STATE OF LOUISIANA COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT
CA 11-1464
CRYSTAL SMITH, ET AL.
VERSUS
CAPPAERT MANUFACTURED HOUSING, INC., ET AL.
**********
APPEAL FROM THE TWELFTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT PARISH OF AVOYELLES, NO. 2005-7412-B HONORABLE RONALD D. COX, JUDGE PRO TEMPORE
JIMMIE C. PETERS JUDGE
Court composed of Oswald A. Decuir, Jimmie C. Peters, and J. David Painter, Judges.
AFFIRMED AS AMENDED.
Fred A. Pharis Pharis Law Offices 831 DeSoto Street Alexandria, LA 71301 (318) 445-8266 COUNSEL FOR PLAINTIFFS/APPELLEES: Barbara Thronson Gary Thronson Judy St. Romain Rodney St. Romain Hon. Jerold Edward Knoll The Knoll Law Firm, L.L.C. P. O. Box 426 Marksville, LA 71351 (318) 253-6200 COUNSEL FOR PLAINTIFFS/APPELLEES: Barbara Thronson Gary Thronson Judy St. Romain Rodney St. Romain
Albert Dale Clary Adrian G. Nadeau Mark L. Barbre Long Law Firm, L.L.P. 4041 Essen Lane, Suite 500 Baton Rouge, LA 70809 (225) 922-5110 COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANT/APPELLANT: Cappaert Manufactured Housing, Inc. PETERS, J.
This appeal arises from a suit in redhibition filed by Gary and Barbara
Thronson and Rodney and Judy St. Romain 1 against Cappaert Manufactured
Housing, Inc. (Cappaert), the manufacturer of the homes at issue. Cappaert now
appeals the trial court’s judgment rescinding both sales and awarding the plaintiffs
monetary damages. For the following reasons, we amend the trial court’s award of
damages to the Thronsons by giving Cappaert credit for the rental income the
Thronsons received after they vacated the home, and affirm the trial court’s
judgment as amended.
REVIEW OF THE RECORD
The St. Romains bought their home in 1998, and the Thronsons purchased
their home in 2003. The original purchase price for the St. Romains’ home was
$56,710.00, and the Thronsons paid $26,500.00 for their home. In their January 31,
2005 petition for personal injury damages and recission of the sale, the plaintiffs’
main complaint centered around the fact that mold and mildew had become a
major problem inside the homes. Expressed in its simplest terms, the mold and
mildew complaints related primarily to problems with a vinyl wall covering on the
living-space side of each home’s walls. When the air conditioning system cooled
the home’s interior, the hot and humid air that entered the wall cavities from the
outside would condense as it passed against the cooled vinyl wall. The moisture
that condensed in the wall cavities sustained the growth of mold and mildew.
However, the plaintiffs did not assert that the mold and mildew problems were
caused solely from the use of the vinyl wall covering on the inside of the walls.
They also suggested that other manufacturing defects existed which allowed an 1 The initial suit involved seven other homeowners and a multitude of people who had visited or temporarily resided in the homes at issue as the plaintiffs, but by the time this matter went to trial, only the Thronsons and the St. Romains had not settled or referred their claims to arbitration. excess of moist outside air to come into the wall cavities. These included leaky air
conditioning ductwork, which created a negative pressure in the house, pulling in
more moist outside air; and that there existed a lack of return air pathways.
A bench trial resulted in a judgment granting the Thronsons and the St.
Romains recission of the sale of their homes and awarding them finance charges,
judicial interest, and attorney fees. After the trial court rejected its motion for a
new trial, Cappaert perfected this appeal. In its appeal, Cappaert asserts eight
assignments of error: 1) the judgment is an absolute nullity, 2) federal HUD
standards for manufactured homes preempt Louisiana’s law of redhibition, 3) the
trial court wrongly interpreted HUD regulations, 4) the plaintiffs’ claims were
prescribed, 5) the trial court erred in not considering Cappaert Manufacturing
Housing’s expert witnesses’ testimony and erred in relying on testimony from the
plaintiffs’ expert witness, 6) the award of both contractual and judicial interest was
an improper double recovery, 7) the plaintiffs’ awards should have been reduced
because the plaintiffs lived in or rented their homes through the date of trial, and 8)
the trial court erred in finding a redhibitory defect in the St. Romain home.
OPINION
Assignment of Error Number One
Cappaert argues in its first assignment of error that the trial court judgment
is an absolute nullity because the presiding judge’s pro tempore assignment had
ended before the judgment was issued. This issue arises because the matter was
initially set for trial before Judge William J. Bennett, but Judge Ronald D. Cox
actually heard the trial pursuant to a Louisiana Supreme Court appointment “as
judge pro tempore . . . effective for the dates of May 2, 2011 through May 6, 2011,
2 subject to the completion of unfinished business.”2 Cappaert argues that, because
Judge Cox was appointed as a judge pro tempore, rather than an ad hoc judge,
those actions in the litigation which took place after May 6, 2011, were void.
The change in judges came about because at a status conference held on
May 2, 2011, the day before trial, the parties were informed that Judge Bennett’s
father was to undergo surgery, and Judge Cox would replace him. Jury selection
began on May 3, 2011, and the jury trial itself began the next day. Two days
thereafter, all the claims of the remaining plaintiffs in the litigation were settled
except for the redhibition claims of the Thronsons and the St. Romains. Judge Cox
dismissed the jury at this point, and these remaining claims moved forward as a
bench trial.
After Judge Cox dismissed the jury on May 4, 2011, he continued hearing
the redhibition claims until May 10, 2011. Judge Cox ultimately rendered written
reasons for judgment on May 24, 2011, and executed a written judgment on June 3,
2011. Cappaert then filed a motion for new trial, which Judge Cox rejected on July
1, 2011. As his final act in the litigation, Judge Cox signed an order granting
Cappaert’s appeal on September 2, 2011.
Louisiana Constitution Article Five, Section Five, (A) provides that “[t]he
supreme court has general supervisory jurisdiction over all other courts. It may
establish procedural and administrative rules not in conflict with law and may
assign a sitting or retired judge to any court.” (Emphasis added.) While it is true
that the supreme court’s appointment of Judge Cox carried a basic time period
2 In its brief on appeal, Cappaert asserts that it was not aware that Judge Cox was appointed as a judge pro tempore, as opposed to an ad hoc judge, until it learned that the supreme court’s order was not in the record for appeal. Cappaert notes that the trial court’s minutes indicate that an ad hoc judge was presiding. After the trial, Cappaert obtained a copy of the supreme court’s order and added it to the record in this matter.
3 from May 2 through May 6, 2011, it also provided that the appointment would be
extended “subject to the completion of unfinished business.” The conclusion of
the ongoing trial, the issuance of written reasons for judgment, the rendering of a
judgment, the decision on the motion for new trial, and the grant of a devolutive
appeal to this court are all “unfinished business” from this case.
We find no merit in this assignment of error.
Assignment of Error Number Two
Next, Cappaert asserts that the federal Housing and Urban Development
(HUD) standards preempt Louisiana redhibition law for the plaintiffs’ allegations
regarding vinyl wall covering. We find no merit in this assignment of error as well.
Federal provisions may preempt state law under the theories of express
preemption, field preemption, and conflict preemption. Cappaert alleges that the
plaintiffs’ state law claims for recission of the sales must be dismissed because of
conflict preemption, which occurs “when it is impossible to comply with both the
federal and state provisions or when application of state law stands as an obstacle
to the accomplishment and execution of Congress’s full objectives and purposes.”
Badon v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 05-1048, p. 8 (La.App. 3 Cir. 7/12/06), 934
So.2d 927, 933.
In making its argument on this issue, Cappaert directs us to 42 U.S.C.A. §
5403(d), which states in pertinent part that:
[w]henever a Federal manufactured home construction and safety standard established under this chapter is in effect, no State or political subdivision of a State shall have any authority either to establish, or to continue in effect, with respect to any manufactured home covered, any standard regarding the construction or safety applicable to the same aspect of performance of such manufactured home which is not identical to the Federal manufactured home construction and safety standard. Federal preemption under this subsection shall be broadly and liberally construed to ensure that disparate State or local requirements or standards do not affect the 4 uniformity and comprehensiveness of the standards promulgated under this section nor the Federal superintendence of the manufactured housing industry as established by this chapter.
We note, however, that 42 U.S.C. § 5409(c) states that “[c]ompliance with any
Federal manufactured home construction or safety standard issued under this
chapter does not exempt any person from any liability under common law.” Thus,
while Louisiana may not establish its own standards for construction of
manufactured housing if they differ from the federal law, claims under state law,
including one for recession of a sale, may be brought so long as they advance non-
compliance with existing federal regulations or non-compliance with state
standards that are not preempted by federal regulations. In Re: Fema Trailer
Formaldehyde Products Liability Litigation, 620 F.Supp.2d 755 (E.D.La. 2009).
Louisiana Revised Statutes 51:911.23(B), which governs redhibitory actions
for manufactured homes, specifically provides that “[i]n any redhibitory action
brought against the seller of a manufactured home or mobile home, the standards
set forth in the [National Manufactured Housing Construction and Safety
Standards Act of 1974, 42 U.S.C. 5401 et seq.] shall be considered in establishing
and determining whether or not a defect exists.” In the matter now before us, the
plaintiffs’ redhibition claims are based on the assertion that Cappaert did not
comply with the federal standards, specifically 24 C.F.R. § 3280.303, which states,
in pertinent part:
(a) Minimum requirements. The design and construction of a manufactured home shall conform with the provisions of this standard. Requirements for any size, weight, or quality of material modified by the terms of minimum, not less than, at least, and similar expressions are minimum standards. The manufacturer or installer may exceed these standards provided such deviation does not result in any inferior installation or defeat the purpose and intent of this standard.
5 (b) Construction. All construction methods shall be in conformance with accepted engineering practices to insure durable, livable, and safe housing and shall demonstrate acceptable workmanship reflecting journeyman quality of work of the various trades.
When faced with a nearly identical claim of redhibition in a sale of a
manufactured home, the court in Whittington v. Patriot Homes, Inc., 2008 WL
1736824 (W.D.La. 2008), held that although the issue of whether the vapor barrier
(in this case the vinyl wall) should have been placed on the exterior side of the
external walls is preempted by 24 C.F.R. § 3280.504(b), the plaintiffs’ claims that
were based on allegations that there was excessive duct leakage, leading to excess
outside air and moisture entering the house, were not preempted by federal law.
We find this decision persuasive. The plaintiffs before us assert claims for
redhibition under Louisiana law that rely on defects other than the vinyl wall’s
placement on the inside of the exterior walls, and these claims are not preempted
by the federal regulations governing the design and safety of manufactured homes.
Assignment of Error Number Three
In this assignment of error, Cappaert asserts that the trial court erroneously
disregarded HUD’s own interpretations of its regulations. Cappaert bases this
argument on the trial court’s conclusion that compliance with 24 CFR § 3280.504,
which regulates wall construction standards in manufactured homes, does not
inherently constitute compliance with 24 CFR § 3280.303.
When Cappaert built the plaintiffs’ homes, the governing standards for
“[c]ondensation control and installation of vapor retarders,” 24 CFR §
3280.504(b), provided, in pertinent part:
(b) Exterior walls.
(1) Exterior walls must have a vapor retarder with a permeance no greater than 1 perm (dry cup method) installed on the living space side of the wall; or 6 Thus, at that point in time, the HUD regulations specifically allowed Cappaert to
install a vinyl wall covering on the living space side of the exterior walls. 24 CFR
§ 3280.504(B)(1). The plaintiffs do not dispute the fact that this HUD regulation
allows the use of vinyl wall covering. Despite acknowledging this fact, the
plaintiffs still argue that the construction of the two homes nevertheless violated 24
CFR § 3280.303(b). That regulation, which governs general construction
standards, states:
Construction. All construction methods shall be in conformance with accepted engineering practices to insure durable, livable, and safe housing and shall demonstrate acceptable workmanship reflecting journeyman quality of work of the various trades.
The plaintiffs asserted, and the trial court found, that Cappaert violated this
standard in its construction of the plaintiffs’ homes. Specifically, in a humid
climate such as South Louisiana, the use of the vinyl wall covering coupled with
other defects that cause excess warm, moist air to enter the wall cavities can cause
problems with condensation, which leads to the growth of mold and mildew.
On appeal Cappaert argues that HUD interprets its rules to conclude that
compliance with 24 CFR § 3280.504(B)(1) precludes a finding that the homes did
not meet the acceptable workmanship standards found in 24 CFR § 3280.303(b).
In support of its argument, Cappaert introduced a letter, dated January 19, 2007,
from William W. Matchneer, IIII, an associate deputy assistant secretary for
Regulatory Affairs and Manufactured Housing, to Brian D. Cooney, the vice
president of government affairs at the Manufactured Housing Institute in Arlington,
Virginia. The letter reads as follows:
Following up on our December meeting with you and your colleagues, we have had a chance to review the plaintiffs’ pleadings you have provided us on various vapor barrier cases. As the HUD official responsible for the enforcement of the Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards, I can say that these pleadings 7 completely misrepresent HUD enforcement policy by arguing that HUD’s general standard at 3280.303(b) should be applied to manufacturers’ practices regarding the placement of vapor barriers even though these manufacturers have complied with HUD’s more specific vapor barrier standard at 3280.504(b).
Consistent with basic principles of administrative law, it is HUD’s practice to hold manufacturers accountable for compliance with the standard that most specifically applies to a particular aspect of construction. Accordingly, there is no case in which HUD has applied 3280.303(b) to a manufacturer that has complied with 3280.504(b).
Thank you again for bringing this situation to our attention. HUD has a distinct interest in maintaining an accurate understanding by arbitrators and the courts of HUD’s enforcement policies regarding the Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards. We would be especially concerned by a reported judicial decision that misstated HUD policy and practice, so please keep us apprised of development in these cases.
The general rule is that “[a] reviewing court should afford considerable
weight to an administrative agency’s construction and interpretation of its rules and
regulations adopted under a statutory scheme that the agency is entrusted to
administer, and its construction and interpretation should control unless they are
found to be arbitrary, capricious, or manifestly contrary to its rules and
regulations.” Forbes v. Cockerham, 08-762, p. 33 (La. 1/21/09), 5 So.3d 839, 859.
However, the letter, which purports to set out HUD’s interpretation of the
regulations, does not address the specific issues before this court in this lawsuit. It
only addresses situations in which the homeowner’s sole complaint is that the
vapor barrier was installed on the inside living surface of the wall. In the case
before us, the homeowners claim that there were other causes of the mold and
mildew: faulty wall construction and design; unsealed wall cavity penetrations
allowing hot, humid air into the wall cavity; crushed, improperly constructed air
conditioning ducts; mis-cut air conditioning vents; and a lack of return air
8 pathways. Thus, even assuming that this letter set out the proper interpretation of
HUD standards, it does not affect the issues before us.
Assignment of Error Number Four
In this assignment of error, Cappaert argues that the trial court erred in not
finding that the plaintiffs’ claims were prescribed pursuant to the one year
prescription period provided for in La. Civil Code art. 2534. 3 Specifically,
Cappaert contends that the evidence establishes that more than one year had lapsed
between the time that the plaintiffs had knowledge of the moisture in their homes
and the filing of their lawsuit.
The record reflects that on September 24, 2007, Cappaert filed a peremptory
exception of prescription as to the St. Romains’ redhibition and personal injury
claims, and on October 3, 2007, filed a similar exception as to the Thronsons’
redhibition and personal injury claims. The trial court held a hearing on these
exceptions on November 30, 2007, and the trial court minutes of that day state that
six individuals, including Gary Thronson and Rodney and Judy St. Romain,
testified. The minutes further state that the trial court rejected the exceptions with
3 Louisiana Civil Code Article 2534 governs prescription in an action for redhibition. It provides: A. (1) The action for redhibition against a seller who did not know of the existence of a defect in the thing sold prescribes in four years from the day delivery of such thing was made to the buyer or one year from the day the defect was discovered by the buyer, whichever occurs first.
(2) However, when the defect is of residential or commercial immovable property, an action for redhibition against a seller who did not know of the existence of the defect prescribes in one year from the day delivery of the property was made to the buyer.
B. The action for redhibition against a seller who knew, or is presumed to have known, of the existence of a defect in the thing sold prescribes in one year from the day the defect was discovered by the buyer.
C. In any case prescription is interrupted when the seller accepts the thing for repairs and commences anew from the day he tenders it back to the buyer or notifies the buyer of his refusal or inability to make the required repairs. 9 oral reasons. The trial court minutes of December 19, 2007, state that the trial
court executed a judgment on that day in accordance with its oral reasons rendered
on November 30, 2007. What the record before us does not contain is a transcript
of the November 30, 2007 hearing, a copy of the trial court’s oral reasons for
judgment, nor a copy of the December 19, 2007 judgment.
When perfecting its appeal, Cappaert designated those portions of the lower
court record it desired to constitute the record on appeal, pursuant to La.Code
Civ.P. art. 2128. However, Cappaert did not designate the hearing on the
exceptions, the trial court’s reasons for judgment, or the judgment on the
exceptions as a part of the appeal record. Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure
Article 2128 states that when an appellant designates the portions of the record it
desires to constitute the record on appeal, either “a party or the trial court may
cause to be filed thereafter any omitted portion of the record as a supplemental
record.” However, this court is not given the authority under that article to
designate a portion of the trial court record as a supplemental record. Accordingly,
we are bound to presume that the trial court’s decision on the peremptory
exceptions of prescription were “correct and supported by sufficient competent
evidence.” Boulet v. Foti, 539 So.2d 843, 845 (La.App. 3 Cir.), writ denied, 541
So.2d 841 (La.1989).
Assignment of Error Number Five
Cappaert argues in this assignment of error that the trial court erred when it
gave little weight to the testimony of its expert witnesses (Harold Lloyd Mouser,
Michael Zieman, and John Stephen Verett) and instead relied on the plaintiffs’
expert witnesses (Bobby Parks and Sammy James Hoover) in reaching its factual
10 findings. Cappaert bases this argument on the assertion that Mr. Parks’ testimony
was “unreliable.”
Louisiana Code of Evidence Articles 701 through 706 govern the use of
expert witnesses. With regard to the relationship between the trial court and the
expert witness, La.Code Evid. art. 702 provides:
If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education, may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise.
It is well-settled that “[t]he effect and weight to be given expert testimony is within
the broad discretion of the trial judge.” Pendleton v. Barrett, 97-570, p. 4 (La.App.
3 Cir. 12/23/97), 706 So.2d 498, 501. We also recognize that a trial court is not
bound by expert testimony; after weighing and evaluating the expert testimony the
court has the power to substitute its own judgment and common sense for the
conclusion of an expert witness where the evidence as a whole warrants doing so.
Ryan v. Zurich Am. Ins. Co., 07-2312 (La. 7/1/08), 988 So.2d 214. Most
importantly, “[w]here the testimony of expert witnesses differ, it is for the trier of
fact to determine the most credible evidence and a finding of fact in this regard will
not be overturned absent manifest error.” Opelousas Prod. Credit Ass’n v. B.B. &
H., Inc., 587 So.2d 812, 814 (La.App. 3 Cir. 1991) (citing Nailor v. Int’l Harvester
Co., 430 So.2d 784 (La.App. 5 Cir.), writ denied, 437 So.2d 1148 (La.1983)).
All five individuals cited by Cappaert in this assignment of error were
accepted by the trial court as expert witnesses. The trial court recognized Mr.
Hoover, a Baton Rouge, Louisiana Deputy State Fire Marshall who heads the HUD
consumer complaint program for Louisiana, as an expert in HUD compliance. Mr.
Parks, a West Monroe, Louisiana resident and owner of Health Homes of
11 Louisiana, a consulting firm that works with six manufactured housing builders in
recognizing and fixing problems, was recognized by the trial court as an expert in
building science as it pertains to moisture identification and cause and effect in the
construction of homes; in HVAC (air conditioning) operation, performance, design,
and sizing; mold testing, remediation and analysis of samples; and on portions of
the HUD code that pertains to the performance standards of manufactured homes.
The trial court accepted Mr. Mouser, a Vicksburg, Mississippi consultant, as an
expert in field inspections on behalf of manufacturers, in the knowledge of
manufacturers’ costs to cure a sub-standard building, in the installation of
manufacturers’ homes, and in compliance with the manufacturers’ instructions and
field inspections of installations. Mr. Zieman, a resident of Long Beach, California,
and president of RADCO, a company that performs consulting, engineering, and
laboratory testing, was recognized by the trial court as an expert in mechanical
engineering, manufactured homes, air conditioning design and inspections, and
design and inspection for HUD homes. Finally, the trial court recognized Mr.
Verett, a consultant with Environmental Measurements Corporation, as an expert
in industrial environmental quality, including sampling for mold, interpreting
laboratory data from mold samples, and in determining the source of mold.
Mr. Hoover testified that he first visited the St. Romain house on April 15,
1999, and in September of 2003 was still looking for the root causes of the
problems with the homes Cappaert built. On September 8, 2003, the St. Romains
complained to his office that mold had appeared in three closets, and that despite
having cleaned it twice before, the mold had returned. Additionally, mold had
begun to manifest itself in the bedroom. These complaints were verified by an
October 6, 2003 on-site visit by Roger Smith, an inspector working for Mr. Hoover.
12 Cappaert made some unsuccessful attempts to rectify the problems, but on January
14, 2004, Mr. Hoover found it necessary to impose a fine on Cappaert for not
making repairs to the St. Romain home. On October 26, 2004, Mr. Hoover found
evidence of high moisture in the wall boards in a guest bedroom and the master
bathroom.
Mr. Hoover was of the opinion that over-sizing the air conditioning system
could lead to moisture problems because the unit would not run long enough to
dehumidify the air. In February of 2005, Mr. Hoover sent the St. Romains a letter
informing them that he was going to turn over his file on their issues to HUD and
that they should consider suing Cappaert. He then closed his file and had no
further involvement with the issues now before the court.
Mr. Parks became involved in 2004 when Mike Camerasano, the acting
president of the Manufactured Housing Commission from West Monroe, Louisiana,
asked him to examine seven homes, identify the primary reasons for moisture
problems, and recommend corrective measures. The St. Romain home was one of
the seven.
According to Mr. Parks, the moisture problems in the plaintiffs’ homes was
not caused solely by the vinyl wall covering. Rather, he opined that it was caused
by the outer shell of the houses allowing too much moist air into the wall cavities.
He asserted that when the warm moist air came in contact with the vinyl-covered
wall boards (which had become chilled by the air conditioning inside the homes),
condensation occurred inside the wall cavities. Mr. Parks explained that because
the wall cavities were not well ventilated, there was no way for the walls to dry out
after they became wet from the condensation, and mold occurred. According to
Mr. Parks, the vinyl wall covering would not have been a problem if the outer shell
13 of the houses had prevented moisture from coming into the wall cavities in the first
place, or if there was some way to vent the moist air. Mr. Parks identified leaky air
conditioning ducts as another cause of the moist air entering the wall cavities and
explained that that when the air conditioning ducts leak excessively, they create
negative pressure inside the house and pull more warm, moist air into the home.
He did acknowledge, however, that an oversized air conditioning systems, which
would not be attributable to Cappaert, could contribute to moisture in the homes.
When Mr. Parks inspected the St. Romains’ home in 2004, the St. Romains
had their original four-ton air conditioning system. He found that an I-beam had
crushed some of the ductwork in the home and that the home had considerable duct
leakage, causing the home to depressurize at a significant rate with reference to the
outdoors. Photographs taken in June of 2004 revealed the presence of visible mold
on the ceiling and walls. Mr. Parks observed additional fungal growth around a
few light switches and around the top of some molding. He also noticed some
leaking along the wall where the two sides of the manufactured home were joined
together. Photos taken by him in February of 2007 showed the ceiling starting to
crack and mold and light switches pulling out of the walls from the moisture
content in the walls.
When Mr. Parks returned to the St. Romain home on June 5, 2007, the St.
Romains had replaced the original air conditioning unit with an oversized, five-ton
air conditioning system. During his inspection, Mr. Parks found moisture in the
walls and took samples of the trapped air. Those samples, together with trapped
mold spores he recovered, were sent to a laboratory for analysis. He observed that
none of the problems he had observed in 2004 had been corrected. In fact, they
were getting progressively worse. During his inspection on this date, he peeled the
14 vinyl wall covering off some of the walls to observe how the wall cavity performed.
In doing so, he discovered that only the outside and mating walls had an elevated
moisture content.
When he returned for another inspection in 2008, Mr. Parks observed that
the problems were still present. In his opinion, the mold growth was so extensive
that to remedy the situation would require a major rebuild. His 2009 inspection
revealed that the moisture levels varied depending on the presence or absence of
the vinyl wall covering. On those walls where the vinyl wall board was intact,
moisture remained. On those walls where the vinyl wall board had been removed,
the moisture levels were nonexistent.
With regard to the Thronsons’ home, Mr. Parks inspected the premises in
2007 and found that the home had duct leakage and depressurization inside the
wall cavities. Mold samples taken at that time revealed an excess mold spore
count, and the inspection showed that the walls had significant moisture
accumulating inside them.
Mr. Parks testified that, in his opinion, the quality of construction on both
the plaintiffs’ homes was generally sub-par. He did not find their construction to
be in compliance with the HUD general quality standard of a quality, safe product.
According to Mr. Parks, the primary issues causing the moisture problems related
to Cappaert’s failure to properly construct the wall cavities, the severe air
conditioning duct leakage, and the improper air pathways. Mr. Parks testified that
all of these problems were manufacturing defects.
Mr. Mouser testified that he had spent thirty to thirty-five years of his career
working with manufactured housing and that from 1995 until 2004, he had been
employed by Cappaert in charge of the quality control program. At the time he
15 testified, he was still associated with Cappaert as a consultant on compliance and
quality control coordination.
Mr. Mouser first inspected the St. Romains’ home on February 8, 2007. He
testified that during his inspection, he observed areas of moisture problems in two
bedrooms and one bedroom closet, floor discoloration around the location of the
original air conditioning unit, and ceiling stains in two guest bedrooms. Mr.
Mouser also observed that front, back, and side porches had been added to the
home, causing penetrations into the outside wall. Additionally, according to Mr.
Mouser, the slope of the side porch caused water to drain toward the home instead
of away from it. He found that some of the duct work was not sealed and that the
wall around where the original HVAC system had been placed was crumbly and
soft. Mr. Mouser agreed with Mr. Parks that some of the ductwork was crushed,
that this defect was a manufacturing defect, and that it would cause problems.
According to Mr. Mouser, leaking ducts would cause pressure and balance
problems, but when he performed his inspection, the whole house ventilation
system had been removed. He noted that in 1999, or the year after the St. Romains
purchased their home, Cappaert had added ten ventilation vents to the roof to help
with condensation. Mr. Mouser opined that this lack of proper ventilation was the
result of a mistake at the factory.
A few months later, on June 1, 2007, Mr. Mouser inspected the Thronsons’
home. In performing his inspection, he observed humidity deflections on the front
walls in the front bedroom and all down the hall. However, he found no moisture
problems within the wall when he removed the electrical outlets from the wall. Mr.
Mouser suggested that the home thermostat was affected by its closeness to the
refrigerator, and that the air conditioning unit did not have the air intake hose
16 properly attached. This latter defect, according to Mr. Mouser, contributed to the
influx of humid outside air. Mr. Mouser testified that there existed general
problems with duct leakage in this class of homes because of manufacturing
defects.
Mr. Zieman testified that he examined neither home at issue in this litigation
but that he had investigated similar complaints from 2004 through 2007. He
disagreed with Mr. Parks’ methods of investigating and measuring the air
conditioning pressure systems and suggested that the HUD standards did not have
a performance requirement concerning an excessive ventilation rate or leaky
construction of duct works. Mr. Zieman attributed all the problems with the St.
Romain home to the installation of the larger air conditioning unit, which he
suggested was not properly connected and which would have an impact on the
moisture and condensation in the home. In his opinion, the too-large air
conditioning unit left too much humidity in the air and created high pressure in the
ducts, causing them to leak. He also suggested that the moisture problems in the St.
Romain home could have been caused by an improper seal on the mating wall and
said that this would not be a manufacturing defect. In his opinion, the St. Romain
home suffered no HUD code violations during the manufacturing process.
With regard to the Thronson home, Mr. Zieman suggested that the moisture
was able to come into the home through a hole in the floorboards caused when the
new air conditioner was installed. Mr. Zieman testified that if a manufacturer
followed HUD standards, there would not be excessive condensation.
Citing to a 2008 or 2009 American Industrial Hygiene Association
document, Mr. Verett criticized Mr. Parks’ wall cavity samples, stating that the
methods used were imprecise and non-reliable and that Mr. Parks’ samples were
17 too small to be reliable. According to Mr. Verett, the mere existence of mold does
not in itself indicate the presence of too much moisture in the home, as some molds
grow at low moisture levels. He admitted, however, that he was reluctant to form
an opinion about the causes of the mold without a site visit.
In its written reasons for judgment, the trial court made these specific
findings:
The Court carefully listened to all witnesses and makes the following observations. The most credible witnesses, besides the plaintiffs who seemed very genuine in their stress and depression from living in such deplorable homes was Sammy James Hoover, the Deputy State Fire Marshall who at the time of these complaints was the compliance officer and handled consumer complaints for the State and Robert Parks, who was hired by the Louisiana Manufactured Housing Commission to examine several of the homes made by Cappaert and report his findings as to the complaints received and problems, if any, that he observed. The Court gave less weight to the testimony of Harold Lloyd Mouser, who had worked for Cappaert and other manufacturers since 1976 and Steven Verret [sic]. The testimony of Mr. Verret [sic] was obviously biased, not supported by other evidence and his conclusions, without ever observing either of these two homes, [were] not believable.
We find no manifest error in the trial court’s reliance on the plaintiffs’ experts
rather than Cappaert’s experts, and there is no merit in this assignment of error.
Assignment of Error Number Six
The trial court awarded the St. Romains $109,645.10, stating that this
amount “represent[ed] a return of the purchase price and expenses.” The trial court
also ordered that legal interest be paid on $56,710.00 of that amount (the purchase
price of the home) from the date of sale and on the remaining $52,953.19 from the
date of judicial demand. The trial court awarded the Thronsons $35,972.31,
“representing a return of the purchase price and expenses.” The trial court also
awarded legal interest on $26,500.00 (the purchase price of the home) from the
18 date of sale and legal interest on the remaining $9,472.31 from the date of judicial
demand.
In this assignment of error, Cappaert asserts that by awarding the plaintiffs
the return of the contractual interest they had paid in connection with financing the
homes and judicial interest on the expenses associated with the sale, which
included that contractual interest, the trial court gave the plaintiffs a double
recovery. In making its argument, Cappaert cites this court’s opinion in Aucoin v.
Southern Quality Homes, 06-979 (La.App. 3 Cir. 2/28/07), 953 So.2d 856, aff’d in
part, rev’d in part, 07-1014 (La. 2/26/08), 984 So.2d 685. In Aucoin, however,
this court was affirming the trial court’s decision not to award both the actual
interest paid and judicial interest and cited no cases in support of its decision. The
supreme court did not address this issue in its subsequent opinion. We decline to
follow this court’s decision in Aucoin.
When a court grants redhibition of a sale, the contractual interest expended
in financing the sale is considered both a recoverable expense occasioned by the
sale, La.Civ.Code art. 2531, and an expense incurred for the preservation of the
thing, La.Civ.Code art. 2535. Carpenter v. Lafayette Woodworks, Inc., 94-1011
(La.App. 3 Cir. 2/1/95), 653 So.2d 1187. Louisiana Revised Statutes 13:4203
provides for judicial interest from the time that suit was filed on all judgments
sounding in damages ex delictu. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in ordering
judicial interest from the date that suit was filed on the expenses occasioned by the
sales and financing of the homes, which includes the contractual interest they paid
due to financing the sales.
19 Assignment of Error Number Seven
In this assignment of error, Cappaert asserts that the trial court should have
reduced the plaintiffs’ awards and given it the benefit of a credit for use, since the
plaintiffs continued to live in and/or rent their homes from the time of purchase
through trial.
Louisiana Civil Code Article 2545 provides that a seller who knows that the
item sold has a defect “may be allowed credit” for the buyer’s use of the thing or
the fruits it might have yielded. (Emphasis added.) This Article also provides that
a seller who is the manufacturer of a thing “is deemed to know that the thing he
sells has a redhibitory defect.” Thus, whether to grant Cappaert a credit for any
use that the St. Romains or the Thronsons made of their homes is subject to the
trial court’s discretion. In order to receive consideration for that credit, the seller
must present evidence of the value of the buyer’s use of the property. Brannon v.
Boe, 569 So.2d 1086 (La.App. 3 Cir. 1990). Additionally, compensation for the
buyer’s use should not be granted automatically since “even the value of an
extensive use may be overridden by great inconveniences incurred because of the
defective nature of the thing and constant interruptions in service caused by the
seller’s attempts to repair.” Alexander v. Burroughs Corp., 359 So.2d 607, 611 (La.
1978).
Cappaert presented no evidence concerning the value of the St. Romains’
use of the property. Given the lack of evidence, we find no abuse of discretion in
the trial court’s denial of a use credit to Cappaert.
With regard to the Thronsons, the evidence establishes that they moved from
their home in the summer of 2004, and they began renting it to Mr. Thronson’s
brother for $329.97 per month. At the time of the May 3, 2011 trial, Mr.
20 Thronson’s brother and his family were still living there. However, there was also
extensive testimony concerning the severe defects in the Thronsons’ home, the
numerous repairs it underwent, and all the inconveniences entailed by the defects
and the repairs. We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
denying Cappaert a credit for the Thronsons’ use of the home through the summer
of 2004, but that it did abuse its discretion in failing to award Cappaert a credit for
the income the Thronsons received from renting their home thereafter.
Accordingly, we amend the trial court’s judgment to grant Cappaert a credit of
$329.97 per month for the six years and ten months that Mr. Thronson’s brother
rented the Thronsons’ home.
Assignment of Error Number Eight
Finally, Cappaert argues that the trial court erred in finding that the St.
Romains’ home had redhibitory defects. Specifically, Cappaert asserts that the St.
Romains’ evidence was “unscientifically reliable” and that all the air conditioning
experts testified that the air conditioning systems, for which Cappaert is not
responsible, likely caused any moisture issues.
As we noted in discussing the fifth assignment of error, the trial court did not
abuse its discretion by choosing to find the St. Romains’ experts more credible and
holding that the St. Romain’s home had redhibitory defects. We find no merit in
this assignment of error.
DISPOSITION
For the foregoing reasons, we amend the trial court judgment to give
Cappaert Manufactured Housing, Inc., a $27,057.54 credit against the judgment
rendered in favor of Gary E. Thronson, II, and Barbara Butrich Thronson. We
21 affirm the trial court judgment in all other respects. We assess all costs of this
appeal to Cappaert Manufactured Housing, Inc.