IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2002-CT-01142-SCT
CURTIS DAVID HAWTHORNE
v.
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 7/1/2002 TRIAL JUDGE: HON. RICHARD D. BOWEN COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: LEE COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: ROBERT W. DAVIS CHRISTI R. McCOY ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL BY: BILLY L. GORE DISTRICT ATTORNEY: JOHN RICHARD YOUNG NATURE OF THE CASE: CRIMINAL - FELONY DISPOSITION: REVERSED AND REMANDED - 09/16/2004 MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED: MANDATE ISSUED:
EN BANC.
SMITH, CHIEF JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1. Curtis David Hawthorne was convicted by a Lee County Circuit Court jury of manslaughter after
he caused a motor vehicle wreck in Tupelo which killed Jeffrey McGrew. Hawthorne claimed that he was
insane at the time of the wreck. The jury rejected this defense and found Hawthorne guilty, and he was
sentenced to fifteen years in prison with seven years suspended. He moved for a J.N.O.V. or new trial,
which the trial court denied. Hawthorne appealed, and the appeal was assigned to the Court of Appeals.
A divided Court of Appeals reversed and rendered. Hawthorne v. State, 2003 WL 22390032 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003). The State's motion for rehearing was denied by the Court of Appeals, and we granted
the State’s petition for writ of certiorari.
¶2. Having considered the merits, we find that the Court of Appeals’ majority erred in reversing and
rendering Hawthorne’s case. We agree with the dissenting view that the verdict was against the weight of
the evidence. Accordingly, we reverse and remand for a new trial.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
¶3. In November of 2000, David Hawthorne, who was a resident of Virginia, was in Tupelo helping
his father refurbish a hotel. During the days immediately preceding the accident, Hawthorne and his father
discussed religion for hours on end. Following these religious discussions, Hawthorne began to have feelings
and sensations that he and his father interpreted as religious experiences. Apparently Hawthorne was
experiencing symptoms of schizophrenia. Hawthorne began to hear what he believed to be the voice of
God or the Devil. He also began to believe that he was in Hell, that the day of judgment was at hand, that
the television was sending messages to him from God or the Devil, that he was going back in time, and that
the presidential election of 2000 was being held specifically for him. Hawthorne was observed walking
around in a trance and praying in the rain. After experiencing these feelings, Hawthorne believed that he
had to go home to Virginia to deliver a cross to his daughter, cure his wife's cancer, and be home before
the world came to an end.
¶4. On the morning of November 15, 2000, Hawthorne, still under the impression that he had to get
to Virginia, borrowed his father's truck and drove down South Gloster Street at a high rate of speed. In
his state, Hawthorne believed that he was in God's truck, that no matter what direction he drove he would
reach Virginia, and that his truck would pass through any obstacles he might encounter. At the intersection
2 of Green Street and Gloster Street, Hawthorne ran the red light and struck the car driven by Jeffrey
McGrew, who died at the scene.
¶5. After the accident, Hawthorne left his truck and ran south on Gloster Street. Hawthorne was
quickly apprehended by the police. When the police apprehended Hawthorne, he was sweating profusely
and mumbling something about getting to his daughter. When the officer had Hawthorne under control, he
placed Hawthorne in the back of his patrol car. When the officers asked Hawthorne if he was drunk, he
responded that he was drunk with God. Hawthorne was then transported to the sheriff's department. After
attempts at interrogation, during which Hawthorne exhibited erratic behavior, Hawthorne was transported
to North Mississippi Medical Center where he was examined by the emergency room physicians and a
psychiatrist.
¶6. At trial, Hawthorne produced numerous mental health professionals who testified that he was insane
under the M'Naghten test at the time of the collision. The State produced no expert witnesses on this
issue. The jury found Hawthorne guilty, and the judge sentenced Hawthorne to fifteen years with seven
suspended.
¶7. On appeal the Court of Appeals reversed and rendered in a 5-4 opinion, with one judge not
participating. Id. The majority found that the State, with the burden of proving that Hawthorne was sane,
had failed to present sufficient evidence to support his conviction. The dissent argued that while the State
had produced no medical evidence, there was evidence which the jury could have relied on to convict, such
as all the cars and other objects Hawthorne had avoided in his drive through Tupelo before he rammed his
truck into the car McGrew was driving. The dissent found that the verdict was against the weight of the
evidence and would have reversed and remanded for a new trial.
DISCUSSION
3 ¶8. The standard of review for the denial of a motion for directed verdict and judgment notwithstanding
the verdict is the same. Shelton v. State, 853 So. 2d 1171, 1186 (Miss. 2003). A directed verdict and
JNOV both challenge the sufficiency of the evidence presented at trial. Id. This Court considers “all of
the evidence in the light most favorable to the State and gives the State the benefit of all favorable inferences
that may reasonably be drawn from the evidence.” Seeling v. State, 844 So. 2d 439, 433 (Miss. 2003).
The Court must disregard evidence that is favorable to the defendant. Hubbard v. State, 819 So. 2d
1192, 1195 (Miss. 2001). This standard of review demands that the Court reverse and render if the facts,
viewed in that light, point so overwhelmingly in favor of the defendant that reasonable men could not have
arrived at a guilty verdict. Seeling, 844 So. 2d at 443. The Court must affirm, however, when there is
substantial evidence in support of the verdict of such quality and weight that reasonable and fair-minded
jurors in the exercise of impartial judgment might have reached different conclusions. Id. This Court has
also emphatically provided that it will not order a new trial unless convinced that the verdict is so contrary
to the overwhelming weight of the evidence that, to allow it to stand, would be to sanction an
unconscionable injustice. Groseclose v. State, 440 So.2d 297, 300 (Miss. 1983).
¶9. In Mississippi, the question of whether a defendant in a criminal case was insane at the time of the
offense is controlled by the M’Naghten test. Woodham v. State, 800 So. 2d 1148, 1158 (Miss.
2001). Under the M’Naghten test, it must be proved that at the time of committing the act that the
accused “was laboring under such defect of reason from disease of the mind as (1) not to know the nature
and quality of the act he was doing or (2) if he did know it, that he did not know that what he was doing
was wrong.” Id. The inquiry under this test is whether the defendant “did not know right from wrong at
the time of committing the act.” Id. It is presumed that the defendant is sane until there is a reasonable
4 doubt regarding his or her sanity. Taylor v.
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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2002-CT-01142-SCT
CURTIS DAVID HAWTHORNE
v.
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 7/1/2002 TRIAL JUDGE: HON. RICHARD D. BOWEN COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: LEE COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: ROBERT W. DAVIS CHRISTI R. McCOY ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL BY: BILLY L. GORE DISTRICT ATTORNEY: JOHN RICHARD YOUNG NATURE OF THE CASE: CRIMINAL - FELONY DISPOSITION: REVERSED AND REMANDED - 09/16/2004 MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED: MANDATE ISSUED:
EN BANC.
SMITH, CHIEF JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1. Curtis David Hawthorne was convicted by a Lee County Circuit Court jury of manslaughter after
he caused a motor vehicle wreck in Tupelo which killed Jeffrey McGrew. Hawthorne claimed that he was
insane at the time of the wreck. The jury rejected this defense and found Hawthorne guilty, and he was
sentenced to fifteen years in prison with seven years suspended. He moved for a J.N.O.V. or new trial,
which the trial court denied. Hawthorne appealed, and the appeal was assigned to the Court of Appeals.
A divided Court of Appeals reversed and rendered. Hawthorne v. State, 2003 WL 22390032 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003). The State's motion for rehearing was denied by the Court of Appeals, and we granted
the State’s petition for writ of certiorari.
¶2. Having considered the merits, we find that the Court of Appeals’ majority erred in reversing and
rendering Hawthorne’s case. We agree with the dissenting view that the verdict was against the weight of
the evidence. Accordingly, we reverse and remand for a new trial.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
¶3. In November of 2000, David Hawthorne, who was a resident of Virginia, was in Tupelo helping
his father refurbish a hotel. During the days immediately preceding the accident, Hawthorne and his father
discussed religion for hours on end. Following these religious discussions, Hawthorne began to have feelings
and sensations that he and his father interpreted as religious experiences. Apparently Hawthorne was
experiencing symptoms of schizophrenia. Hawthorne began to hear what he believed to be the voice of
God or the Devil. He also began to believe that he was in Hell, that the day of judgment was at hand, that
the television was sending messages to him from God or the Devil, that he was going back in time, and that
the presidential election of 2000 was being held specifically for him. Hawthorne was observed walking
around in a trance and praying in the rain. After experiencing these feelings, Hawthorne believed that he
had to go home to Virginia to deliver a cross to his daughter, cure his wife's cancer, and be home before
the world came to an end.
¶4. On the morning of November 15, 2000, Hawthorne, still under the impression that he had to get
to Virginia, borrowed his father's truck and drove down South Gloster Street at a high rate of speed. In
his state, Hawthorne believed that he was in God's truck, that no matter what direction he drove he would
reach Virginia, and that his truck would pass through any obstacles he might encounter. At the intersection
2 of Green Street and Gloster Street, Hawthorne ran the red light and struck the car driven by Jeffrey
McGrew, who died at the scene.
¶5. After the accident, Hawthorne left his truck and ran south on Gloster Street. Hawthorne was
quickly apprehended by the police. When the police apprehended Hawthorne, he was sweating profusely
and mumbling something about getting to his daughter. When the officer had Hawthorne under control, he
placed Hawthorne in the back of his patrol car. When the officers asked Hawthorne if he was drunk, he
responded that he was drunk with God. Hawthorne was then transported to the sheriff's department. After
attempts at interrogation, during which Hawthorne exhibited erratic behavior, Hawthorne was transported
to North Mississippi Medical Center where he was examined by the emergency room physicians and a
psychiatrist.
¶6. At trial, Hawthorne produced numerous mental health professionals who testified that he was insane
under the M'Naghten test at the time of the collision. The State produced no expert witnesses on this
issue. The jury found Hawthorne guilty, and the judge sentenced Hawthorne to fifteen years with seven
suspended.
¶7. On appeal the Court of Appeals reversed and rendered in a 5-4 opinion, with one judge not
participating. Id. The majority found that the State, with the burden of proving that Hawthorne was sane,
had failed to present sufficient evidence to support his conviction. The dissent argued that while the State
had produced no medical evidence, there was evidence which the jury could have relied on to convict, such
as all the cars and other objects Hawthorne had avoided in his drive through Tupelo before he rammed his
truck into the car McGrew was driving. The dissent found that the verdict was against the weight of the
evidence and would have reversed and remanded for a new trial.
DISCUSSION
3 ¶8. The standard of review for the denial of a motion for directed verdict and judgment notwithstanding
the verdict is the same. Shelton v. State, 853 So. 2d 1171, 1186 (Miss. 2003). A directed verdict and
JNOV both challenge the sufficiency of the evidence presented at trial. Id. This Court considers “all of
the evidence in the light most favorable to the State and gives the State the benefit of all favorable inferences
that may reasonably be drawn from the evidence.” Seeling v. State, 844 So. 2d 439, 433 (Miss. 2003).
The Court must disregard evidence that is favorable to the defendant. Hubbard v. State, 819 So. 2d
1192, 1195 (Miss. 2001). This standard of review demands that the Court reverse and render if the facts,
viewed in that light, point so overwhelmingly in favor of the defendant that reasonable men could not have
arrived at a guilty verdict. Seeling, 844 So. 2d at 443. The Court must affirm, however, when there is
substantial evidence in support of the verdict of such quality and weight that reasonable and fair-minded
jurors in the exercise of impartial judgment might have reached different conclusions. Id. This Court has
also emphatically provided that it will not order a new trial unless convinced that the verdict is so contrary
to the overwhelming weight of the evidence that, to allow it to stand, would be to sanction an
unconscionable injustice. Groseclose v. State, 440 So.2d 297, 300 (Miss. 1983).
¶9. In Mississippi, the question of whether a defendant in a criminal case was insane at the time of the
offense is controlled by the M’Naghten test. Woodham v. State, 800 So. 2d 1148, 1158 (Miss.
2001). Under the M’Naghten test, it must be proved that at the time of committing the act that the
accused “was laboring under such defect of reason from disease of the mind as (1) not to know the nature
and quality of the act he was doing or (2) if he did know it, that he did not know that what he was doing
was wrong.” Id. The inquiry under this test is whether the defendant “did not know right from wrong at
the time of committing the act.” Id. It is presumed that the defendant is sane until there is a reasonable
4 doubt regarding his or her sanity. Taylor v. State, 795 So. 2d 512, 517 (Miss. 2001). When such doubt
is raised, the State bears the burden of proving the defendant’s sanity beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. The
determination as to a defendant’s sanity is a question to be resolved by the jury, which may accept or reject
expert and lay testimony. Tyler v. State, 618 So. 2d 1306, 1309 (Miss. 1993). The jury’s determination
will remain “undisturbed unless this Court is convinced that the verdict is so contrary to the overwhelming
weight of the evidence that, to allow it to stand, would be to sanction an unconscionable injustice.” Id.
¶10. The sole issue is whether the jury was justified in finding the defendant knew right from wrong at
the time of committing the act. This is a question to be determined by the jury. The Court of Appeals
majority based its decision on the sufficiency of the evidence. Hawthorne, 2003 WL 22390032. The
Court of Appeals found that the State failed to produce sufficient evidence, or any evidence at all, to prove
Hawthorne’s sanity beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. However, we find some evidence from which jurors
could determine that Hawthorne was aware his actions were wrong. During the State’s case-in-chief, the
evidence indicated that Hawthorne was avoiding many other barriers and had been driving for miles through
town before causing this wreck. It was also shown through eyewitness testimony that after the wreck,
Hawthorne left his truck, looked around and then ran from the scene. This lay witness testimony was
probative of whether Hawthorne knew right from wrong and sufficient evidence to allow the trial court to
deny Hawthorne’s motion for directed verdict.
¶11. However, the defense put forth evidence showing Hawthorne’s behavior days before this wreck.
Hawthorne began to hear what he believed to be the voice of God or the Devil. He also began to believe
that he was in Hell, that the day of judgment was at hand, that the television was sending messages to him
from God or the Devil, that he was going back in time, and that the presidential election of 2000 was being
held specifically for him. Hawthorne was observed walking around in a trance and praying in the rain for
5 hours. After experiencing these feelings, Hawthorne believed that he had to go home to Virginia in order
to deliver a cross to his daughter, cure his wife's cancer, and be home before the world came to an end.
It was also shown that mental problems such as schizophrenia ran in his family and several family members
suffered from this disease.
¶12. The fact that Hawthorne ran from the scene was also rebutted by the defense. According to the
defense, Hawthorne ran from the scene because he was still under the delusion that he had to get back to
Virginia to cure his wife, deliver the cross to his daughter, and be home when the world ended. The police
officer who ran after Hawthorne testified that Hawthorne was sweating profusely and was mumbling.
Hawthorne’s behavior was so erratic that the police believed Hawthorne was on drugs. This erratic
behavior continued throughout the questioning. One detective testified that Hawthorne would laugh one
moment and cry the next and continued to say that his father was killed when in fact he was still alive. The
detective stopped questioning Hawthorne because of this erratic behavior. In addition to this, the defense
produced four medical experts who testified that Hawthorne was unable to appreciate the difference
between right and wrong.
¶13. A new trial should be granted if the jury’s verdict “so contradicts the overwhelming weight of the
evidence that, to allow it to stand, would be to sanction an unconscionable injustice.” Groseclose, 440
So.2d at 300. See also Frost v. State, 453 So. 2d 695 (Miss 1984). Here, the evidence adduced by
the State to prove sanity, is weak. To allow the jury verdict to stand based upon this slight evidence would
result in an unconscionable injustice. The State did not prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Hawthorne
was sane. The record before us lacks substantial credible evidence suggesting that at the time in question,
Hawthorne was sane in the M’Naghten sense. Frost, 453 So. 2d at 456. At the end of the trial during
Hawthorne’s motion for directed verdict, the State acknowledged that there was little evidence in the
6 record to show that Hawthorne knew the difference between right and wrong. The State maintained that
it did not have to produce any evidence of defendant’s sanity because it was for the jury to determine.
Even though sanity is for the jury to determine, the State must produce substantial evidence regarding the
defendant’s sanity. If the verdict is against the overwhelming weight of the evidence, a new trial should be
ordered. Holloway v. State, 312 So. 2d 700, 701 (Miss. 1975). The jury verdict was against the
overwhelming weight of the evidence on the issue of Hawthorne’s sanity. Therefore, we hold that
Hawthorne must be retried.
CONCLUSION
¶14. For these reasons, we reverse the judgments of the Court of Appeals and the Lee County Circuit
Court, and we remand this case to the circuit court for a new trial consistent with this opinion.
¶15. REVERSED AND REMANDED.
WALLER AND COBB, P.JJ., CARLSON, DICKINSON AND RANDOLPH, JJ., CONCUR. EASLEY, J., CONCURS IN PART AND DISSENTS IN PART WITHOUT SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION. DIAZ AND GRAVES, JJ., NOT PARTICIPATING.