Opinion of the court by
JUDGE WHITE
Affirming.
Tbe appellant, Walter Curtis, alias A. J. Randall, was: indicted, tried, and convicted in the Jefferson Circuit Court of the crime of having and keeping in his possession burglar’s tools, with the intent to use them burglariously. His punishment was fixed at five years in the penitentiary,, and from that judgment, he appeals.
Upon arraignment, the appellant pleaded not guilty, and then filed a demurrer to the indictment, which was overruled. Appellant then filed affidavit and motion to dis[848]*848charge the entire panel of the petit jury, and averred that the panels of the jury were not made up, selected, or impaneled as required by law, in that the jurors’ names were not drawn from the jury .wheel or drum, but were selected from a list of jurors summoned in November, 1900, by the judge of the court. In support of this motion, appellant asked that the judge, Hon. H. S. Barker, be sworn to answer questions relative to the make-up, selection, and impaneling of the petit jury for the month of February, 1901. The court overruled the motion to discharge the panel, and declined to be sworn as to the method or manner of selecting the jury. However, the bill of exceptions does show how they were selected, which is certified by the judge. Appellant then withdrew his former plea of not guilty, and pleaded guilty, and a jury was impaneled and sworn to fix his punishment under the charge and plea. The verdict was guilty, with punishment at five years in the penitentiary. Appellant then filed his motion and reasons, and asked a new trial, which the court denied. The reasons for a new trial are that, as an inducement for a plea of guilty, the attorney for the Commonwealth assured the appellant that he would be let off with two years in the. penitentiary, and that such punishment would be reeomlmended to the jury; and that upon this assurance of the prosecuting attorney, and believing it would be acted upon by the jury, appellant, being so advised to do by bis own counsel, withdrew bis p.lea of not guilty, and pleaded guilty. The bill of exceptions shows that before the plea of guilty was entered the court, instructed counsel that the jury was not bound by any agreement. The bill further shows that the attorney for the Commonwealth recommended to the jury that they fix appellant’s punishment at two years. The bill of exceptions further shows: [849]*849“The February petit jury was impaneled as follows: During- the month of November, 1900, the case of Commonwealth of Kentucky v. Hugh McCullough, charged with murder went to trial, and at that time the names of about ninety jurors were drawn from the wheel, and, said jurors, for some reason or another, being excused, the judge of this court, for the month of February, 1901, selected from said list of ninety so drawn in the McCullough murder case the names of some of the panel of petit jurors for the month of February. There was a drawing- for jurors in the month of February of men,who were qualified in every way to act as jurors, but that for some reason, best known to the court, the court did not put said parties who were drawn in the month of February on the petit jury, but selected as a petit jury some of the panel whose names were drawn from the wheel in the McCullough case.” This statement in the bill of exceptions, certified to by the circuit judge, are facts within his own knowledge, being his own official acts, and, if he had complied with appellant’s motion to be sworn and testify as to the selection of the panel, these .facts would have appeared on the motion to discharge the panel. It is clear from the statement as to the mode of selecting and impaneling the petit jury for the month of February, 1901, that the statute was not followed, but that the circuit judge assumed the authority to select from the ninety names of the McCullough drawing and from the thirty names of the regular drawing a panel for the February jury; this, as he says, for' reasons best known to himself. These men, so selected, may have been, -and doubtless were, of the very best citizenship of the county, but they were not drawn impartially from the body of legally qualified jurymen of the county. The mode provided by law for the [850]*850selection of qualified and impartial jurymen was ignored, and the jury was selected by the judge of the circuit court himself. This was clearly erroneous. It may ¡have been done with the very best of motives- but ■ it was not the method provided by law, and should not have been done. This action in selecting and impaneling the petit jury being error, the question presents itself, can this court take cognizance of this error? Section 281, Or. Code Prac., provides: “The decisions of the- court upon challenges to the panel, and for cause, upon -motions to set -aside an indictment, and upon motions for a new trial, -shall not be subject t-o exception.” Section 340, Id., provides: “A judgment of conviction shall be rversed for any error of law appearing upon the record, when upon consideration of the whole case, the court is satisfied that the -substantial rights of the defendant have been prejudiced thereby.” Prior t-o the adoption of the Code of Practice there existed no right of ap peal in criminal -cases. The right to an appeal was never constitutional, but is statutory. If a person appeals to this court in a criminal case, he must meet the requirements of the Code in so doing; and when the case is here ou-r rights and jurisdiction to hear and determine are fixed by the Code. This court has no power to -reverse a judgment -of conviction unless for an error of law appearing -on the record, as the Code now reads. In the case of Terrell v. Com., 13 Bush, 251, this court said: “Construing these sections- — 340, 280, and 281 — together, it seems to u-s clear that we have no power, under the present Code, to reverse -on the appeal of either party for error in decisions upon challenges to the panel, or for -cause, or upon -motions to set aside an indictment, or for a new trial. The language of section 340 embraces all such! [851]*851errors, but' unless that language is held to be modified by section 2S1, sections 280 and 281 would seem to be entirely superfluous. They were wholly unnecessary unless the purpose was to except errors in decisions upon the matters enumerated from the revisory power of this Court.” In the Rutherford Case, 13 Bush, 608, this court referred to the Terrell Case, and said: “We are therefore of the opinion that we have no jurisdiction to revise the action of the circuit court in respect to the appellant’s 'Challenges for cause.” On the second appeal in the Rutherford Case (78 Ky., 639) the court refused to reverse because of error in allowing the jury to view the place of the homicide in the absence of the accused. The court said: “Our power to review the rulings of the lower court in such cases is derived from the statute, and must be exercised within the statute. Whatever our views may be, in any particular case, as to whether the accused has had such a trial as is guaranteed to him by the Constitution, we can not revise the ruling of the trial court unless the authority is conferred by statute. For constitutional rights the appeal is to the trial court, and not to this court.” In case of Paducah and E. R. Co., 80 Ky., 147, a reversal was ordered on account of error appearing in the motion for a new trial; the error being that the verdict was reached by lot, which was, by the Code, made cause for a new trial. That opinion held that a reversal would be .had for error in overruling a motion for new trial. The case of Redmon, 82 Ky., 333, expressly overruled the Paducah & E. R. Co. Case in 80 Ky., 147.
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Opinion of the court by
JUDGE WHITE
Affirming.
Tbe appellant, Walter Curtis, alias A. J. Randall, was: indicted, tried, and convicted in the Jefferson Circuit Court of the crime of having and keeping in his possession burglar’s tools, with the intent to use them burglariously. His punishment was fixed at five years in the penitentiary,, and from that judgment, he appeals.
Upon arraignment, the appellant pleaded not guilty, and then filed a demurrer to the indictment, which was overruled. Appellant then filed affidavit and motion to dis[848]*848charge the entire panel of the petit jury, and averred that the panels of the jury were not made up, selected, or impaneled as required by law, in that the jurors’ names were not drawn from the jury .wheel or drum, but were selected from a list of jurors summoned in November, 1900, by the judge of the court. In support of this motion, appellant asked that the judge, Hon. H. S. Barker, be sworn to answer questions relative to the make-up, selection, and impaneling of the petit jury for the month of February, 1901. The court overruled the motion to discharge the panel, and declined to be sworn as to the method or manner of selecting the jury. However, the bill of exceptions does show how they were selected, which is certified by the judge. Appellant then withdrew his former plea of not guilty, and pleaded guilty, and a jury was impaneled and sworn to fix his punishment under the charge and plea. The verdict was guilty, with punishment at five years in the penitentiary. Appellant then filed his motion and reasons, and asked a new trial, which the court denied. The reasons for a new trial are that, as an inducement for a plea of guilty, the attorney for the Commonwealth assured the appellant that he would be let off with two years in the. penitentiary, and that such punishment would be reeomlmended to the jury; and that upon this assurance of the prosecuting attorney, and believing it would be acted upon by the jury, appellant, being so advised to do by bis own counsel, withdrew bis p.lea of not guilty, and pleaded guilty. The bill of exceptions shows that before the plea of guilty was entered the court, instructed counsel that the jury was not bound by any agreement. The bill further shows that the attorney for the Commonwealth recommended to the jury that they fix appellant’s punishment at two years. The bill of exceptions further shows: [849]*849“The February petit jury was impaneled as follows: During- the month of November, 1900, the case of Commonwealth of Kentucky v. Hugh McCullough, charged with murder went to trial, and at that time the names of about ninety jurors were drawn from the wheel, and, said jurors, for some reason or another, being excused, the judge of this court, for the month of February, 1901, selected from said list of ninety so drawn in the McCullough murder case the names of some of the panel of petit jurors for the month of February. There was a drawing- for jurors in the month of February of men,who were qualified in every way to act as jurors, but that for some reason, best known to the court, the court did not put said parties who were drawn in the month of February on the petit jury, but selected as a petit jury some of the panel whose names were drawn from the wheel in the McCullough case.” This statement in the bill of exceptions, certified to by the circuit judge, are facts within his own knowledge, being his own official acts, and, if he had complied with appellant’s motion to be sworn and testify as to the selection of the panel, these .facts would have appeared on the motion to discharge the panel. It is clear from the statement as to the mode of selecting and impaneling the petit jury for the month of February, 1901, that the statute was not followed, but that the circuit judge assumed the authority to select from the ninety names of the McCullough drawing and from the thirty names of the regular drawing a panel for the February jury; this, as he says, for' reasons best known to himself. These men, so selected, may have been, -and doubtless were, of the very best citizenship of the county, but they were not drawn impartially from the body of legally qualified jurymen of the county. The mode provided by law for the [850]*850selection of qualified and impartial jurymen was ignored, and the jury was selected by the judge of the circuit court himself. This was clearly erroneous. It may ¡have been done with the very best of motives- but ■ it was not the method provided by law, and should not have been done. This action in selecting and impaneling the petit jury being error, the question presents itself, can this court take cognizance of this error? Section 281, Or. Code Prac., provides: “The decisions of the- court upon challenges to the panel, and for cause, upon -motions to set -aside an indictment, and upon motions for a new trial, -shall not be subject t-o exception.” Section 340, Id., provides: “A judgment of conviction shall be rversed for any error of law appearing upon the record, when upon consideration of the whole case, the court is satisfied that the -substantial rights of the defendant have been prejudiced thereby.” Prior t-o the adoption of the Code of Practice there existed no right of ap peal in criminal -cases. The right to an appeal was never constitutional, but is statutory. If a person appeals to this court in a criminal case, he must meet the requirements of the Code in so doing; and when the case is here ou-r rights and jurisdiction to hear and determine are fixed by the Code. This court has no power to -reverse a judgment -of conviction unless for an error of law appearing -on the record, as the Code now reads. In the case of Terrell v. Com., 13 Bush, 251, this court said: “Construing these sections- — 340, 280, and 281 — together, it seems to u-s clear that we have no power, under the present Code, to reverse -on the appeal of either party for error in decisions upon challenges to the panel, or for -cause, or upon -motions to set aside an indictment, or for a new trial. The language of section 340 embraces all such! [851]*851errors, but' unless that language is held to be modified by section 2S1, sections 280 and 281 would seem to be entirely superfluous. They were wholly unnecessary unless the purpose was to except errors in decisions upon the matters enumerated from the revisory power of this Court.” In the Rutherford Case, 13 Bush, 608, this court referred to the Terrell Case, and said: “We are therefore of the opinion that we have no jurisdiction to revise the action of the circuit court in respect to the appellant’s 'Challenges for cause.” On the second appeal in the Rutherford Case (78 Ky., 639) the court refused to reverse because of error in allowing the jury to view the place of the homicide in the absence of the accused. The court said: “Our power to review the rulings of the lower court in such cases is derived from the statute, and must be exercised within the statute. Whatever our views may be, in any particular case, as to whether the accused has had such a trial as is guaranteed to him by the Constitution, we can not revise the ruling of the trial court unless the authority is conferred by statute. For constitutional rights the appeal is to the trial court, and not to this court.” In case of Paducah and E. R. Co., 80 Ky., 147, a reversal was ordered on account of error appearing in the motion for a new trial; the error being that the verdict was reached by lot, which was, by the Code, made cause for a new trial. That opinion held that a reversal would be .had for error in overruling a motion for new trial. The case of Redmon, 82 Ky., 333, expressly overruled the Paducah & E. R. Co. Case in 80 Ky., 147. The court said: “The Code, as quoted [section 340], provides .that we may consider and reverse in criminal cases where the error appears on the record by bill of exceptions presented in the manner prescribed, and also [852]*852provides that the error here complained of [overruling a ¡motion for a new trial] shall not be subject to exception. We can no more consider an alleged error so presented than we could a case in which there was no bill of exceptions; for in fact a bill of exceptions not authorized is no bill. We have nothing to do with the policy or impolicy of conferring jurisdiction in criminal cases upon this court, whether limited or unlimited. That belongs to the legislative department. Errors, such as that complained of here, were left to the discretion of the lower or trial court, where the whole jurisdiction might have' been left, if the Legislature should have, thought proper. This construction wias placed by this court upon the Code as early as the 16th of October, 1878 (Kennedy v. Com., 14 Bush, 340), and was uniformly followed until the case of Paducah & E. R. Co. v. Com. 80 Ky., 147, decided March 9, 1882. The opinion in that case does not discuss the question of the construction of the Code and the jurisdiction of this court, but decides a question similar to the one presented here, and adversely to a long line of opinions, and contrary to the views ¡herein expressed. That case is overruled.” The court, instead of citing the Kennedy Case, 14 Bush, 340, as' the beginning of this rule, might have referred to Adwell v. Com., 17 B. Mon., 316 decided in 1856; also Comely v. Com., Id. 408, and the cases of Terrell, 13 Bush, 251, and Rutherford, Id., 608 (the Terrell Case decided June, 1877). Again, in the Case of York, 82 Ky., 362, the court held that “a decision of the lower court upon a motion for a new trial is not subject to exception (Cr. Code Prac. sec. 281).” In the case of Hourigan, 89 Ky., 308, 11 R., 509 (12 S. W., 550), appealed by the Commonwealth, the court repeated that decisions upon motion for a new trial are not subject to exception, and declined to inquire into the questions presented [853]*853on the motion. In O’Brien’s Case, 89 Ky., 361, 12 S. W., 472, the court said: The appellant can not rely in this: court, upon any error of the' lower court in acting upon a challenge to a juror for cause. Section 281 of the Criminal Code forbids it.” In Risner v. Com., Ky., 540 (26 S. W., 388), this court, per Lewis J., delivered an opinion reversing for error in selecting a jury panel for the term.. But it is shown that the learned justice did not refer to-section 281 of the Code, nor did he discuss the cases theretofore decided. The brief of counsel for appellant, as. well as the attorney general, nowhere refers to section 281, nor to the decisions thereunder. The court there discussed the provisions of the law and the manifest error in disregarding .its provisions, and reversed the case-without discussing .at all the question whether such errors of the trial court could ever come before this court for review. In the case of Rush v. Com., 20 Ky. L R., 776 (47 S. W., 587), this court said: “Under this section [281] this court, in Terrell w Com., 13 Bush, 246, held that this court has no power to reverse on appeal of either party for error in decisions upon challenges to the panel or for cause. It is clear that section disposes of the question as to the selection of the jury.” In the case of Brown, 20 Ky. L. R., 1553 (49 S. W., 545), this court by Judge Burnam, reiterated and reaffirmed the doctrine of the Terrill Case, 13 Bush, 246, the Redmon Case, 82 Ky., 333, and the Hourigan Case, 89 Ky., 305 (12 S. W., 550), as a motion for a new trial under section 281. Again in Morrison’s Case, 21 Ky. L. R., 1814, (56 S. W.), (516), this court, by Judge Guffy, held that under section 281 challenges to the separate juror and to the panel are not subject to revision by this court. In Kelly’s Case, 21 Ky. L. R. 1306 (54 S. W.), (949) and Flannery’s Case, (51 S. W.), (572), the same conclusion was. [854]*854reached. bn the very recent case of Howard (decided at last term) 61 S. W., 756, the question so far as could be .presented, was raised as to the manner of selecting the panel or special venire, and the conclusion was stated that as to such matters no exception could be taken, and .this court could not revise the action of the trial court thereon. In the Smith Case, 21 Ky. L. R., 1470 (55 s. W.), (718), the court discussed the error in the court’s permitting the key to the jury wheel to remain with the clerk, and pointed out that such action was error; but the case was reversed for error in instructions. There are doubtless other oases on the subject, that we have overlooked, but the universal rule except the Paducah & E. R. Co. Case, 80 Ky., 147, since overruled, and the Risner Case, 95 Ky., 539, 26 S. W., 388, is that in all cases where, by section 281 of the Criminal 'Code of Practice, an exception is forbidden, this ■®ourt is without jurisdiction to reverse for error that might have been committed in passing upon 'challenges to the panel and for cause, upon motion to set aside an in■dietment, and for new trial. We conclude, therefore, that the error in selecting the jury for February 'is not subject to our revision, however erroneous it was.
The same may be said of the motion for a new trial, in which it is -shown that the jury disregarded the recommendation of the attorney for the Comim on wealth, and rfixed the punishment at five years, instead of two years. If this question was properly before us, we could not ¡say upon the whole record, that appellant did not have a fair trial. The attorney for the Commonwealth did all he was authorized under the law to do. He asked the .jury to fix the minimum term, — two years. The jury being the sole arbiters of the punishment, declined to accept '.hits recommendation, but fixed the term as under their [855]*855oaths they deemed just and right. This was, and is a. matter, exclusively within the province of the jury. If it were otherwise, a jury would not be necessary. An agreement with the prosecuting attorney, a plea of guilty,, and -an agreed judgment entered would be all that was-necessary. But under our system a jury is always necessary to a conviction in a felony case,, and their verdict, must fix the term of confinement, and this the court can not do in any case. Hall v. Com. 21 Ky. L. R., 520 (51 S. W., 814); Morrison v. Com. Ky. L. R., 1814 (56 S. W, 516). That the jury returned a verdict for a sentence greater than appellant expected under his plea can not be error, -and, if it. was, this court could not remedy the error, as the term fixed was within the law. In our opinion, the indictment is sufficient, and finding no error within our cognizance, the-judgment is affirmed.
Judges Burnam and Huffy dissent from so much of this-opinion as holds that this court has no jurisdiction to reverse the error in the selection of the jury in this case.