Cuevas v. Johnson

• Court: District Court, E.D. California
• Decided: January 3, 2025
• Docket: 1:24-cv-01538
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 JOSHUA CUEVAS, Case No. 1:24-cv-01538-KES-CDB 12 Plaintiff, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS TO DECLINE SUPPLEMENTAL JURISDICTION 13 v. OVER PLAINTIFF’S STATE LAW CLAIMS 14 CRAIG JOHNSON D/B/A DESERT (Docs. 1, 6) TRADING POST, et al., 15 14-DAY DEADLINE Defendants. 16

17 18 Background 19 On December 16, 2024, Plaintiff Joshua Cuevas (“Plaintiff”) filed this case against 20 Defendants Craig Johnson, doing business as Desert Trading Post, and D&Z Properties, LLC 21 (“Defendants”), alleging violations of the American with Disabilities Act (ADA), California’s 22 Unruh Civil Rights Act, and other state law causes of action. (Doc. 1). These claims stem from 23 alleged barriers Plaintiff encountered while visiting a facility owned, operated, or leased by 24 Defendants. (Id. at 3). No Defendant has appeared. 25 On December 17, 2024, the undersigned ordered Plaintiff to show cause why the Court 26 should not decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over his Unruh Act claim in light of the 27 Ninth Circuit’s decision in Vo v. Choi. (Doc. 5); Vo v. Choi, 49 F.4th 1167 (9th Cir. 2022) 28 1 (affirming a district court’s decision to decline supplemental jurisdiction over an Unruh Act claim); 2 see 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c). Plaintiff timely filed a response to the Court’s show cause order on 3 January 2, 2025. (Doc. 6). For the reasons given below, the undersigned will recommend that the 4 Court decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s state law claims and dismiss 5 these claims without prejudice to Plaintiff’s refiling in state court. 6 Governing Legal Standards 7 Under 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a), a court that has original jurisdiction over a civil action “shall 8 have supplemental jurisdiction over all other claims that are so related to claims in the action within 9 such original jurisdiction that they form part of the same case or controversy under Article III of 10 the United States Constitution.” The Ninth Circuit has concluded that ADA and Unruh Act claims 11 that derive from a common nucleus of operative fact “form part of the ‘same case or controversy’ 12 for purposes of § 1367(a).” Arroyo v. Rosas, 19 F.4th 1202, 1209 (9th Cir. 2021). 13 However, even where supplemental jurisdiction over a claim exists under § 1367(a), the 14 Court may decline jurisdiction over the claim if: 15 (1) the claim raises a novel or complex issue of State law, 16 (2) the claim substantially predominates over the claim or claims over which the 17 district court has original jurisdiction, 18 (3) the district court has dismissed all claims over which it has original jurisdiction, 19 or 20 (4) in exceptional circumstances, there are other compelling reasons for declining 21 jurisdiction. 22 § 1367(c)(1)-(4). 23 Pertinent here, a court deciding whether to apply § 1367(c)(4) must undertake “a two-part 24 inquiry.” Arroyo, 19 F.4th at 1210. “First, the district court must articulate why the circumstances 25 of the case are exceptional within the meaning of § 1367(c)(4).” (Id.) (citations and internal 26 quotation marks omitted). “Second, in determining whether there are compelling reasons for 27 declining jurisdiction in a given case, the court should consider what best serves the principles of 28 economy, convenience, fairness, and comity which underlie the pendent jurisdiction doctrine 1 articulated in [United Mine Workers of Am. v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715 (1966)].” (Id.) (citations and 2 internal quotation omitted). 3 After considering § 1367(c)(4) and California’s requirements for bringing Unruh Act 4 claims, “numerous district courts in California ‘have declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction 5 over Unruh Act . . . claims brought alongside ADA claims.’” Block v. Cal.-Fresno Invest. Co., No. 6 1:22-cv-1419 JLT SAB, 2023 WL 8675398, at *4 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 15, 2023) (quoting Rutherford 7 v. Nuway Ins. Agency Inc., No. SACV 21-00576-CJC-JDE, 2021 WL 4572008, at *1 (C.D. Cal. 8 Apr. 1, 2021)). Underlying these decisions is “the recent confluence of several California-law rules 9 [that] have combined to create a highly unusual systemic impact on ADA-based Unruh Act cases 10 that clearly threatens to have a significant adverse impact on federal-state comity.” Arroyo, 19 11 F.4th at 1211. 12 Notably, Congress adopted the ADA to address the discrimination encountered by persons 13 with disabilities, providing a private cause of action to seek injunctive, but not monetary, relief. 14 (See id. at 1205) (discussing background and relief available under the ADA). And the Unruh Act 15 likewise prohibits disability discrimination, containing a provision, Cal. Civ. Code § 51(f), stating 16 that a violation of the ADA also violates the Unruh Act. However, unlike the ADA, the Unruh Act 17 allows a plaintiff to recover “up to a maximum of three times the amount of actual damage but in 18 no case less than four thousand dollars.” Cal. Civ. Code § 52(a). 19 In response to perceived abuses of the Unruh Act, California has enacted requirements for 20 bringing such claims, which requirements the Ninth Circuit has assumed, without deciding, “apply 21 only in California state court.” Vo, 49 F.4th at 1170. For example, provisions were added (1) 22 regarding the contents of demand letters, Cal. Civ. Code § 55.31; (2) imposing heightened pleading 23 requirements, Cal. Civ. Code § 425.50(a); and (3) requiring an additional filing fee of $1,000 for 24 so called “high-frequency litigants,” Cal. Gov’t Code § 70616.5(b), see Cal. Civ. Code § 425.55(b) 25 (defining a high-frequency litigant to include “[a] plaintiff who has filed 10 or more complaints 26 alleging a construction-related accessibility violation within the 12-month period immediately 27 preceding the filing of the current complaint alleging a construction-related accessibility 28 violation”). 1 All of these requirements1 apply to claims alleging a construction-related accessibility 2 violation, defined as involving “a provision, standard, or regulation under state or federal law 3 requiring compliance with standards for making new construction and existing facilities accessible 4 to persons with disabilities,” including those related to the ADA. Cal. Civ. Code § 55.52(a)(1), (6); 5 see Cal. Civ. Code § 55.3(a)(2). By enacting such restrictions, California has expressed a “desire 6 to limit the financial burdens California’s businesses may face from claims for statutory damages 7 under the Unruh Act.” Arroyo, 19 F.4th at 1209 (internal quotations omitted). However, “Unruh 8 Act plaintiffs have evaded these limits by filing in a federal forum in which [they] can claim these 9 state law damages in a manner inconsistent with the state law’s requirements.” (Id. at 1213) 10 (internal quotation omitted). Consequently, “the procedural strictures that California put in place 11 have been rendered largely toothless, because they can now be readily evaded.” (Id.). 12 Recently, the Ninth Circuit provided substantial guidance on this issue in Vo v. Choi in 13 affirming a district court’s order denying supplemental jurisdiction over an Unruh Act claim under 14 § 1367(c)(4). Vo, 49 F.4th at 1168. In that case, the district court declined supplemental jurisdiction 15 over the Unruh Act claim after giving the plaintiff the opportunity to respond and before addressing 16 the merits of the case. (Id. at 1168-69). In reviewing the district court’s decision, the Ninth Circuit 17 held that the district court sufficiently explained why the circumstances of the case were exceptional 18 under § 1367(c)(4), agreeing with the district court that “it would not be ‘fair’ to defendants and 19 ‘an affront to the comity between federal and state courts’ to allow plaintiffs to evade California’s 20 procedural requirements by bringing their claims in federal court.” (Id. at 1171). The Court also 21 affirmed the district court’s finding that the balance of the Gibbs values—economy, convenience, 22 fairness, and comity—provided compelling reasons to decline supplemental jurisdiction, stating 23 that “the district court [properly] analyzed Vo’s situation under the Gibbs values and determined 24 that the values of fairness and comity favored not retaining jurisdiction over the claim.” (Id. at 25 1172). Accordingly, “[g]iven these very real concerns, in addition to the deferential standard of 26 review, [the Ninth Circuit saw] no reason to hold that the district court abused its discretion in 27

28 1 Cal. Civ. Code § 55.31(a); Cal. Civ. Code § 425.50(a); Cal. Gov’t Code § 70616.5(a). 1 determining there were compelling reasons to decline jurisdiction over the Unruh Act claim.” (Id.). 2 With these legal standards in mind, the Court addresses whether the relevant considerations 3 of § 1367(c)(4) warrant declining the exercise of supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s Unruh 4 Act claim. 5 Discussion 6 The Court begins with the first part of the two-step inquiry under § 1367(c)(4)—whether 7 the circumstances here are exceptional. Vo, 49 F.4th at 1171.2 8 As discussed above, California has enacted various requirements that apply to claims 9 alleging a construction-related accessibility violation. And if the Court were to exercise jurisdiction 10 over Plaintiff’s Unruh Act claim, Plaintiff would be permitted to avoid these requirements. See 11 Arroyo, 19 F.4th at 1213 (noting that potential evasion of California’s requirements met 12 exceptional-circumstances prong of § 1367(c)(4)). Further, such evasion would undermine 13 California’s policy interests in enforcing its requirements—providing monetary relief but limiting 14 burdens on small businesses and disincentivizing plaintiffs’ attorneys from obtaining “monetary 15 settlements at the expense of forward-looking relief that might benefit the general public.” (Id.). 16 In his response to the Court’s show cause order, Plaintiff and his counsel offer scant argument for 17 why such circumstances should not be deemed exceptional, and there is “little doubt that the first 18 prong [under § 1367(c)(4)] is satisfied here.” Vo, 49 F.4th at 1171. 19 Turning to the second part of the inquiry—whether there are other compelling reasons for 20 declining jurisdiction—the Court considers the Gibbs values of economy, convenience, fairness, 21 and comity. Vo, 49 F.4th at 1171. Importantly, this case is an early stage of the litigation—no 22 Defendant has appeared and Plaintiff’s claims have not been addressed. See Arroyo, 19 F.4th at 23

24 2 The Court notes that Plaintiff’s filing and supporting declarations in response to the Court’s show cause order (Docs. 6, 6-1, 6-2) appear largely boilerplate (i.e., substantially identical) 25 to filings Plaintiff and his counsel have made in response to similar orders to show cause in the Central District. See, e.g., Mena v. Ganahl Lumber Co. (8:24-cv-01819-SB-DFM) (Doc. 11); 26 Ventura v. Tripact, Inc. (8:24-cv-01821-MEMF-KES) (Doc. 11); Gonzalez v. Roberts (8:24-cv- 27 01830-JLS-ADS) (Doc. 12); Mena v. Laguna Canyon Smog, Inc. (8:24-cv-01839-WLH-DFM) (Doc. 13). Additionally, they are substantially identical to the response to similar orders in this 28 Court. See, e.g., Cuevas v. Sonder (1:24-cv-1151-JLT-CDB) (Doc. 6). 1 1214 (noting that the Gibb’s values did not support declining supplemental jurisdiction where the 2 case was at a “very late stage”). Thus, this is not a case “where it makes no sense to decline 3 jurisdiction . . . over a pendent state law claim that that court has effectively already decided.” (Id.). 4 Notably, Plaintiff makes no argument that the stage of this case warrants exercising jurisdiction. 5 Moreover, in light of the above discussion of California’s requirements for Unruh Act 6 claims, it would not be fair, nor would comity be served, by allowing Plaintiff’s Unruh Act claim 7 to proceed without the state court being able to enforce its policy interests as reflected in its various 8 procedural requirements. (Id. at 1213) (noting “comity-based concerns that California’s policy 9 objectives in this area were being wholly thwarted” by plaintiffs being able to bring Unruh Act 10 claims in Federal court). 11 On this issue, Plaintiff and his counsel acknowledge in their accompanying declarations 12 (Doc. 6-1 at 2; Doc. 6-2 at 2) that they would be considered high-frequency litigants and would 13 otherwise have to meet certain California requirements, such as paying the $1,000 filing fee in state 14 court.3 Plaintiff argues these requirements mean “little to the prosecution of a case,” and that the 15 facts required by the heightened pleading requirement are “readily available in discovery” or 16 “required under Federal Rule 26’s initial disclosure requirement.” (Doc. 6 at 8). Plaintiff also 17 argues that the $1,000 fee is intended to relieve the workload of the trial courts but “[i]ronically, 18 though, the workload of the trial courts would be massively increased if this Court were to decline 19 supplemental jurisdiction.” (Id.). Lastly, Plaintiff argues the stay and early evaluation procedures 20 required in state court for these cases are “almost identical in nature” as those available in the 21 “Central District.”4 (Id. at 8-9).

22 3 While the Court acknowledges Plaintiff’s concession, it need not determine whether he is 23 in fact a high-frequency litigant. Vo, 49 F.4th at 1174 (noting that court was not required to determine whether the plaintiff was in fact a high-frequency litigant). In all events, from a review 24 of filings in this district and the Central District, it does not appear to be a close call whether Plaintiff and counsel are high-frequency litigants. 25

4 Further confirming the Court’s characterization of the filings of Plaintiff and his counsel 26 as “boilerplate,” the undersigned repeatedly has pointed out that counsel’s filings incorrectly refer 27 to this Court as the “Central District.” See Acevedo v. Akari (1:24-cv-01199-JLT-CDB) (Doc. 5 at 7); Cuevas v. Sonder (1:24-cv-1151-JLT-CDB) (Doc. 7 at 6); Cuevas v. HF & CG Holdings, et al. 28 (1:24-cv-1175-JLT-CDB) (Doc. 7 at 6-7). 1 Notwithstanding that this action is in the Eastern District, the Court notes it need only 2 determine whether California’s requirements are implicated, not whether they are in fact met. As 3 the Ninth Circuit noted in Vo, whether a Plaintiff “has satisfied the heightened pleading 4 requirements” imposed in California is a question for the state court because “[f]orcing the district 5 court to determine if [this is] in fact true would itself run afoul of the Gibbs values—especially 6 comity,” and would deprive California of playing its “critical role in effectuating the policies 7 underlying [its] reforms.” Vo, 49 F.4th at 1173-74 (internal citation omitted). 8 Next, Plaintiff argues that requiring him to bring a second action in state court would be 9 duplicative, would increase the cost as he would be subject to a $1,000 filing fee as a high-frequency 10 litigant and, since “defendants take ADA cases filed in federal courts a lot more seriously,” it would 11 result in them not focusing on “swiftly remediating any and all ADA barriers at issue,” thereby 12 wasting time for all parties and the Court. (Doc. 6 at 5-7). 13 As an initial matter, this argument improperly assumes that Plaintiff will be successful in 14 this action. However, even accepting such an assumption, the fact that the litigation could prove 15 duplicative or increase costs does not, in light of the other considerations, warrant retaining 16 jurisdiction. As one court has concluded, “if plaintiff legitimately seeks to litigate this action in a 17 single forum, plaintiff may dismiss this action and refile it in a state court in accordance with the 18 requirements California has imposed on such actions.” Garibay v. Rodriguez, No. CV 18-9187 PA 19 (AFMX), 2019 WL 5204294, at *6 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 27, 2019). Moreover, it is California’s 20 prerogative to impose a heightened filing fee for high-frequency litigants in an effort to curb abuses 21 of the Unruh Act at the risk of the fee being ultimately paid by defendants. It would undermine 22 comity and fairness were Plaintiff permitted to proceed with his Unruh Act claim in light of 23 California’s policy concerns. 24 In his response to the Court’s order to show cause (Doc. 6), Plaintiff does not acknowledge 25 Vo, but instead, cites and relies on cases predating this most recent published pronouncement by 26 the Ninth Circuit addressing a district court’s discretion to decline supplemental jurisdiction of 27 Unruh Act claims. 28 For example, Plaintiff cites to Kohler v. Rednap, Inc. (794 F. Supp. 2d 1091 (C.D. Cal. 1 2011)), for the proposition that state law claims do not substantially predominate in litigation 2 involving both ADA and Unruh Act claims, as they are mostly based on ADA violations. (Doc. 6 3 at 3-4 citing id. at 1096). Plaintiff also cites Kohler for the holding that “fairness favored keeping 4 the Unruh claim in federal court ‘rather than a separate, and largely redundant, state-court suit.’” 5 (Doc. 6 at 5 citing id.). Finally, Plaintiff cites this pre-Vo/Arroyo case to argue that plaintiffs’ 6 “forum shopping” by filing ADA and Unruh Act cases in federal court “does not constitute a 7 ‘compelling reason’ for declining jurisdiction” and “[n]othing bars [p]laintiff from frequently 8 invoking a federal forum to remedy ADA violations.” (Doc. 6 at 7-8 citing id.). 9 While Plaintiff acknowledges Arroyo (Doc. 6 at 5-6), he cites Gibbs for the unremarkable 10 proposition that a district court retains discretion to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over state 11 law causes of action that strongly implicate questions of federal policy. (Id.). But in Vo, the Ninth 12 Circuit rejected this type of argument in affirming the district court’s finding that the balance of the 13 Gibbs values—economy, convenience, fairness, and comity—provided compelling reasons to 14 decline supplemental jurisdiction. Vo, 49 F.4th at 1172 (“the district court [properly] analyzed Vo’s 15 situation under the Gibbs values and determined that the values of fairness and comity favored not 16 retaining jurisdiction over the claim.”). 17 Accordingly, in light of the two-step inquiry under § 1367(c)(4), the Court concludes that 18 the circumstances of this case are exceptional and there are other compelling reasons to decline 19 supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s Unruh Act and related state law claims. See, e.g., Orosco 20 v. Monrroy Enters. LLC, No. 2:23-cv-07818-MEMF (KSx), 2023 WL 10407115, at *5 (C.D. Cal. 21 Nov. 30, 2023) (declining to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over and dismissing Plaintiff’s 22 California Unruh Act, Disabled Persons Act, Health & Safety Code and negligence claims 23 following Vo/Arroyo analysis); Kim v. Vegara, No. EDCV 22-281 JGB (SHKx), 2022 WL 24 17080182, at *5 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 5, 2022) (same); Benford v. Hall, No. CV 22-03337-RSWL-ASx, 25 2022 WL 20273588, at *3 & n.3 (C.D. Cal. July 18, 2022) (same). 26 /// 27 /// 28 /// 1 | Conclusion and Recommendation 2 For the reasons given above, IT IS RECOMMENDED as follows: 3 1. The Court DECLINE to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiffs claims arising 4 under state law pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(4). 5 2. Plaintiff's Unruh Act, Disabled Persons Act, Health & Safety Code and negligence claims 6 be dismissed without prejudice to Plaintiff's filing of these claims in state court. 7 These findings and recommendations will be submitted to the United States District Judge 8 | assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of Title 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Within 14 days after 9 | being served with these findings and recommendations, Plaintiff may file written objections with 10 | the Court. The document should be captioned “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings and 11 | Recommendations.” Plaintiff is advised that failure to file objections within the specified time may 12 | result in the waiver of rights on appeal. Wilkerson v. Wheeler, 772 F.3d 834, 838-39 (9th Cir. 2014) 13 | (citing Baxter v. Sullivan, 923 F.2d 1391, 1394 (9th Cir. 1991)). 14 | IT IS SO ORDERED. 's Dated: _ January 3, 2025 | ww RR 16 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28