OPINION
BARRY, Circuit Judge.
This appeal involves a dispute between two New Jersey school districts over whether they must share the costs associated with providing a free public education to a disabled child whose divorced parents share joint legal and physical custody. An administrative law judge (“ALJ”) determined that the districts must share the financial burden and the District Court affirmed. We, too, will affirm.
I.
L.G. is a now 25 year-old woman who suffers from multiple disabling conditions, including mental retardation, myasthenia gravis, impulse control disorder, an unspecified psychotic disorder, organic and mental disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, complex seizure disorder, mixed specific developmental disorder, and motor control disturbance. She lived with her parents in the Freehold Regional High School District. (“Freehold”) until June 1997, when, at the age of 14, she was placed in a residential program at the Bancroft School in Haddonfield, New Jersey. Because L.G. was domiciled in Freehold at that time, the educational component of her placement devolved to Freehold. Under the terms of a settlement reached in 1998, L.G.’s father contributed $14,500 annually to the cost of the placement and Freehold paid the remainder.
The Bancroft School discharged L.G. from its residential program in November 2001, and, after Freehold did not offer an alternative placement in a timely manner, L.G.’s father unilaterally placed her in a residential program at a children’s hospital in New Kent, Virginia. The father’s insur-[902]*902anee company paid the hospital bills for a time, but after the payments ceased, the father filed a due process petition with the New Jersey Department of Education requesting that Freehold assume financial responsibility for his daughter’s new educational placement. During the course of the administrative proceedings, however, Freehold learned that L.G.’s parents had separated in 1999 and divorced in 2001, and that her mother had moved out of Freehold and into the Cumberland Regional High School District (“Cumberland”). Freehold also learned that the divorce decree provided the parents with joint legal and physical custody.
On October 22, 2002, Freehold served Cumberland with an amended third party due process petition in which it sought contribution for one-half of the educational costs associated with L.G.’s placement since August 24, 2000. Freehold and L.G.’s father reached an agreement regarding the amount each would contribute to the cost of L.G.’s placement at the Virginia hospital, as well as the costs for a subsequent placement at a facility in Florida, but Cumberland steadfastly maintained that it had no obligation to contribute to the cost of L.G.’s out-of-district placements because she had never been domiciled within its boundaries.
In an opinion and order issued on July 27, 2005, an ALJ, relying primarily on Somerville Board of Education v. Manville Board of Education, 332 N.J.Super. 6, 752 A.2d 793 (N.J.Super.Ct.App.Div.2000), aff'd, 167 N.J. 55, 768 A.2d 779 (2001) (per curiam), held that L.G. did not have a “clear domicile” and that equitable considerations required Freehold and Cumberland to share the cost of providing L.G. with a free appropriate public education under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (“IDEA”), 20 U.S.C. § 1400 et seq., from the date Cumberland was given notice of the litigation, October 22, 2002, until L.G.’s twenty-first birthday, when she would no longer be eligible for educational services under the IDEA. Cumberland sought judicial review of the ALJ’s decision in New Jersey state court pursuant to 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(2)(A) and Freehold timely removed the case to the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey. The District Court concluded that the ALJ’s decision was supported by the evidence and the applicable law and granted summary judgment in favor of Freehold.
Cumberland raises three arguments on appeal. First, it argues that the decisions below cannot be permitted to stand because they are contrary to the longstanding rule in New Jersey that an individual can only have a single domicile. Next, it contends that both the ALJ and the District Court erred by relying on Somerville because, it claims, that decision was narrowly limited to the specific facts of the case. Finally, it asserts that we must reverse because the ALJ’s decision constituted impermissible, ad hoc rulemaking.1
II.
The District Court exercised jurisdiction pursuant to 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(2)(A) and 28 U.S.C. § 1441. We have appellate jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
The issue presented on appeal is a question of law. Our review is plenary. Polk v. Susquehanna Intermediate Unit 16, 853 F.2d 171, 181 (3d Cir.1988).
III.
In New Jersey, responsibility for the cost of educating children is apportioned between school districts on the basis of [903]*903domicile. N.J. Stat. Ann. § 18A:38-l(a). Determining the district responsible for providing a disabled child a free appropriate public education under the IDEA is typically a straightforward task; “[a] child’s domicile is normally that of his or her parents” and, in the ease of divorce, “the domicile of the child is that of the parent with whom the child lives.” Somer-ville, 752 A.2d at 796. A child’s domicile is not as clear, however, in a case such as this where the child’s parents are divorced and share legal and physical custody.
The Appellate Division’s analysis of the issue in Somerville is helpful. There, a disabled child’s divorced parents lived in different school districts and the child lived with each parent during alternate weeks. As is the case here, the parents’ divorce judgment provided that they shared legal and physical custody of the child. The child attended a public school in Somer-ville, the town where the family lived together prior to the divorce and where the father continued to live following the divorce, until the 1993-1994 school year, when Somerville’s child study team determined that the child should be placed at the Midland School in nearby North Branch, New Jersey. Prior to the child’s placement at the new school, Somerville entered into an oral agreement with the Manville School District, the mother’s new school district, under which each district agreed to pay the costs of the child’s out-of-district placement on an every-other-year basis. This arrangement continued for several years until Manville reneged on its commitment during the 1996-1997 school year on the ground that the child was not domiciled in Manville. Somerville then filed suit seeking, among other things, a declaration that the child had a dual domicile in Somerville and Manville.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
OPINION
BARRY, Circuit Judge.
This appeal involves a dispute between two New Jersey school districts over whether they must share the costs associated with providing a free public education to a disabled child whose divorced parents share joint legal and physical custody. An administrative law judge (“ALJ”) determined that the districts must share the financial burden and the District Court affirmed. We, too, will affirm.
I.
L.G. is a now 25 year-old woman who suffers from multiple disabling conditions, including mental retardation, myasthenia gravis, impulse control disorder, an unspecified psychotic disorder, organic and mental disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, complex seizure disorder, mixed specific developmental disorder, and motor control disturbance. She lived with her parents in the Freehold Regional High School District. (“Freehold”) until June 1997, when, at the age of 14, she was placed in a residential program at the Bancroft School in Haddonfield, New Jersey. Because L.G. was domiciled in Freehold at that time, the educational component of her placement devolved to Freehold. Under the terms of a settlement reached in 1998, L.G.’s father contributed $14,500 annually to the cost of the placement and Freehold paid the remainder.
The Bancroft School discharged L.G. from its residential program in November 2001, and, after Freehold did not offer an alternative placement in a timely manner, L.G.’s father unilaterally placed her in a residential program at a children’s hospital in New Kent, Virginia. The father’s insur-[902]*902anee company paid the hospital bills for a time, but after the payments ceased, the father filed a due process petition with the New Jersey Department of Education requesting that Freehold assume financial responsibility for his daughter’s new educational placement. During the course of the administrative proceedings, however, Freehold learned that L.G.’s parents had separated in 1999 and divorced in 2001, and that her mother had moved out of Freehold and into the Cumberland Regional High School District (“Cumberland”). Freehold also learned that the divorce decree provided the parents with joint legal and physical custody.
On October 22, 2002, Freehold served Cumberland with an amended third party due process petition in which it sought contribution for one-half of the educational costs associated with L.G.’s placement since August 24, 2000. Freehold and L.G.’s father reached an agreement regarding the amount each would contribute to the cost of L.G.’s placement at the Virginia hospital, as well as the costs for a subsequent placement at a facility in Florida, but Cumberland steadfastly maintained that it had no obligation to contribute to the cost of L.G.’s out-of-district placements because she had never been domiciled within its boundaries.
In an opinion and order issued on July 27, 2005, an ALJ, relying primarily on Somerville Board of Education v. Manville Board of Education, 332 N.J.Super. 6, 752 A.2d 793 (N.J.Super.Ct.App.Div.2000), aff'd, 167 N.J. 55, 768 A.2d 779 (2001) (per curiam), held that L.G. did not have a “clear domicile” and that equitable considerations required Freehold and Cumberland to share the cost of providing L.G. with a free appropriate public education under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (“IDEA”), 20 U.S.C. § 1400 et seq., from the date Cumberland was given notice of the litigation, October 22, 2002, until L.G.’s twenty-first birthday, when she would no longer be eligible for educational services under the IDEA. Cumberland sought judicial review of the ALJ’s decision in New Jersey state court pursuant to 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(2)(A) and Freehold timely removed the case to the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey. The District Court concluded that the ALJ’s decision was supported by the evidence and the applicable law and granted summary judgment in favor of Freehold.
Cumberland raises three arguments on appeal. First, it argues that the decisions below cannot be permitted to stand because they are contrary to the longstanding rule in New Jersey that an individual can only have a single domicile. Next, it contends that both the ALJ and the District Court erred by relying on Somerville because, it claims, that decision was narrowly limited to the specific facts of the case. Finally, it asserts that we must reverse because the ALJ’s decision constituted impermissible, ad hoc rulemaking.1
II.
The District Court exercised jurisdiction pursuant to 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(2)(A) and 28 U.S.C. § 1441. We have appellate jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
The issue presented on appeal is a question of law. Our review is plenary. Polk v. Susquehanna Intermediate Unit 16, 853 F.2d 171, 181 (3d Cir.1988).
III.
In New Jersey, responsibility for the cost of educating children is apportioned between school districts on the basis of [903]*903domicile. N.J. Stat. Ann. § 18A:38-l(a). Determining the district responsible for providing a disabled child a free appropriate public education under the IDEA is typically a straightforward task; “[a] child’s domicile is normally that of his or her parents” and, in the ease of divorce, “the domicile of the child is that of the parent with whom the child lives.” Somer-ville, 752 A.2d at 796. A child’s domicile is not as clear, however, in a case such as this where the child’s parents are divorced and share legal and physical custody.
The Appellate Division’s analysis of the issue in Somerville is helpful. There, a disabled child’s divorced parents lived in different school districts and the child lived with each parent during alternate weeks. As is the case here, the parents’ divorce judgment provided that they shared legal and physical custody of the child. The child attended a public school in Somer-ville, the town where the family lived together prior to the divorce and where the father continued to live following the divorce, until the 1993-1994 school year, when Somerville’s child study team determined that the child should be placed at the Midland School in nearby North Branch, New Jersey. Prior to the child’s placement at the new school, Somerville entered into an oral agreement with the Manville School District, the mother’s new school district, under which each district agreed to pay the costs of the child’s out-of-district placement on an every-other-year basis. This arrangement continued for several years until Manville reneged on its commitment during the 1996-1997 school year on the ground that the child was not domiciled in Manville. Somerville then filed suit seeking, among other things, a declaration that the child had a dual domicile in Somerville and Manville.
In an opinion the Supreme Court of New Jersey later described as “thoughtful and comprehensive,” Somerville, 768 A.2d at 780, a three-judge panel of the Appellate Division held that “a flexible approach to domicile [is appropriate] when a child does not live in a traditional, two-parent household.” Somerville, 752 A.2d at 797. Writing for the unanimous panel, Judge Wecker stated:
We are satisfied that in the circumstances before us, the statute requiring a free public education to be provided by the district where a child is “domiciled” does not require that only one of the parents’ homes, and therefore one district, be designated as the child’s domicile.
We appreciate the difficulty faced by the [New Jersey] Department [of Education] in trying to codify uniformly applicable standards. But that difficulty does not prevent us from correcting an unfair allocation of financial responsibility in this case....
Under the particular circumstances of this case, fairness dictates that both school districts bear equally the costs of the child’s special education.
Id. at 798-99 (internal quotations omitted). The Supreme Court of New Jersey granted certification and affirmed in a per cu-riam opinion for substantially the reasons set forth in Judge Wecker’s opinion. Som-erville, 768 A.2d at 780. Justice Coleman filed a concurring opinion, joined by Justice LaVecchia, in which he expressed his belief that the Appellate Division’s opinion rested on the recognition that the child had “alternating domiciles” and emphasized “that the Appellate Division’s decision should not be viewed as overturning the unitary concept of domicile.” Id. at 781 (Coleman, J., concurring). As he saw it, “[t]he polestar of the Court’s opinion ... [was] educational continuity for [the child].” Id.
[904]*904We have little difficulty concluding that the ALJ and the District Court correctly relied on Somerville in holding that Cumberland must contribute to the cost of L.G.’s out-of-district placement. The rule announced therein, namely that the children of divorced parents who share legal and physical custody may have a dual domicile for purposes of allocating the cost of their education, is clearly applicable here. Although Cumberland, unlike Man-ville, never agreed to share the cost of L.G.’s education with Freehold, the absence of that fact in this case is not dispos-itive because the Somerville Court’s decision rested on equitable, not contractual, grounds. If anything, we believe that a finding of dual domicile is more justified in a case such as this where the child has more or less lived full-time at an out-of-district school since before the parents were divorced. As the District Court noted, only two of the seven justices of the Supreme Court of New Jersey took issue with the portion of the Appellate Division’s opinion in Somerville declaring that children of divorced parents may, under certain circumstances, have more than one “domicile,” and we believe the silence of the other five justices is telling. The ALJ was confronted with a difficult question of law and faithfully applied the relevant precedent. We, like the District Court, can discern no legal basis to reverse the ALJ’s well-reasoned decision.
IV.
We will affirm the judgment of the District Court.