CSX Transp., Inc. v. Maynard

667 So. 2d 642, 1995 WL 150930
CourtSupreme Court of Alabama
DecidedAugust 4, 1995
Docket1931145
StatusPublished
Cited by8 cases

This text of 667 So. 2d 642 (CSX Transp., Inc. v. Maynard) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Supreme Court of Alabama primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
CSX Transp., Inc. v. Maynard, 667 So. 2d 642, 1995 WL 150930 (Ala. 1995).

Opinion

667 So.2d 642 (1995)

CSX TRANSPORTATION, INC.
v.
Forrest M. MAYNARD.

1931145.

Supreme Court of Alabama.

April 7, 1995.
Opinion Overruling Application for Rehearing August 4, 1995.

*643 James F. Walsh and David B. Hall of Lange, Simpson, Robinson & Somerville, Birmingham, for appellant.

Michael D. Blalock of Blalock and Blalock, P.C., Birmingham, for appellee.

MADDOX, Justice.

This is a Federal Employers Liability Act ("FELA") case. The plaintiff Forrest Maynard sued CSX Transportation, Inc., alleging that he had suffered a hearing loss by being exposed at his workplace to machines that emitted noises that exceeded OSHA noise standards. The case was tried before a jury, which returned a verdict in favor of Maynard for $325,000 in compensatory damages. The trial court denied CSX's motion for a new trial or a remittitur and entered a judgment on the verdict. CSX appeals. We affirm.

Maynard has been employed as a welder with CSX since October 18, 1981. He claims that CSX did not provide hearing protection or require hearing testing for its employees until 1990. On September 24, 1990, Maynard was tested by a CSX hearing consultant in a van at a CSX work site. Shortly thereafter, on October 3, 1990, Maynard received a letter from CSX informing him that the test revealed that he might have difficulty hearing and recommending an annual hearing examination; CSX did not mention in the letter any possible causes of Maynard's hearing impairment. On December 30, 1990, CSX employees were given a company questionnaire concerning possible hearing loss. *644 The employees' answers to the questionnaire had to be sworn to and notarized. Maynard and his wife completed the questionnaire and returned it as instructed. On March 3, 1991, CSX gave Maynard another hearing test. After this test, he received a letter informing him that he had a problem hearing and understanding even loud conversations. Once again, the possible causes of the hearing problem were not mentioned. In the letter, CSX again recommended an annual hearing exam. Thereafter, Maynard received from CSX a letter concerning his hearing loss, dated April 19, 1991; that letter included an offer to pay Maynard for his hearing loss. After receiving this letter, Maynard contacted an attorney. He later filed this FELA action, in October 1991.

I.

We first address the scope of our review. The United States Supreme Court defined the scope of judicial review of jury verdicts in FELA cases in Lavender v. Kurn, 327 U.S. 645, 653, 66 S.Ct. 740, 744, 90 L.Ed. 916 (1946):

"Only when there is a complete absence of probative facts to support the conclusion reached does a reversible error appear. But where, as here, there is an evidentiary basis for the jury's verdict, the jury is free to discard or disbelieve whatever facts are inconsistent with its conclusion. And the appellate court's function is exhausted when the evidentiary basis becomes apparent, it being immaterial that the court might draw a contrary inference or feel that another conclusion is more reasonable."

See also Lindsey v. Louisville & N.R.R., 775 F.2d 1322, 1325 (5th Cir.1985), CSX Transportation, Inc. v. Bryant, 589 So.2d 706 (Ala. 1991).

II.

CSX argues that Maynard did not present sufficient evidence, specifically medical testimony, that CSX had negligently caused him to suffer hearing loss. This Court set forth the standard for establishing liability in FELA cases in Carlew v. Burlington N.R.R., 514 So.2d 899 (Ala.1987):

"In order to establish liability under the FELA, the employee must submit sufficient evidence from which the jury could reasonably infer that the employer was negligent. Additionally, there must be sufficient evidence from which the jury could reasonably infer that the employer's negligence was the cause of the claimed injury or death. Rogers v. Missouri Pacific R.R., 352 U.S. 500, [77 S.Ct. 443, 1 L.Ed.2d 493] (1957)...."

514 So.2d at 901.

One of Maynard's expert witnesses, Professor Kent Oestenstad, industrial hygienist and University of Alabama at Birmingham professor of environmental health services, conducted noise testing in Tallahassee, Florida, on the railroad loading machine on which Maynard worked. Oestenstad concluded that Maynard had been exposed to excessive noise levels, based upon noise level standards adopted by OSHA and the Federal Railroad Administration.

CSX argues that Oestenstad's testimony was inadmissible and that Maynard could not rely on it to satisfy his burden of proving that his workplace was unsafe because of negligence on the part of CSX or that noise caused his alleged injury. First, CSX alleges that Oestenstad conducted no noise tests in the location where the plaintiff alleged that he had been exposed to excessive noise. Second, CSX alleges that Oestenstad used improper equipment to conduct the noise level tests in the other areas where he tested. Third, CSX alleges that during pretrial discovery Maynard refused to disclose Oestenstad's expert opinion regarding the plaintiff's noise exposure.

In response, Maynard alleges that the noise tests were conducted in all of the areas where he had worked except for the top of rail cars, and that CSX would not allow Oestenstad to go there. Maynard further contends that a noise meter had to be used rather than a "dosimeter" because CSX would not remove the machine's mufflers to enable dosimeter testing. Finally, Maynard argues that the trial court properly allowed Oestenstad's testimony at trial because his testing was encumbered and restricted by CSX and because up until the day of the trial *645 Maynard had offered to allow Oestenstad to be deposed.

CSX argues that because another of Maynard's experts, Dr. Jeffrey Fleigel, testified that there was a discrepancy between the hearing tests administered by CSX and those administered by his office that was not consistent with sensorineural hearing loss, Maynard failed to establish that he actually suffered any injury. The tests administered by Dr. Fleigel indicated an improvement in Maynard's hearing. However, CSX notes that Dr. Fleigel testified that one of Maynard's tests could have been interpreted as possibly being consistent with sensorineural hearing loss. Dr. Fleigel stated that the hearing loss revealed by his tests could have been caused by noise from any source.

Dr. Fleigel testified that a possible explanation for the improvement in Maynard's hearing during the tests administered by his office could have been Maynard's desire to participate in the tests. Another possible explanation offered by Dr. Fleigel was the differing conditions of the locations where the tests were administered. CSX administered its tests in a van near its worksite; the testing process was susceptible to outside noises on September 24, 1990, and March 3, 1991, the dates CSX administered the tests. These tests indicated that the plaintiff was having problems hearing in the low and high frequency ranges. On June 17, 1992, and January 15, 1993, an audiologist in Dr.

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667 So. 2d 642, 1995 WL 150930, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/csx-transp-inc-v-maynard-ala-1995.