federal income tax refunds and
liabilities.
A final evidentiary hearing was held on October 9, 2017, and the amended
final judgment of dissolution of marriage was entered on December 14, 2017. As to CK
Holdings, the court ordered the business's property to be sold and the proceeds to be
distributed between the parties. As to tax refunds and liabilities, the court found that the
$55,119.67 refund Ms. Bro received from her personal tax return in 2013 was a marital
asset and that Mr. Bro was entitled to a portion of it. Ms. Bro argues on appeal that
both of these holdings are erroneous. We agree.
"The standard of review for a trial court's equitable distribution of marital
assets and liabilities is abuse of discretion." Callwood v. Callwood, 221 So. 3d 1198,
-2- 1201 (Fla. 4th DCA 2017). It is true that "[t]he trial judge can ordinarily best determine
what is appropriate and just because only he can personally observe the participants
and events of the trial." Canakaris v. Canakaris, 382 So. 2d 1197, 1202 (Fla. 1980).
However, a court's failure to apply the correct legal rule is error as a matter of law. Id.
I. CK Holdings, LLC
At the final hearing, Mr. Bro argued that selling CK Holdings' property and
dividing the proceeds would be the best way to do equity between the parties and
prevent Ms. Bro from gaining an unfair advantage from unilateral actions she had taken
to increase the business's value. The court agreed, specifically finding that Ms. Bro had
used the business to unilaterally and unfairly advantage herself, thereby disadvantaging
Mr. Bro. In an attempt to fashion an equitable remedy, the court determined that CK
Holdings' property should be sold and distributed between the parties.
However, the court did not have authority to reach CK Holdings' property
directly because the LLC is a separate legal entity and was not a party to the suit. See
Ehman v. Ehman, 156 So. 3d 7, 8 (Fla. 2d DCA 2014) ("Tierra Technologies [LLC] was
never brought in as a party to this dissolution proceeding, and the trial court did not
have the power or authority to transfer the property of a corporation without the joinder
of that entity."); Mathes v. Mathes, 91 So. 3d 207, 208-09 (Fla. 2d DCA 2012) (holding
that the trial court in a dissolution proceeding did not have jurisdiction over a nonparty
corporation and discussing "the basic difference between the family's marital assets and
those of [their] separate Florida corporation"). Accordingly, it was error for the court to
order the sale of CK Holdings' commercial property.
-3- II. 2013 Tax Refund
Ms. Bro testified at the final hearing that she used the funds from her 2013
tax return for personal living expenses. She denied spending the funds on anything that
was not a regular expense for her during the marriage. No evidence was presented to
dispute that this was how she used the funds. Instead of presenting contrary evidence,
Mr. Bro argued that Ms. Bro's testimony on this point was not credible, emphasized that
Ms. Bro was a CPA, and claimed that in order to do equity the court should divide the
refund between the parties. The court agreed with Mr. Bro, indicating that he did not
find Ms. Bro's testimony on the issue credible and questioning, "How do we know she
didn't take a vacation?" The court ultimately found that
[t]he Wife, a Certified Public Accountant, created an advantageous tax situation for herself by filing her 2013 federal income tax return as married filing separate, thus requiring the Husband to do the same. This resulted in the Wife receiving a substantial refund and the Husband having to pay substantial taxes.
Based on these findings, the court determined that Mr. Bro was entitled to a portion of
Ms. Bro's 2013 tax return as a marital asset.
"This court has held that it is error to include assets in an equitable
distribution scheme that have been diminished or dissipated during the dissolution
proceedings unless there has been misconduct during the proceedings that results in
the dissipation." Bair v. Bair, 214 So. 3d 750, 758 (Fla. 2d DCA 2017). "Misconduct is
not shown by 'mismanagement or simple squandering of marital assets in a manner of
which the other spouse disapproves.' " Belford v. Belford, 51 So. 3d 1259, 1260 (Fla.
2d DCA 2011) (quoting Roth v. Roth, 973 So. 2d 580, 585 (Fla. 2d DCA 2008)).
Instead, "there must be a specific finding of intentional misconduct based on evidence
-4- showing that the marital funds were used for one party's 'own benefit and for a purpose
unrelated to the marriage at a time when the marriage is undergoing an irreconcilable
breakdown.' " Id.
"If there is uncontradicted evidence in the record that the dissipated funds
were used to pay marital expenses during the dissolution proceedings and if there is no
evidence of misconduct, then it is an abuse of discretion to include the dissipated funds
in the equitable distribution scheme." Bair, 214 So. 3d at 759. Indeed, in Roth v. Roth,
this court specifically noted that a court's disbelief of one party's testimony on how funds
were spent was not enough, by itself, to support a finding of misconduct:
Because there is uncontradicted evidence in the record that the dissipated funds were used to pay marital expenses during the dissolution proceedings and because there is no evidence that the Husband engaged in misconduct in expending the funds, the trial court abused its discretion in including these dissipated funds in the equitable distribution scheme. While the Wife is correct that the trial court could have chosen to disbelieve the Husband's testimony concerning how he spent the funds, the trial court cannot make a finding that the Husband intentionally dissipated assets in the absence of some evidence of such conduct. Thus, on remand, the trial court must revisit the equitable distribution scheme without including these assets.
973 So. 2d at 586.
In this case, it is clear that the court did not find Ms. Bro's testimony on
how she spent the tax refund to be credible. Moreover, the court found that Ms. Bro
created an advantageous tax situation for herself while disadvantaging Mr. Bro. But the
court did not make a specific finding of intentional misconduct and no evidence was
presented to rebut Ms. Bro's testimony that the funds were used for living expenses.
-5- Accordingly, we conclude that the court abused its discretion by distributing Ms. Bro's
2013 tax refund.
In light of these two errors, we reverse and remand for the trial court to
reconsider the equitable distribution scheme. As the parties addressed prospective
alimony and child support in their partial marital settlement agreement, there is no need
for the trial court to reconsider these issues.
Reversed and remanded.
LUCAS and ATKINSON, JJ., Concur.
-6-