SEYERENS, Circuit Judge,
having made the foregoing statement of the case, delivered the opinion of the court.
Preliminary matters having been already disposed of, we have now to dispose of the case upon the merits. The first error assigned challenges the ruling of both the referee and the judge allowing the claims of the bank in full as debts of the bankrupt, it being insisted by the creditors that the aggregate of these claims far exceeds the limit of indebtedness which bounds the power of the bankrupt corporation in that regard. This contention of the creditors rests upon the following grounds: .The statute of Kentucky, under which Seanlan & Co. were incorporated, is a general act, providing for the organization of such bodies by the voluntary act of a stated number of associates, and defining their powers. These are of the usual character conferred upon corporations so organized. It is also provided that the articles of association shall be filed for record in the office of the county court clerk before the corporation shall com[979]*979menee business. But section 5 of the act prescribes that “a notice shall be published for at least four weeks in some newspaper as convenient as practicable to the principal place of business, which notice shall specify: * * * (6) The highest amount of indebtedness or liability to which the corporation is at any time to subject itself”; and in section 6 it is declared “that their acts shall be valid if the publication in a newspaper is made,” and filed in the clerk’s office, and a copy filed in the office of the secretary of state, when that is necessary under the provisions of law. Chapter 56, Gen. St Ky. 1883; Acts 1869-70. By the same act it is declared that “no change in any of the foregoing particulars shall be valid unless recorded and published as the original articles are required to be.” Scanlan & Co. was organized July 16, 1881, under this law, with a capital stock of $10,000, of which only $15,000 was then paid up, and with respect to the residue it was provided in the articles that it was to be disposed of as the board of directors (of which there were three) might direct. The notice published under the requirements of section 5 limited the liability which might be incurred to one-half of the capital stock paid up. The management of its affiairs was left to the executive officers of the company, and no question appears to have been made of tlieir acts by any other officer or stockholder. Annual meetings of the stockholders were generally held, but from the time of its incorporation to 1896 only one meeting of the directors of the company appears to have taken place. Its business for several years was prosperous, and a surplus was accumulated, subject: to dividend; but by common consent, and as shown by entries on the stock journal from time to time, the remaining $25,000 of the original stock was distributed among the stockholders in lieu of dividends for a like amount, and certificates were delivered to the stockholders therefor. In November, 1881, an amendment to the charter was tiled and recorded in the office of the clerk of the county court. This amendment provided for an increase of the capital stock to $150,000, and recited the consent thereto and the authority from the stockholders for the execution thereof, and was signed by the president and secretary. But there was no record of any resolution of the stockholders authorizing the increase. The corporation continued to make profits, and for these profits new stock was issued, and divided among the stockholders as paid up, and the profits were consumed in that way. The stock journal showed, as the referee states, “that from time to time stock dividends were declared, and each stockholder wa.s credited on the books of the corporation with the increased stock, and received certificates for it.” The aggregate of all the stock, old and new, issued and divided among the stockholders as paid for, was $138,000. From this and other evidence recited by him, the referee found that the increase of the capital stock to $138,000 was sanctioned by the stockholders, and was¡ valid. In July, 1897, the books of the corporation showed an impairment of the assets to such an extent as that only $50,000 was left, and an entry was made by the bookkeeper on the trial balance and representative ledger charging •the capital stock with the loss, but there was no actual reduction [980]*980of the certificates of stock, which, on the contrary, continued to be held as before. There was no evidence that the stockholders or board of directors assented to any reduction of the stock. The referee held that no change in the amount of the capital stock was effected by the entries made upon the books above mentioned. A bookkeeper of the bank, sent to examine the books of the company, reported on May 1, 1898, that the capital stock was then $50,000. On the 9th day of June following, the bank took the mortgage for $35,000, the most of which consisted of a former debt of the company secured by mortgage.
No question being made of the amount of the actual indebtedness, aside from the effect of the supposed limitation by the charter of the power to create it, we are of opinion that the referee and the district judge were clearly right in adjudging it to be valid. The proof was ample to show that the corporation of Scanlan & Co. practically devolved the powers of the board of directors upon its executive officers, and that this method of doing business was not casual and temporary merely, but continuous from the date of its commencing to do business to the end. The board of directors was dormant. The rule is that where, by the direction or acquiescence of the stockholders, the executive officers of a corporation assume and exercise the functions of the board of directors, the corporation and those deriving rights from it while it is so managing its affiairs are bound by the acts of its officers to the same extent as if they had been directed by the board. In so far as the duties of the directors are not expressly prescribed by the charter, they derive their powers from the stockholders, who may, if they see fit, select other agencies for the transaction of the corporate business. 1 Mor. Priv. Corp. § 515. Not only is this so, but a similar rule applies to those things which the stockholders themselves might, and, in the ordinary course of conducting corporate affairs would, do or authorize to be done. Thomp. Corp. §§ 5318, 6165, 6179, and the cases there cited. And the court of appeals of Kentucky, whose decisions in reference to the construction of the statutes of the state in relation to, incorporations, and the scope of the powers derived therefrom, we are required to follow, has recognized and adopted these propositions as applicable to the corporations of that state. Bell & Coggeshall Co. v. Kentucky Glass-Works Co. (Ky.) 50 S. W. 2. These rules are, of course, as is implied from the statement of them, subject to the paramount doctrine that neither the stockholders nor any agency of the corporation can transcend the limits of the powers granted by the charter. Other principles must sometimes be applied in order to accomplish the ends of justice, but they do not proceed from a recognition of the lawfulness of the offending act. The power to create debts is an ordinary .incident to a manufacturing corporation, and, when such debts are created by agents authorized to execute its powers, they must bind the corporation.
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SEYERENS, Circuit Judge,
having made the foregoing statement of the case, delivered the opinion of the court.
Preliminary matters having been already disposed of, we have now to dispose of the case upon the merits. The first error assigned challenges the ruling of both the referee and the judge allowing the claims of the bank in full as debts of the bankrupt, it being insisted by the creditors that the aggregate of these claims far exceeds the limit of indebtedness which bounds the power of the bankrupt corporation in that regard. This contention of the creditors rests upon the following grounds: .The statute of Kentucky, under which Seanlan & Co. were incorporated, is a general act, providing for the organization of such bodies by the voluntary act of a stated number of associates, and defining their powers. These are of the usual character conferred upon corporations so organized. It is also provided that the articles of association shall be filed for record in the office of the county court clerk before the corporation shall com[979]*979menee business. But section 5 of the act prescribes that “a notice shall be published for at least four weeks in some newspaper as convenient as practicable to the principal place of business, which notice shall specify: * * * (6) The highest amount of indebtedness or liability to which the corporation is at any time to subject itself”; and in section 6 it is declared “that their acts shall be valid if the publication in a newspaper is made,” and filed in the clerk’s office, and a copy filed in the office of the secretary of state, when that is necessary under the provisions of law. Chapter 56, Gen. St Ky. 1883; Acts 1869-70. By the same act it is declared that “no change in any of the foregoing particulars shall be valid unless recorded and published as the original articles are required to be.” Scanlan & Co. was organized July 16, 1881, under this law, with a capital stock of $10,000, of which only $15,000 was then paid up, and with respect to the residue it was provided in the articles that it was to be disposed of as the board of directors (of which there were three) might direct. The notice published under the requirements of section 5 limited the liability which might be incurred to one-half of the capital stock paid up. The management of its affiairs was left to the executive officers of the company, and no question appears to have been made of tlieir acts by any other officer or stockholder. Annual meetings of the stockholders were generally held, but from the time of its incorporation to 1896 only one meeting of the directors of the company appears to have taken place. Its business for several years was prosperous, and a surplus was accumulated, subject: to dividend; but by common consent, and as shown by entries on the stock journal from time to time, the remaining $25,000 of the original stock was distributed among the stockholders in lieu of dividends for a like amount, and certificates were delivered to the stockholders therefor. In November, 1881, an amendment to the charter was tiled and recorded in the office of the clerk of the county court. This amendment provided for an increase of the capital stock to $150,000, and recited the consent thereto and the authority from the stockholders for the execution thereof, and was signed by the president and secretary. But there was no record of any resolution of the stockholders authorizing the increase. The corporation continued to make profits, and for these profits new stock was issued, and divided among the stockholders as paid up, and the profits were consumed in that way. The stock journal showed, as the referee states, “that from time to time stock dividends were declared, and each stockholder wa.s credited on the books of the corporation with the increased stock, and received certificates for it.” The aggregate of all the stock, old and new, issued and divided among the stockholders as paid for, was $138,000. From this and other evidence recited by him, the referee found that the increase of the capital stock to $138,000 was sanctioned by the stockholders, and was¡ valid. In July, 1897, the books of the corporation showed an impairment of the assets to such an extent as that only $50,000 was left, and an entry was made by the bookkeeper on the trial balance and representative ledger charging •the capital stock with the loss, but there was no actual reduction [980]*980of the certificates of stock, which, on the contrary, continued to be held as before. There was no evidence that the stockholders or board of directors assented to any reduction of the stock. The referee held that no change in the amount of the capital stock was effected by the entries made upon the books above mentioned. A bookkeeper of the bank, sent to examine the books of the company, reported on May 1, 1898, that the capital stock was then $50,000. On the 9th day of June following, the bank took the mortgage for $35,000, the most of which consisted of a former debt of the company secured by mortgage.
No question being made of the amount of the actual indebtedness, aside from the effect of the supposed limitation by the charter of the power to create it, we are of opinion that the referee and the district judge were clearly right in adjudging it to be valid. The proof was ample to show that the corporation of Scanlan & Co. practically devolved the powers of the board of directors upon its executive officers, and that this method of doing business was not casual and temporary merely, but continuous from the date of its commencing to do business to the end. The board of directors was dormant. The rule is that where, by the direction or acquiescence of the stockholders, the executive officers of a corporation assume and exercise the functions of the board of directors, the corporation and those deriving rights from it while it is so managing its affiairs are bound by the acts of its officers to the same extent as if they had been directed by the board. In so far as the duties of the directors are not expressly prescribed by the charter, they derive their powers from the stockholders, who may, if they see fit, select other agencies for the transaction of the corporate business. 1 Mor. Priv. Corp. § 515. Not only is this so, but a similar rule applies to those things which the stockholders themselves might, and, in the ordinary course of conducting corporate affairs would, do or authorize to be done. Thomp. Corp. §§ 5318, 6165, 6179, and the cases there cited. And the court of appeals of Kentucky, whose decisions in reference to the construction of the statutes of the state in relation to, incorporations, and the scope of the powers derived therefrom, we are required to follow, has recognized and adopted these propositions as applicable to the corporations of that state. Bell & Coggeshall Co. v. Kentucky Glass-Works Co. (Ky.) 50 S. W. 2. These rules are, of course, as is implied from the statement of them, subject to the paramount doctrine that neither the stockholders nor any agency of the corporation can transcend the limits of the powers granted by the charter. Other principles must sometimes be applied in order to accomplish the ends of justice, but they do not proceed from a recognition of the lawfulness of the offending act. The power to create debts is an ordinary .incident to a manufacturing corporation, and, when such debts are created by agents authorized to execute its powers, they must bind the corporation. The only distinction between the rulings of the court of appeals of Kentucky and those prevailing in other tribunals that we notice is that the Kentucky court, adopting the theory generally accepted that the articles of association of a corporation under a general law are of the like force and effect [981]*981as a charter directly granted, construes the provision in the articles that the highest amount of indebtedness to which the corporation is to subject itself shall be stated therein, to be, so far as creditors are concerned, an absolute limitation of its powers in that direction, and a negation of the validity of any excess of indebtedness beyond the sum so fixed, although the corporation itself would be estopped from setting up that defense. This doctrine is established by repeated decisions in that state; among .them the case of Bell & Coggeshall Co. v. Kentucky Glass-Works Co., above cited, the most recent to which our attention has been called. This ruling seems to rest upon the public policy df protecting creditors, in whose interest this special provision of the statute was made. Upon this construction of the statute the invalidity of the excess of indebtedness seems a logical sequence.
Accepting this construction of the power of the corporation, notwithstanding it was held , differently in a case arising in another state of this circuit, where a different interpretation was admissible, and that interpretation had been given by the subordinate courts of the state (Central Trust Co. v. Columbus, H. V. & T. R. Co. [C. C.] 87 Fed. 815), we are of opinion that there was no violation of the law in the creation of the indebtedness here in question. At the time when it was incurred the articles had been so amended as to authorize the increase of capital .stock to $150,000, and there had been taken $138,000, which had been paid for. The amount of indebtedness is much less than one-half of the latter sum. We attach no importance to the act of the bookkeeper in charging the depreciation of the assets to the capital stock. It was not recognized by any act of the stockholders or of its officers as a reduction of the capital stock. jSTo amendment of the articles was filed or recorded, nor was any stock, or fraction thereof, called in or surrendered. It was a mere matter of bookkeeping, and ended with that. The issuing of stock in lieu of dividends was not unlawful. It was the same thing as if the dividends had been actually paid over, and then, by the stockholders, repaid to the company for the stock.
What we have said in assigning the reasons upon which we hold the indebtedness to be valid disposes also of the second assignment of error wherein the validity of the mortgage is challenged. If it was within the power of the corporation, as we hold it was, to create the debt through the agency of the managing officers vested with the ordinary functions of the board of directors, a mortgage of its property, executed in its behalf by such officers while exercising such authority, must be held valid also, notwithstanding there was no authority from the board of directors; for it is an ordinary incident to the creation of a debt (Thomp. Oorp. § 6133), and the power to give it came from the ultimate constituency.
There are some other incidental questions of minor importance referred to in the argument and briefs of counsel. But none of them are controlling of the main subjects of the controversy, which we have already considered, and we do not think it necessary to particularly discuss them. Finding no error in the order of the district judge, we direct it to be affirmed.......