This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A14-1907
Crystal Marie Vodinelich, petitioner, Appellant,
vs.
State of Minnesota, Respondent.
Filed August 10, 2015 Affirmed Peterson, Judge
Dakota County District Court File No. 19HA-CR-11-1388
Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Katie M. Conners, Assistant Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
James C. Backstrom, Dakota County Attorney, Chip Granger, Assistant County Attorney, Hastings, Minnesota (for respondent)
Considered and decided by Ross, Presiding Judge; Peterson, Judge; and Johnson,
Judge.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
PETERSON, Judge
In this appeal from the denial of her petition for postconviction relief, appellant
argues that she is entitled to withdraw her guilty plea to fifth-degree controlled-substance crime, or, at the very least, she is entitled to an evidentiary hearing to resolve the material
facts and issues presented in the petition. We affirm.
FACTS
In a pat-down search conducted during a traffic stop, a police officer discovered a
pipe that contained charred residue in appellant Crystal Marie Vodinelich’s jacket pocket.
A preliminary test of the pipe by the Dakota County Drug Task Force (DCDTF) detected
methamphetamine. A later test of the pipe by the St. Paul Police Department Crime Lab
(SPPDCL) also detected methamphetamine.
Appellant was charged with fifth-degree controlled-substance crime and two
counts of fourth-degree driving while impaired (DWI). Pursuant to a plea agreement, she
pleaded guilty to the controlled-substance charge and to one DWI count.
At the plea hearing, appellant confirmed that she understood the trial rights that
she was giving up and that she was not claiming that she was innocent of the charges to
which she was pleading guilty. When establishing the factual basis for the controlled-
substance offense, appellant affirmed that the police officer “found in [her] possession or
control, a pipe . . . that was determined to contain a trace amount of methamphetamine.”
The district court accepted appellant’s plea, and she was convicted and sentenced.
Appellant later learned about deficient controlled-substance testing procedures
used at the SPPDCL and petitioned for postconviction relief. In her petition, she
requested that she be permitted to withdraw her guilty plea, or, at the very least, that there
be an evidentiary hearing to resolve the material fact issues presented in the petition. The
2 district court determined that appellant was entitled to no relief and denied her petition
without a hearing. This appeal follows.
DECISION
I.
Under the postconviction-relief statute,
a person convicted of a crime, who claims that . . . the conviction obtained or the sentence or other disposition made violated the person’s rights under the Constitution or laws of the United States or of the state . . . may commence a proceeding to secure relief by filing a petition in the district court in the county in which the conviction was had to vacate and set aside the judgment and to discharge the petitioner or to resentence the petitioner or grant a new trial or correct the sentence or make other disposition as may be appropriate.
Minn. Stat. § 590.01, subd. 1(1) (2014). The petitioner has the burden to prove the facts
alleged in the postconviction petition by a fair preponderance of the evidence. Minn.
Stat. § 590.04, subd. 3 (2014). “To meet that burden, a petitioner’s allegations must be
supported by more than mere argumentative assertions that lack factual support.” Powers
v. State, 695 N.W.2d 371, 374 (Minn. 2005).
In an appeal from a postconviction court’s decision to grant or deny relief, we
review issues of law de novo and issues of fact for sufficiency of the evidence. Leake v.
State, 737 N.W.2d 531, 535 (Minn. 2007); see also Butala v. State, 664 N.W.2d 333, 338
(Minn. 2003) (noting that appellate courts “extend a broad review of both questions of
law and fact” when reviewing postconviction proceedings).
We review a denial of a petition for postconviction relief, as well as a request for an evidentiary hearing, for an abuse of discretion. A postconviction court abuses its discretion when
3 its decision is based on an erroneous view of the law or is against logic and the facts in the record.
Riley v. State, 819 N.W.2d 162, 167 (Minn. 2012) (quotation and citation omitted).
In her petition for postconviction relief, appellant asserted that (a) her guilty plea
was invalid; (b) newly discovered evidence of deficiencies at the SPPDCL rendered her
guilty plea insufficient; (c) the state’s suppression of the evidence of the deficiencies
violated Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S. Ct. 1194 (1963); and (d) she received
ineffective assistance of counsel when her counsel failed to discover the deficiencies at
the SPPDCL.
A. Invalid Guilty Plea
A defendant does not have an absolute right to withdraw a guilty plea. State v.
Raleigh, 778 N.W.2d 90, 93 (Minn. 2010). A defendant seeking to withdraw a guilty
plea after sentencing must show “that withdrawal is necessary to correct a ‘manifest
injustice.’” Carey v. State, 765 N.W.2d 396, 400 (Minn. App. 2009) (quoting Minn. R.
Crim. P. 15.05, subd. 1), review denied (Minn. Aug. 11, 2009). Under this standard, plea
withdrawal must be permitted if the guilty plea is not valid, which depends on whether
the plea was accurate, voluntary, and intelligent. Raleigh, 778 N.W.2d at 94. The
defendant has the burden of establishing the grounds for permitting a plea withdrawal,
and the validity of a plea is a question of law, which this court reviews de novo. Id. This
court must affirm a postconviction court’s decision unless the postconviction court
abused its discretion. Bruestle v. State, 719 N.W.2d 698, 704 (Minn. 2006).
Appellant argues that her guilty plea was not accurate, voluntary, or intelligent.
4 i. Accurate
To be accurate, a plea must be supported by a proper factual basis. Lussier v.
State, 821 N.W.2d 581, 588 (Minn. 2012). A proper factual basis is established when
there are sufficient facts in the record to support a conclusion that the defendant’s
conduct falls within the charge to which she is pleading guilty. Munger v. State, 749
N.W.2d 335, 337-38 (Minn. 2008) (stating that the requirement that a plea be accurate
“protects the defendant from pleading guilty to a more serious offense than he could
properly be convicted of at trial”). “The factual basis requirement is usually satisfied
when the court asks the defendant to express in his own words what happened.” State v.
Lyle, 409 N.W.2d 549, 552 (Minn. App. 1987). “The court should not accept the plea
unless the record supports the conclusion that the defendant actually committed an
offense at least as serious as the crime to which he is pleading guilty.” State v. Trott, 338
N.W.2d 248, 251-52 (Minn. 1983).
Appellant argues that her plea was not supported by a proper factual basis because
the state did not prove the identity of the substance in her possession. Appellant contends
that relying solely on a defendant’s belief that something is a controlled substance is
insufficient to prove the identity of a substance. But the factual basis for appellant’s plea
that was established during the plea hearing was not based solely on appellant’s belief
that the substance in the pipe was methamphetamine. During her testimony at the plea
hearing, appellant did not simply state that she believed the charred substance in her pipe
was methamphetamine; she agreed that a police officer “found in [her] possession or
control, a pipe . . . that was determined to contain a trace amount of methamphetamine.”
5 (Emphasis added.) The determination that the substance was methamphetamine was not
based on appellant’s belief. This evidence was sufficient to support a conclusion that
appellant’s conduct fell within the controlled-substance charge to which she pleaded
guilty.
ii. Voluntary
The requirement that a plea be voluntary “ensures a defendant is not pleading
guilty due to improper pressure or coercion.” Raleigh, 778 N.W.2d at 96. Appellant
argues that, in light of what we now know about testing deficiencies at the SPPDCL,
information “that a credible scientific lab had tested the substance [in her pipe], and it
tested positive as a controlled substance” was an improper pressure that induced her to
plead guilty. But no evidence suggests that the state made any representations to
appellant about the scientific credibility of the SPPDCL, and providing test results to
appellant was neither improper pressure nor coercive.
iii. Intelligent
The requirement that a plea be intelligent “ensures that a defendant understands
the charges against him, the rights he is waiving, and the consequences of his plea.” Id.
Appellant argues that her plea was not intelligent because she was not aware of the
SPPDCL’s deficiencies when she pleaded and did not know how, or understand her right,
to challenge the test result. But during the plea hearing, appellant affirmed that she
(1) reviewed the plea petition with her attorney, (2) understood and was giving up her
right to a trial where she “would be presumed innocent and the burden would be upon
[the state] to prove [her] guilt beyond a reasonable doubt,” and (3) understood and was
6 giving up her rights to (a) “cross examine [the state’s] witnesses and ask them questions”
and (b) call witnesses to testify on her behalf.
These statements demonstrate that appellant and her attorney had discussed her
right to challenge the state’s case against her and that appellant understood that, by
pleading guilty, she gave up her right to do so. Appellant has not shown that when she
gave up her right to challenge the state’s case, she did not understand that she could use
the discovery procedures available under the rules of criminal procedure to challenge the
SPPDCL test result.
Appellant did not show that withdrawal of her guilty plea is necessary to correct a
manifest injustice, and the district court did not abuse its discretion by denying her
request to withdraw the plea.
B. Newly Discovered Evidence
Appellant argues that because the evidence about the widespread problems at the
SPPDCL meets the test for newly discovered evidence, the district court abused its
discretion when it denied her motion to withdraw her plea. A defendant is entitled to
postconviction relief based on newly discovered evidence if the defendant proves
(1) that the evidence was not known to the defendant or his/her counsel at the time of the trial; (2) that the evidence could not have been discovered through due diligence before trial; (3) that the evidence is not cumulative, impeaching, or doubtful; and (4) that the evidence would probably produce an acquittal or a more favorable result.
7 Rainer v. State, 566 N.W.2d 692, 695 (Minn. 1997); see also Roberts v. State, 856
N.W.2d 287, 290-92 (Minn. App. 2014) (considering a postconviction claim of newly
discovered evidence following a guilty plea), review denied (Minn. Jan. 28, 2015).
The district court determined that the evidence about deficiencies at the SPPDCL
was not known to appellant or her counsel when appellant pleaded guilty and that the
evidence could not have been discovered with due diligence before her guilty plea. But
the district court denied postconviction relief based on newly discovered evidence
because it also determined that the evidence about the SPPDCL “would be impeaching
evidence and go to the weight of the evidence, not its admissibility” and that appellant
had not shown that the evidence “would probably produce an acquittal or a more
favorable result.”
The district court did not abuse its discretion by denying appellant postconviction
relief based on newly discovered evidence about deficiencies at the SPPDCL. There
were two test results that showed that the substance on the pipe found in appellant’s
pocket was methamphetamine; one result from the preliminary DCDTF test and a
separate result from the SPPDCL test. Appellant has not shown that the DCDTF test
result was insufficient to prove that the substance was methamphetamine. Consequently,
even if the evidence about SPPDCL deficiencies was sufficient to make the SPPDCL test
results inadmissible, there is still sufficient evidence to prove that the substance was
methamphetamine, and it is not probable that the evidence about SPPDCL deficiencies
would produce an acquittal or a more favorable result.
8 Also, we disagree with the district court’s determination that the evidence about
deficiencies at the SPPDCL could not have been discovered with due diligence before
appellant’s guilty plea. Under Minn. R. Crim. P. 9.01, subd. 1(4)(a), the prosecutor must,
at the defense’s request, disclose the results of scientific tests. Thus, appellant could have
requested the SPPDCL’s test results, and, if she had any question about the validity of the
results, the prosecutor was required under Minn. R. Crim. P. 9.01, subd. 1(4)(b), to allow
her to subject the tested substance to her own reasonable tests. If appellant had
conducted her own tests and the test results suggested that the SPPDCL test results were
incorrect, inadequate, or invalid, she could have brought a motion under Minn. R. Crim.
P. 9.01, subd. 2(1), asking the district court to require the prosecutor to assist her in
seeking access to specified matters relating to the case, which could have included
laboratory procedures at the SPPDCL. Appellant demanded disclosure of all test results,1
but she has not shown that she used any of these available forms of discovery to
determine the validity of the SPPDCL test results.
Appellant argues that the problems at the SPPDCL could not have been discovered
through due diligence before her plea hearing because no one had reason to suspect any
problems until after the hearing. But, unless appellant already knew when the pipe was
discovered that the substance on the pipe was methamphetamine, she had reason to
suspect problems when the SPPDCL’s test result showed that the substance was
methamphetamine. At that point, due diligence would include using the discovery
1 In her May 26, 2011 demand for disclosure, appellant demanded all results and reports of physical or mental examinations, scientific tests, experiments and comparisons made in connection with this case.
9 procedures available under the rules of criminal procedure to determine the validity of the
results. Evidence of the deficiencies could have been discovered using these procedures.
See Roberts, 856 N.W.2d at 291 (stating that appellant’s assertion that “the deficiencies
in the [SPPDCL’s] procedures could not have been discovered with due diligence
because no one had reason to suspect problems at the crime lab” was “belied” by the fact
that “the defendant in [a] 2012 Dakota County case discovered the deficiencies”).
C. Brady Violation
“[T]he suppression by the State, whether intentional or not, of material evidence
favorable to the defendant violates the constitutional guarantee of due process.” Walen v.
State, 777 N.W.2d 213, 216 (Minn. 2010) (citing Brady, 373 U.S. at 87, 83 S. Ct. at
1196-97); see also State v. Hunt, 615 N.W.2d 294, 299 (Minn. 2000) (explaining that the
state has a duty to disclose even when there has been no request for the evidence by the
defendant and that the remedy for a Brady violation is a new trial). A Brady violation
exists if “(1) the evidence at issue is favorable to the accused, either because it is
exculpatory or it is impeaching; (2) the evidence was willfully or inadvertently
suppressed by the State; and (3) prejudice to the accused resulted.” State v. Brown, 815
N.W.2d 609, 622 (Minn. 2012). The state’s suppression of evidence results in prejudice
to the accused if the evidence is “material” in that “there is a reasonable probability that,
had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding would have
been different.” Walen, 777 N.W.2d at 216 (quotation omitted) (explaining that “[a]
reasonable probability is one that is sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome”
(quotations omitted)).
10 The district court determined that appellant did not demonstrate that a Brady
violation occurred because “nothing in the record suggests that the evidence [of
deficiencies at the SPPDCL] was suppressed in any manner by the prosecutor. Indeed,
everything in the record suggests that the evidence was unknown to the prosecutor at the
time of [appellant’s] plea.”
There is sufficient evidence to support the district court’s findings that the
evidence was unknown to the prosecutor and the prosecutor did not suppress the
evidence. Appellant entered her guilty plea on February 22, 2012, and she was sentenced
on April 18, 2012. As appellant asserted in the memorandum of law in support of her
petition for postconviction relief, “[a] few months after the court sentenced [appellant] in
this case, significant new evidence of massive problems at the [SPPDCL] came to light.”
Appellant also asserted in the memorandum, “[t]he [SPPDCL] came under scrutiny in
2012 and was the subject of a prong two Frye-Mack hearing in Dakota County that began
on July 16, 2012. Following three days of testimony in July 2012, the Dakota County
Attorney’s Office abandoned the [SPPDCL] testing results.” When appellant entered her
guilty plea, the prosecutor could not have known about evidence that did not come to
light until after appellant was sentenced.
Appellant argues that, because prosecutors and police officers could have learned
about the SPPDCL’s deficiencies before her plea hearing, suppressing evidence about the
deficiencies was a Brady violation. But, although it appears that the practices in the
SPPDCL that were found to be deficient existed before appellant pleaded guilty,
appellant cites no evidence that the prosecutors or police knew before July 2012 that the
11 practices were deficient. Appellant cites no authority that extends the duty to disclose
evidence under Brady to include a duty to conduct investigations that may produce
evidence that is favorable to the accused.
D. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
An appellate court reviews the denial of postconviction relief based on a claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel de novo because such a claim involves a mixed question
of law and fact. Hawes v. State, 826 N.W.2d 775, 782 (Minn. 2013). To prevail on a
claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must show “(1) that his counsel’s
representation ‘fell below an objective standard of reasonableness’; and (2) ‘there is a
reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the
proceeding would have been different.’” Nissalke v. State, 861 N.W.2d 88, 94 (Minn.
2015) (quoting Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 688, 694, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2064,
2068 (1984)). “The objective standard of reasonableness is defined as representation by
an attorney exercising the customary skills and diligence that a reasonably competent
attorney would perform under similar circumstances.” State v. Vang, 847 N.W.2d 248,
266 (Minn. 2014) (quotations omitted) (noting that “counsel’s performance is presumed
to be reasonable”).
Appellant argues that her attorney provided ineffective assistance by failing to
demand and review the SPPDCL file for her case. Appellant has not shown that a
reasonably competent defense attorney exercising customary skills and diligence in a
controlled-substance case would have demanded the SPPDCL file before the discovery of
the SPPDCL’s deficiencies. See id. at 267 (stating that the reasonableness of counsel’s
12 conduct is judged in view of the facts at the time of the conduct). Appellant has not cited
any evidence that would have given her attorney a reason to believe that the substance on
her pipe was not methamphetamine and, therefore, to question the validity of the
SPPDCL test results.
Even if appellant’s attorney provided representation that fell below an objective
standard of reasonableness by failing to demand the SPPDCL file, it is not reasonably
probable that the result of the proceeding would have been different absent the attorney’s
error. Two tests detected the presence of methamphetamine on the pipe. Even if
deficiencies at the SPPDCL were serious enough to make the SPPDCL test results
inadmissible, there was still evidence that the substance was methamphetamine. As long
as there was evidence that the substance was methamphetamine, it is not reasonably
probable that appellant’s attorney would not have pursued a plea agreement. Appellant
was not entitled to postconviction relief because of ineffective assistance of counsel.
II.
Appellant argues that she should be granted an evidentiary hearing to allow her to
present evidence in support of her postconviction claims. A district court must hold a
hearing on a postconviction petition “[u]nless the petition and the files and records of the
proceeding conclusively show that the petitioner is entitled to no relief.” Minn. Stat.
§ 590.04, subd. 1 (2014). “An evidentiary hearing is not required unless there are
material facts in dispute that must be resolved to determine the postconviction claim on
its merits.” Powers, 695 N.W.2d at 374. A denial of an evidentiary hearing is reviewed
for an abuse of discretion. Riley, 819 N.W.2d at 167. Based on the preceding analysis of
13 the issues that appellant raised in her petition, we conclude that there are no material facts
in dispute to be resolved during an evidentiary hearing and the record conclusively shows
that appellant is not entitled to postconviction relief. Nothing in the record suggests that
either appellant or her counsel had any reason to believe that the charred substance was
not methamphetamine or that the prosecutor had any reason to believe before appellant
pleaded guilty and was sentenced that there were deficiencies at the SPPDCL. The
district court did not abuse its discretion by denying appellant’s request for an evidentiary
hearing.
Affirmed.