COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA UNPUBLISHED
Present: Judges Fulton, Friedman and Chaney Argued at Norfolk, Virginia
CURTIS ANTONIO MITCHELL MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY v. Record No. 0879-22-1 JUDGE FRANK K. FRIEDMAN OCTOBER 24, 2023 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF PORTSMOUTH Joel P. Crowe, Judge
Althea L. Mease, Public Defender, for appellant.
David A. Mick, Assistant Attorney General (Jason S. Miyares, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Following a jury trial, the Circuit Court of the City of Portsmouth convicted Curtis Antonio
Mitchell of voluntary manslaughter. Mitchell contends on appeal that the trial court erred by
rejecting two of his proffered jury instructions and by refusing one of his proffered jury voir dire
questions. For the following reasons, we disagree and affirm the trial court’s judgment.
BACKGROUND
On appeal, we view “the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the
prevailing party in the circuit court, and we accord the Commonwealth the benefit of all reasonable
inferences deducible from the evidence.” Britt v. Commonwealth, 276 Va. 569, 573 (2008).
In September 2020, Sheniqua Gilchrist’s boyfriend, Phillip Goston, became upset with
Gilchrist because she had “liked” another man’s picture on Facebook. The two argued over the
phone, and Goston requested that Gilchrist return a car that he had rented for her. Later that
* This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413(A). evening, Gilchrist saw Goston “messing with” the car and called Mitchell, the father of her child.
Gilchrist confronted Goston, who was attempting to remove the car’s tires, and asked him to leave.
Mitchell arrived at the residence shortly after Gilchrist’s call and approached Goston.
Gilchrist continued to argue with Goston while he removed one of the tires and put it in the car’s
trunk. Mitchell attempted to intervene, and Goston pushed Mitchell’s hands away and “shoulder
checked” him. In response, Mitchell drew his firearm and shot Goston twice in the chest. As
Goston retreated to his car, Mitchell fired a third shot. Goston, who was unarmed, died from the
gunshot wounds.
Portsmouth Police Officer Pierce responded to the scene after a neighbor called the police.
Officer Pierce saw Mitchell standing over Goston’s bloody body, and Mitchell told the officer, “I
did it, I shot him.” Later, in an interview with Detective Bloodworth, Mitchell admitted that he was
angry and that he intended to kill Goston. Mitchell stated that he knew Gilchrist was dating Goston.
Mitchell had spoken on the phone with Goston, but he had not met him until the night of the
shooting. Mitchell believed that if they ever saw each other, Goston would use a weapon.
Mitchell testified that when he arrived at Gilchrist’s residence in response to her call, he saw
Goston attempting to remove the tires from the rental car. He described the confrontation and
testified that he believed Goston was reaching for a weapon. He admitted that he initially lied to the
police by telling them that Gilchrist had not called him, but he explained that he lied to protect her.
The trial court refused two jury instructions that Mitchell proposed. His proposed
Instruction B stated: “It does not matter if the belief later turns out to be erroneous that the defendant
was in any real danger. As long as the defendant has reasonable grounds for believing that he was
in danger of death or serious bodily harm, the killing is justifiable.” Proposed Instruction C stated:
“If a person stays at the place where a crime was committed, this creates no presumption that the
-2- person is innocent of having committed the crime. However, it is a circumstance which you may
consider along with the other evidence.”
The trial court refused Instruction B, finding that there were two other instructions
addressing self-defense and that those instructions clearly and correctly stated the law. Similarly,
the trial court rejected Instruction C, finding that it was duplicative and unnecessary.
During voir dire, Mitchell sought to ask the venire: “Does anyone here believe that no one
other than a police officer should be allowed to carry firearms out in the open in public? If yes,
would you hold a person who did responsible for anything bad that happened with the firearm
regardless of the circumstance?” The trial court rejected the question, finding it open-ended and
duplicative of question ten which asked the prospective jurors, “[d]oes anyone on the panel have
any strong feelings regarding firearms that would prevent you from being fair and impartial in a
case involving a gun?” Defense counsel acknowledged that he requested question nine, the one the
trial court refused, knowing it overlapped with question ten and that if the court had granted
question nine, he would not have requested question ten.
The jury found Mitchell guilty of voluntary manslaughter. Mitchell appeals.
ANALYSIS
Proposed Instructions
Mitchell asserts that the trial court erred by rejecting his proposed jury instructions. We
review a trial court’s decisions in giving and denying requested jury instructions for abuse of
discretion. Barney v. Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 604, 609 (2019). “A reviewing court’s
responsibility in reviewing jury instructions is to see that the law has been clearly stated and that
the instructions cover all issues which the evidence fairly raises.” Fahringer v. Commonwealth,
70 Va. App. 208, 211 (2019) (quoting Darnell v. Commonwealth, 6 Va. App. 485, 488 (1988));
see Payne v. Commonwealth, 292 Va. 855, 869 (2016). “Whether to give or deny jury
-3- instructions ‘rest[s] in the sound discretion of the trial court.’” Hilton v. Commonwealth, 293
Va. 293, 302 (2017) (quoting Cooper v. Commonwealth, 277 Va. 377, 381 (2009)). “When
granted instructions fully and fairly cover a principle of law, a trial court does not abuse its
discretion in refusing another instruction relating to the same legal principle.” Id. (quoting
Daniels v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 460, 466 (2008)). “Parties are not entitled to redundant
instructions covering principles of law already addressed in other instructions.” Payne v.
Commonwealth, 65 Va. App. 194, 213 (2015). On appeal, “we view the evidence with respect to
the refused instruction in the light most favorable to the defendant.” Boone v. Commonwealth,
14 Va. App. 130, 131 (1992).
As noted above, proposed Instruction B stated: “It does not matter if the belief later turns
out to be erroneous that the defendant was in any real danger. As long as the defendant has
reasonable grounds for believing that he was in danger of death or serious bodily harm, the
killing is justifiable.”
The trial court did not employ this language. Instead, the trial court instructed the jury on
self-defense in two instructions, informing the jury that if Mitchell “reasonably feared, under the
circumstances as they appeared to him, that he was in danger of harm, then the defendant had the
right to use such force as was reasonably necessary to protect himself from the threatened harm.”
The given instructions correctly stated the law on self-defense, and Mitchell’s proffered
instruction was merely duplicative. See Wells v. Commonwealth, 60 Va. App. 111, 122-23
(2012) (“When granted instructions fully state the principles of law on a subject, a trial court is
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COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA UNPUBLISHED
Present: Judges Fulton, Friedman and Chaney Argued at Norfolk, Virginia
CURTIS ANTONIO MITCHELL MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY v. Record No. 0879-22-1 JUDGE FRANK K. FRIEDMAN OCTOBER 24, 2023 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF PORTSMOUTH Joel P. Crowe, Judge
Althea L. Mease, Public Defender, for appellant.
David A. Mick, Assistant Attorney General (Jason S. Miyares, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Following a jury trial, the Circuit Court of the City of Portsmouth convicted Curtis Antonio
Mitchell of voluntary manslaughter. Mitchell contends on appeal that the trial court erred by
rejecting two of his proffered jury instructions and by refusing one of his proffered jury voir dire
questions. For the following reasons, we disagree and affirm the trial court’s judgment.
BACKGROUND
On appeal, we view “the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the
prevailing party in the circuit court, and we accord the Commonwealth the benefit of all reasonable
inferences deducible from the evidence.” Britt v. Commonwealth, 276 Va. 569, 573 (2008).
In September 2020, Sheniqua Gilchrist’s boyfriend, Phillip Goston, became upset with
Gilchrist because she had “liked” another man’s picture on Facebook. The two argued over the
phone, and Goston requested that Gilchrist return a car that he had rented for her. Later that
* This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413(A). evening, Gilchrist saw Goston “messing with” the car and called Mitchell, the father of her child.
Gilchrist confronted Goston, who was attempting to remove the car’s tires, and asked him to leave.
Mitchell arrived at the residence shortly after Gilchrist’s call and approached Goston.
Gilchrist continued to argue with Goston while he removed one of the tires and put it in the car’s
trunk. Mitchell attempted to intervene, and Goston pushed Mitchell’s hands away and “shoulder
checked” him. In response, Mitchell drew his firearm and shot Goston twice in the chest. As
Goston retreated to his car, Mitchell fired a third shot. Goston, who was unarmed, died from the
gunshot wounds.
Portsmouth Police Officer Pierce responded to the scene after a neighbor called the police.
Officer Pierce saw Mitchell standing over Goston’s bloody body, and Mitchell told the officer, “I
did it, I shot him.” Later, in an interview with Detective Bloodworth, Mitchell admitted that he was
angry and that he intended to kill Goston. Mitchell stated that he knew Gilchrist was dating Goston.
Mitchell had spoken on the phone with Goston, but he had not met him until the night of the
shooting. Mitchell believed that if they ever saw each other, Goston would use a weapon.
Mitchell testified that when he arrived at Gilchrist’s residence in response to her call, he saw
Goston attempting to remove the tires from the rental car. He described the confrontation and
testified that he believed Goston was reaching for a weapon. He admitted that he initially lied to the
police by telling them that Gilchrist had not called him, but he explained that he lied to protect her.
The trial court refused two jury instructions that Mitchell proposed. His proposed
Instruction B stated: “It does not matter if the belief later turns out to be erroneous that the defendant
was in any real danger. As long as the defendant has reasonable grounds for believing that he was
in danger of death or serious bodily harm, the killing is justifiable.” Proposed Instruction C stated:
“If a person stays at the place where a crime was committed, this creates no presumption that the
-2- person is innocent of having committed the crime. However, it is a circumstance which you may
consider along with the other evidence.”
The trial court refused Instruction B, finding that there were two other instructions
addressing self-defense and that those instructions clearly and correctly stated the law. Similarly,
the trial court rejected Instruction C, finding that it was duplicative and unnecessary.
During voir dire, Mitchell sought to ask the venire: “Does anyone here believe that no one
other than a police officer should be allowed to carry firearms out in the open in public? If yes,
would you hold a person who did responsible for anything bad that happened with the firearm
regardless of the circumstance?” The trial court rejected the question, finding it open-ended and
duplicative of question ten which asked the prospective jurors, “[d]oes anyone on the panel have
any strong feelings regarding firearms that would prevent you from being fair and impartial in a
case involving a gun?” Defense counsel acknowledged that he requested question nine, the one the
trial court refused, knowing it overlapped with question ten and that if the court had granted
question nine, he would not have requested question ten.
The jury found Mitchell guilty of voluntary manslaughter. Mitchell appeals.
ANALYSIS
Proposed Instructions
Mitchell asserts that the trial court erred by rejecting his proposed jury instructions. We
review a trial court’s decisions in giving and denying requested jury instructions for abuse of
discretion. Barney v. Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 604, 609 (2019). “A reviewing court’s
responsibility in reviewing jury instructions is to see that the law has been clearly stated and that
the instructions cover all issues which the evidence fairly raises.” Fahringer v. Commonwealth,
70 Va. App. 208, 211 (2019) (quoting Darnell v. Commonwealth, 6 Va. App. 485, 488 (1988));
see Payne v. Commonwealth, 292 Va. 855, 869 (2016). “Whether to give or deny jury
-3- instructions ‘rest[s] in the sound discretion of the trial court.’” Hilton v. Commonwealth, 293
Va. 293, 302 (2017) (quoting Cooper v. Commonwealth, 277 Va. 377, 381 (2009)). “When
granted instructions fully and fairly cover a principle of law, a trial court does not abuse its
discretion in refusing another instruction relating to the same legal principle.” Id. (quoting
Daniels v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 460, 466 (2008)). “Parties are not entitled to redundant
instructions covering principles of law already addressed in other instructions.” Payne v.
Commonwealth, 65 Va. App. 194, 213 (2015). On appeal, “we view the evidence with respect to
the refused instruction in the light most favorable to the defendant.” Boone v. Commonwealth,
14 Va. App. 130, 131 (1992).
As noted above, proposed Instruction B stated: “It does not matter if the belief later turns
out to be erroneous that the defendant was in any real danger. As long as the defendant has
reasonable grounds for believing that he was in danger of death or serious bodily harm, the
killing is justifiable.”
The trial court did not employ this language. Instead, the trial court instructed the jury on
self-defense in two instructions, informing the jury that if Mitchell “reasonably feared, under the
circumstances as they appeared to him, that he was in danger of harm, then the defendant had the
right to use such force as was reasonably necessary to protect himself from the threatened harm.”
The given instructions correctly stated the law on self-defense, and Mitchell’s proffered
instruction was merely duplicative. See Wells v. Commonwealth, 60 Va. App. 111, 122-23
(2012) (“When granted instructions fully state the principles of law on a subject, a trial court is
not required to grant additional instructions thereon.” (quoting Medlar v. Mohan, 242 Va. 162,
168 (1991))).
The trial court similarly did not abuse its discretion by declining to give proposed
Instruction C which stated: “If a person stays at the place where a crime was committed, this
-4- creates no presumption that the person is innocent of having committed the crime. However, it is
a circumstance which you may consider along with the other evidence.” Mitchell’s Instruction C
simply restated that evidence of his remaining on the scene could be considered; a statement of
law that was adequately covered by already granted instructions. The jury was correctly
instructed that they were the “judges of the facts, the credibility of the witnesses, and the weight
of the evidence” and that “[t]he statements presented to you as having been made by the
defendant are submitted for your consideration along with all the other evidence. The weight,
value, credibility, and reliability of those statements are questions for your determination.” And
further that the “evidence as a whole must exclude every reasonable theory of innocence.” The
granted instructions properly instructed the jury on how to view all of the evidence and what
evidence could be considered. Hilton, 293 Va. at 302.
Moreover, Mitchell’s proposed instruction sought to focus the jury on specific evidence.
A trial court, in granting instructions, should be careful not to “single out for emphasis a part of
the evidence tending to establish a particular fact.” Terry v. Commonwealth, 5 Va. App. 167,
170 (1987) (quoting Woods v. Commonwealth, 171 Va. 543, 548 (1938)). Here, Mitchell was
free to argue his reading of the facts to the jury in closing, but the trial court did not err in
refusing to permit the instructions to focus on isolated facts. See Payne, 292 Va. at 871;
Fahringer, 70 Va. App. at 218.
Accordingly, we find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s rejection of the two
proffered instructions.
Voir Dire Question
Mitchell next asserts that his refused voir dire question would have allowed him “to
ascertain if any of the jurors bore a strong opinion that would prevent them from fully
considering the law of self defense, which would require them to refrain from ‘holding
-5- [Mitchell] accountable’ if the circumstances proved that [he] was reasonably in fear of a deadly
threat.” During voir dire
[t]he court and counsel for either party shall have the right to examine under oath any person who is called as a juror therein and shall have the right to ask such person or juror directly any relevant question to ascertain whether he is related to either party, or has any interest in the cause, or has expressed or formed any opinion, or is sensible of any bias or prejudice therein[.]
Code § 8.01-358. This right to examine, however, is not boundless, and a criminal defendant has
“no absolute right to have the court ask every question he propounded.” Bassett v.
Commonwealth, 222 Va. 844, 853 (1981). All the trial court must do is to “afford a party a ‘full
and fair’ opportunity to ascertain whether prospective jurors ‘stand indifferent in the cause,’” and
“it is within the trial court’s sound discretion to decide when a defendant has had such an
opportunity.” Thomas v. Commonwealth, 279 Va. 131, 162-63 (2010) (quoting Buchanan v.
Commonwealth, 238 Va. 389, 401 (1989)). Where the defense had ample opportunity “to ask
relevant questions and where the questions actually propounded by the trial court were sufficient
to preserve a defendant’s right to trial by a fair and impartial jury, we will generally not reverse a
trial court’s decision to limit or disallow certain questions from defense counsel.” Id. at 163
(quoting Buchanan, 238 Va. at 401).
Here, through voir dire question ten, which was permitted, counsel advised the venire that
there would be evidence presented that Mitchell “essentially always carries a firearm; so asking
that, with that in mind, is there anyone here who has a strong feeling about firearms and guns
that you think would make it difficult for you to be fair and impartial here today?” Defense
counsel desired the granting of a broader voir dire question; proposed question nine stated:
“Does anyone here believe that no one other than a police officer should be allowed to carry
firearms out in the open in public? If yes, would you hold a person who did responsible for
anything bad that happened with the firearm regardless of the circumstance?” -6- The trial court found question nine to be “open-ended” and also duplicative of question ten
which was granted. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Mitchell’s proposed
voir dire question nine, particularly where another permitted question covered similar ground.
See Thomas, 279 Va. at 162-63 (a defendant does not have a “right to have the court ask every
question he propound[s]” or to question the jury on matters that are already “amply covered by
other questions”).
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s refusal of
Mitchell’s proposed jury instructions or voir dire question. We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Affirmed.
-7-