USCA4 Appeal: 22-1785 Doc: 36 Filed: 05/17/2024 Pg: 1 of 17
PUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 22-1785
CURRITUCK COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA,
Plaintiff − Appellant,
MARIE LONG; MICHAEL LONG,
Intervenors – Appellants,
v.
ELIZABETH E. LETENDRE,
Defendant – Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina, at Elizabeth City. Terrence W. Boyle, District Judge. (2:19−cv−00027−BO)
Argued: October 25, 2023 Decided: May 17, 2024
Before DIAZ, Chief Judge, THACKER, Circuit Judge, and Julie R. RUBIN, United States District Judge for the District of Maryland, sitting by designation.
Affirmed by published opinion. Chief Judge Diaz wrote the opinion, in which Judge Thacker and Judge Rubin joined.
ARGUED: George Nicholas Herman, BROUGH LAW FIRM, PLLC, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; George Bullock Currin, Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellants. Scott Elliott Bayzle, PARKER POE ADAMS & BERNSTEIN LLP, Raleigh, North Carolina, for USCA4 Appeal: 22-1785 Doc: 36 Filed: 05/17/2024 Pg: 2 of 17
Appellee. ON BRIEF: Stephen V. Carey, Jonathan E. Hall, Michael J. Crook, PARKER POE ADAMS & BERNSTEIN LLP, Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellee.
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DIAZ, Chief Judge:
The Chesapeake is a 15,000 square foot vacation home owned by Elizabeth
LeTendre 1 and located in Currituck County, North Carolina. For over a decade, Currituck
County, LeTendre, and LeTendre’s neighbors, Marie and Michael Long, have been
embroiled in litigation over whether the Chesapeake complies with county and state zoning
requirements.
In Long v. Currituck County, the North Carolina Court of Appeals ruled that the
Chesapeake violated a county zoning ordinance. 787 S.E.2d 835, 841 (N.C. Ct. App.
2016). When LeTendre couldn’t bring the house up to code, the County sued her in state
court to enforce Long’s mandate and hold LeTendre in contempt if she refused to comply.
LeTendre removed the case to federal court, where she sought a declaratory
judgment that the Chesapeake now complies with both county and state requirements. In
her view, a recent amendment to North Carolina’s state zoning law abrogates Long.
The district court agreed with LeTendre. We do as well and so affirm.
I.
A.
Our story begins in 2011, when LeTendre bought an oceanfront plot of land in the
Outer Banks, within Currituck County. 2
1 LeTendre’s last name is not spelled consistently in the record. But as her brief spells it “LeTendre,” we adopt that style. 2 The procedural history is dense, but necessary to an understanding of the dispute.
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The lot is subject to both state and county zoning requirements, including the
Currituck County Unified Development Ordinance. See Currituck County, N.C., Unified
Dev. Ordinance (2023), https://currituckcountync.gov/unified-development-ordinance/
[https://perma.cc/N48F-763Z]. And it’s in an area the County has designated for zoning
purposes as “Single Family Residential Outer Banks Remote.” J.A. 224, see also Unified
Dev. Ordinance § 3.4.4, https://currituckcountync.gov/wp-content/uploads/chapter-3-
zoning-districts-23oct25.pdf [https://perma.cc/EZD2-NUMV].
That zoning designation allows only homes that are “single-family detached
dwellings,” defined as “a residential building containing not more than one dwelling unit
to be occupied by one family, not physically attached to any other principal structure.”
Unified Dev. Ordinance § 10.5, https://currituckcountync.gov/wp-
content/uploads/chapter-10-definitions-measurement-23oct25.pdf
[https://perma.cc/9SCL-J48C]. But while hotels, bed and breakfasts, and other commercial
properties are forbidden, the Ordinance doesn’t limit the use of such single-family homes.
So owners may rent out their properties on Airbnb and similar platforms. Unified Dev.
Ordinance § 3.4.4.
LeTendre sought approval from multiple state and county agencies to construct a
vacation home, the Chesapeake, on the lot. As designed, the Chesapeake is gargantuan,
boasting 24 bedrooms, 25 bathrooms, and a pool.
Under a North Carolina state agency regulation for coastal properties, a
development may be set back 60 feet from the shoreline only if all structures on the
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property are less than 5,000 square feet apiece. See 15A N.C. Admin. Code
7H.0306(a)(3)(A). Otherwise, the development must sit farther back from the shore. Id.
LeTendre wanted to build 60 feet from the shore. So her architect designed the
home to have a central area and two side wings, each structurally independent of each other
and less than 5,000 square feet. The side wings are perpendicular to the central area and
connected to it by enclosed, air-conditioned hallways, so the home is U-shaped.
LeTendre submitted her plans to the Currituck County Planning Director, who
confirmed that the Chesapeake is a single-family detached dwelling and that it “complies
with the county’s [Ordinance].” J.A. 97. But LeTendre’s neighbors, the Longs, appealed
that determination to the Currituck County Board of Adjustment. The Board affirmed that
the Chesapeake was a single-family detached dwelling under the Ordinance.
The Longs then appealed the Board’s decision in state court. That court too agreed
that the Chesapeake was a single-family detached dwelling under the Ordinance, and the
Longs again appealed.
In the meantime, the County issued LeTendre a building permit. But LeTendre ran
into a wrinkle with the North Carolina Department of Insurance, which classified the
Chesapeake as a hotel. LeTendre appealed that classification to the Building Code Council,
a state agency empowered by statute to administer and amend the North Carolina State
Building Code, the state’s compendium of zoning rules. See N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 143-141,
143-138(d); see also Greene v. City of Winston-Salem, 213 S.E.2d 231, 237 (N.C. 1975).
North Carolina law also gives the Council “the duty . . . to give interpretations of such
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provisions of the Building Code as shall be pertinent to the matter at issue.” N.C. Gen.
Stat. § 143-141(b).
The Council reversed the Department of Insurance and determined that “the proper
occupancy classification for the project is that of ‘one and two family dwelling’ as defined
in Section 101.2 of the [North Carolina Residential Code].” J.A. 249.
Meanwhile, the Longs pursued their Board appeal before the North Carolina Court
of Appeals. That court agreed with the Longs that the Chesapeake wasn’t a “single-family
detached dwelling” under the Ordinance. Long, 787 S.E.2d at 841.
The Long court explained that “[t]he ordinance allows only for a singular building.”
Id. at 839. And it found that the Chesapeake is made up of three buildings—the main
building and two side buildings. Id.
The court acknowledged that this alone wasn’t dispositive because “the
[Ordinance’s] definition of Single Family Dwelling clearly allows more than one ‘building’
or ‘structure’ to be constructed on the same lot,” so long as there’s no more than one
“principal structure.” Id. at 840. As an example, it explained that a homeowner could
place a small pool house or a shed on her property if it was an “accessory structure”
subordinate in square footage to the main building. Id. But since the Chesapeake’s side
wings are the same square footage as the main area, they functioned as three principal
structures and violated the Ordinance. Id. at 840–41.
By this point, construction on the Chesapeake was 95% complete. After the appeals
court ruling, the County issued a stop work order and, later, a Notice of Violation, which
instructed LeTendre to modify the Chesapeake’s structure to comply with the Ordinance.
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LeTendre responded with new building plans, which were essentially identical to the
original plans. The County determined that the new plans still violated the Ordinance.
LeTendre then sued the County in state court, seeking injunctive relief, and
ultimately a declaratory judgment preventing the County from enforcing Long’s mandate.
She alleged that the Ordinance was unconstitutional, under both the North Carolina and
federal constitutions, and otherwise violated state law.
The state court held that LeTendre was likely to succeed on the merits of her claims
and granted her a preliminary injunction. It ordered the County to rescind its stop work
order, so LeTendre could finish construction, which she did in the summer of 2017.
The County and the Longs then appealed, and the North Carolina Court of Appeals
reversed. Letendre v. Currituck County, 817 S.E.2d 73, 107 (N.C. Ct. App. 2018).
The Court of Appeals held that LeTendre wasn’t likely to succeed on the merits of
her claims, and that Long established that her home wasn’t a single-family detached
dwelling under the Ordinance. Id. at 87. The court rejected LeTendre’s claim based on
the Building Code Council decision. Id. at 99. Though the Council found that the
Chesapeake was a “one family dwelling” under state law, the court held that its decision
didn’t impact the County’s application of its Ordinance. Id.
LeTendre sought further review, but the Supreme Court of North Carolina denied
her petition for a writ of certiorari. Letendre v. Currituck County, 822 S.E.2d 641 (N.C.
2019) (Mem.).
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B.
But everything changed on July 11, 2019, when the North Carolina legislature
enacted Session Law 2019-111. 2019 N.C. Sess. Laws 111. That law amended a provision
of the North Carolina zoning law, by adding the following italicized language:
A county may not use a definition of building, dwelling, dwelling unit, bedroom, or sleeping unit that is inconsistent with any definition of the same in another statute or in a rule adopted by the State agency, including the State Building Code Council.
See 2019 N.C. Sess. Laws 111 § 1.17.(a). And it changed the prohibition against county
definitions that are “more expansive than” the corresponding state definitions, to prohibit
county definitions that are “inconsistent with” the State’s. Compare N.C. Gen. Stat.
§ 153A-346(b) (amended 2019), with 2019 N.C. Sess. Laws 111 § 1.17.(a). 3
Shortly after the amendment passed, the County again sued LeTendre in state court,
seeking to compel her to modify the Chesapeake so that it complied with the Ordinance.
LeTendre removed the case to federal court, asserting diversity jurisdiction.
LeTendre also counterclaimed, alleging that she was entitled to a declaratory
judgment that the 2019 zoning amendment abrogated Long and Letendre, and that the
Chesapeake now complied with state and county zoning law. She argued that because the
state and county definitions of “dwelling” were inconsistent under the amendment, the
3 The statute has since been amended slightly and recodified. It now reads, “When adopting regulations under this Article, a local government may not use a definition of building, dwelling, dwelling unit, bedroom, or sleeping unit that is inconsistent with any definition of those terms in another statute or in a rule adopted by a State agency, including the State Building Code Council.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 160D-706(b).
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Building Code Council decision controlled and overrode the County’s application of its
Ordinance.
The County moved to remand the case to state court, and the Longs moved to
intervene. Currituck County v. LeTendre, No. 2:19-cv-27, 2020 WL 707179, at *2, *5
(E.D.N.C. Feb. 12, 2020). LeTendre opposed the remand motion, and moved for a
preliminary injunction under the All Writs Act to enjoin the state court proceedings. 4 Id.
at *3. The district court denied all three motions. Id. at *5.
LeTendre then moved again for a preliminary injunction, this time under Federal
Rule of Civil Procedure 65. With the County’s support, the Longs moved to intervene to
oppose the preliminary injunction motion, and to join the County in seeking summary
judgment on LeTendre’s declaratory judgment counterclaim. The County and LeTendre
cross-moved for partial summary judgment on that claim.
The district court granted LeTendre’s motion for partial summary judgment and
denied her motion for a preliminary injunction as moot. Currituck County v. LeTendre,
No. 2:19-cv-27, 2020 WL 6750429, at *5 (E.D.N.C. Nov. 17, 2020). It also granted the
Longs’ motion to intervene, but it denied the County’s motion for partial summary
judgment, which the Longs had sought to join. Id.
The court held that the County’s interpretation of a single-family detached dwelling,
as applied to the Chesapeake, is “inconsistent with the State Building Code’s definition of
a dwelling[.]” Id. It acknowledged that the plain text of the state and county definitions
4 These state court proceedings have been stayed.
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of “building” and “dwelling” didn’t conflict. Id. at *4. But it held that the terms “single-
family detached dwelling” and “one family dwelling” were equivalent, and the legislative
amendment barred the County from interpreting “single-family detached dwelling”
inconsistently with the Code’s definition of “one family dwelling.” Id. at *5.
That’s because, the court found, “both [terms] apply to buildings or structures for
living, sleeping, and sanitation.” Id. And both “also apply to ‘a’ or ‘any building’; in other
words, a single and not multiple buildings[.]” Id. The court concluded that under the
amendment, “a building cannot be determined to be a one family dwelling under the
Residential Building Code but not a one-or-single family dwelling under a local zoning
ordinance.” Id. So it granted LeTendre partial summary judgment on her declaratory
judgment counterclaim. Id.
The Longs and the County moved for reconsideration. Now as intervenors, the
Longs also moved (1) for partial summary judgment on LeTendre’s declaratory judgment
counterclaim, and (2) to admit other evidence regarding the North Carolina Department of
Insurance’s classification of the Chesapeake. LeTendre moved to strike that motion.
The court denied the motions for reconsideration and granted LeTendre’s motion to
strike. Currituck County v. LeTendre, No. 2:19-cv-27, 2021 WL 6206562, at *2 (E.D.N.C.
June 10, 2021). It reviewed the Longs’ “new evidence,” but found that none of it was
“material to its prior holding.” Id.
LeTendre then moved to dismiss her remaining counterclaims. The district court
granted that motion and entered final judgment for LeTendre. Currituck County v.
LeTendre, No. 2:19-cv-27, 2022 WL 1813900, at *3 (E.D.N.C. June 2, 2022).
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This appeal followed.
II.
To resolve this case, we must determine whether the zoning law amendment passed
by the North Carolina legislature in 2019 abrogated Long and Letendre, as the district court
so held.
We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. S.C. Green
Party v. S.C. State Election Comm’n, 612 F.3d 752, 755 (4th Cir. 2010). This case presents
a question of statutory interpretation, which we also review de novo. Farm Lab. Org.
Comm. v. Stein, 56 F.4th 339, 346 (4th Cir. 2022). When interpreting a North Carolina
statute, we apply North Carolina law and “determine how the Supreme Court of North
Carolina would rule were it to decide this case.” Whitmire v. S. Farm Bureau Life Ins. Co.,
52 F.4th 153, 157 (4th Cir. 2022). Since no North Carolina court has ever interpreted this
amendment, we use the Supreme Court of North Carolina’s methodology to interpret it in
the first instance. Id.
Under North Carolina law, the “primary goal” of statutory interpretation is to
“effectuate the purpose of the legislature in enacting the statute.” Liberty Mut. Ins. v.
Pennington, 573 S.E.2d 118, 121 (N.C. 2002). To divine legislative intent, we first look
to the statute’s plain language. Frye Reg’l Med. Ctr., Inc. v. Hunt, 510 S.E.2d 159, 163
(N.C. 1999). Normally, if the language is clear, we give the statute its plain meaning and
end our inquiry. Id. If the language is ambiguous or unclear, however, we look to the
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“legislative history, the spirit of the act[,] and what the act seeks to accomplish.” Lenox,
Inc. v. Tolson, 548 S.E.2d 513, 517 (N.C. 2001) (cleaned up).
Finally, when “a literal interpretation of the language of a statute will lead to absurd
results, or contravene the manifest purpose of the Legislature, as otherwise expressed, the
reason and purpose of the law shall control and the strict letter thereof shall be disregarded.”
Frye, 510 S.E.2d at 163 (cleaned up); see also Sheffield v. Consol. Foods Corp., 276 S.E.2d
422, 435 (N.C. 1981) (“The language of a statute should always be interpreted in a way
which avoids an absurd consequence.”).
Under the legislative amendment, a county may not “use a definition” of “building”
or “dwelling” that “is inconsistent with any definition of those terms . . . in a rule or statute
adopted by a State agency, including the State Building Code Council.” N.C. Gen. Stat. §
160D-706(b). And we read the amendment not merely to bar inconsistencies in the literal
text of the state and county definitions, but also to bar inconsistent applications of those
definitions. If the County’s definition or interpretation of “building” in its Ordinance
conflicts with the Building Code Council’s rule—here, the state Residential Building
Code—the Council’s definition governs. We hold that it does, so the amendment makes
the Chesapeake compliant with both zoning codes. 5
5 Appellants haven’t claimed that the Chesapeake fails to satisfy any other element of the Ordinance’s definition of “single-family detached dwelling.”
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Simply put, “building” can’t mean one thing under the Code and something else
under the Ordinance. As the Building Code Council implicitly found, a three-wing
structure with three foundations (no matter its size) is one building under the Code’s
definition. So a three-wing structure with three foundations must likewise be one building
under the Ordinance’s definition. Otherwise, the Code and the Ordinance will define
“building” inconsistently, in violation of the amendment.
The County and the Longs (collectively “Appellants”) argue that the Council
decision isn’t relevant because it didn’t focus on whether the Chesapeake was “a building.”
Appellants’ Br. at 32. Instead, the decision determined that the Chesapeake was a “one
family dwelling.” But under the Code, a “one family dwelling” consists of “any building.”
N.C. Residential Code §§ R101.2, R202. As the district court explained, both the County
and State’s definitions of dwelling “apply to ‘a’ or ‘any building’; in other words, a single
and not multiple buildings.” LeTendre, 2020 WL 6750429, at *5.
Thus, “when the Building Code Council determined that the [Chesapeake] was a
one family dwelling, it [necessarily] determined that the project consists of a or any
building.” Id.
Appellants also contend that the amendment applies only to a “rule” or a “statute”
adopted by the state agency, including the State Building Code Council. Appellants’ Br.
at 40–41. Since the Council’s decision isn’t a “rule . . . adopted in accordance with the
procedural requirements of the [Administrative Procedure Act],” say the Appellants, its
interpretation of the Building Code can’t abrogate the Ordinance. Id. (citing N.C. Gen.
Stat. § 143-138(a)).
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But this argument is too exacting. The Council decision interprets a valid rule: the
Residential Building Code. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 143-138(a). As the former chair of the
Building Code Council (and the chair in 2015, when the Council issued the decision)
explained, since no party appealed the Council order,
“it stands as a final determination that LeTendre’s home constitutes a ‘one family dwelling’
as that term is defined under the Building Code.” J.A. 437. And under the Code’s
definition, a “one family dwelling” consists of only one building. N.C. Residential Code
§§ R101.2, R202.
Appellants next argue that LeTendre’s reading of the amendment conflicts with
another subsection of the law, N.C. Gen. Stat. § 160D-706(a):
[W]hen regulations made under authority of this Article require a greater width or size of yards or courts . . . or impose other higher standards than are required in any other statute or local ordinance or regulation, the regulations made under authority of this Article govern. . . . [W]hen the provisions of any other statute or local ordinance or regulation require a greater width or size of yards or court . . . or impose other higher standards than are required by regulations made under authority of this Article, the provisions of that statute or local ordinance or regulation govern.
Under this subsection, if there’s a conflict between a state code and a local
ordinance, then the regulation that imposes “higher standards” applies. Appellants urge
that because the Ordinance imposes a “higher standard” for its definition of single-family
dwelling, that standard should apply.
That’s not how North Carolina courts interpret statutes. When faced with a conflict
between a specific statute and a general one, “the specific provision must be taken as
intended to constitute an exception to the general provision, because the legislature is not
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to be presumed to have intended a conflict.” In re Belk, 420 S.E.2d 682, 686 (N.C. Ct.
App. 1992).
Here, subsection (b) of the statute—codifying the 2019 amendment—specifically
applies to “buildings” and “dwellings,” and it serves as an exception to subsection (a). N.C.
Gen. Stat. § 160D-706(b). Since subsection (a) generally applies to all zoning regulations,
and subsection (b) is specific to “buildings” and “dwellings,” subsection (b) applies here.
Appellants claim that this rule of statutory interpretation applies when there are two
conflicting statutes, not two conflicting subsections within the same statute. But the
Supreme Court of North Carolina has rejected that argument. See LexisNexis Risk Data
Mgmt. Inc. v. N.C. Admin. Off. of Cts., 775 S.E.2d 651, 656 (N.C. 2015) (“Just as a more
specific statute will prevail over a general one, a specific provision of a statute ordinarily
will prevail over a more general provision in that same statute.” (cleaned up)); see also
N.L.R.B. v. SW Gen., Inc., 580 U.S. 288, 304 (2017) (explaining that general provision
wouldn’t impact application of specific provision within the same statute). And Appellants
haven’t offered any other authority to suggest that this interpretive principle applies
exclusively to conflicting statutes.
Appellants complain that LeTendre seeks to have a federal court overturn Long and
Letendre, which would violate “principles of res judicata and the Rooker-Feldman
doctrine.” Appellants’ Br. at 28. But neither res judicata, which bars parties from
relitigating issues decided in a final judgment on the merits of an action, nor the Rooker-
Feldman doctrine, which bars district courts from reviewing final judgments of state courts,
has any relevance here. See Pueschel v. United States, 369 F.3d 345, 354 (4th Cir. 2004)
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(explaining res judicata); Reed v. Goetz, 598 U.S. 230, 235 (2023) (explaining the Rooker-
Feldman doctrine); see generally Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co., 263 U.S. 413 (1923); D.C.
Court of Appeals v. Feldman, 460 U.S. 462 (1983).
Applying the Ordinance, Long found that the Chesapeake consisted of “multiple
buildings.” Long, 787 S.E.2d at 836–37. And Letendre subsequently rejected LeTendre’s
state law arguments, holding that “the determination by the North Carolina Building Code
Council does not in any way control” the County’s application of the Ordinance. 817
S.E.2d at 99.
But the later zoning amendment abrogates that aspect of Letendre because it does
make the Council decision controlling. Appellants haven’t challenged the amendment’s
retroactive application, so it applies to the Ordinance. See 2019 N.C. Sess. Laws 111 § 3.1
(stating that the amendment will “clarify and restate the intent of existing law and apply to
ordinances adopted before, on, and after the effective date”); J.A. 377 (statement of the
County that the amendment applies to “ordinances adopted before, or, and after” the
amendment’s enactment).
Under principles of res judicata and the Rooker-Feldman doctrine, we have no
power to review whether Long and Letendre correctly interpreted the Ordinance. We
decide only that—because of the zoning amendment—the Council decision trumps Long’s
and Letendre’s determinations that the Chesapeake consists of multiple buildings.
In sum, we agree with the district court that the Building Code Council’s
determination that the Chesapeake is “a building” controls.
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III.
We’ve one loose end to tie up.
Appellants challenge the district court’s ruling on the Longs’ motion to intervene.
Though the district court granted the motion, it took five months to rule, and did so in
connection with LeTendre’s motion for summary judgment. Appellants argue that the
delay prevented the Longs “from actually being heard on this matter.” Appellants’ Br. at
45–46. We reject this contention.
Appellants say that had the Longs been allowed to timely intervene, they would
have introduced additional communications between Department of Insurance staff and
LeTendre about the Chesapeake’s classification. But the Building Code Council
conclusively determined that the Chesapeake is “a building” under the Residential Building
Code. As the district court determined, the Longs’ “new evidence” about the Chesapeake’s
classification can’t change that result.
* * *
For these reasons, the district court’s judgment is
AFFIRMED.