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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 19-11098 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 4:16-cv-00529-RH-MJF
CRYSTAL LEANNE KOCSIS,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY BOARD OF TRUSTEES, Florida Public Entity,
Defendant-Appellee,
JENNIFER BROOMFIELD, FSU Title IX Director, et al., Defendant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida ________________________
(October 4, 2019) Case: 19-11098 Date Filed: 10/04/2019 Page: 2 of 16
Before TJOFLAT, WILLIAM PRYOR, and GRANT, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Krystal Kocsis, proceeding pro se, appeals the District Court’s grant of
summary judgment in favor of the Florida State University Board of Trustees
(“University”) on her complaint alleging claims of sexual harassment and
retaliation for engaging in statutorily protected activity in violation of Title IX of
the Education Amendments of 1972 (“Title IX”), 20 U.S.C. § 1681. As to her
sexual harassment claim, she argues that the District Court erred in finding that
there was no evidence showing that an appropriate person at the University had
actual knowledge of the harassment and failed to act and that the University was
not deliberately indifferent. As to her retaliation claim, she argues that the District
Court erred in finding that there was no evidence showing a causal connection
between her participation in an investigation of her claim of sexual harassment and
materially adverse employment action. She also raises on appeal, for the first time,
a disparate treatment claim and an argument under the so-called “cat’s paw” theory
of liability. We find no error in the District Court’s grant of summary judgment,
and accordingly affirm.
I.
Kocsis pursued her Ph.D. at the Florida State University College of
Criminology and Criminal Justice from 2013 to 2016. In fall 2013, Kocsis took a
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class taught by Dr. Marc Gertz. Kocsis alleges that Dr. Gertz made offensive
statements to women and minority students in class. Kocsis recorded the lectures
and saved the recordings. In her complaint, Kocsis lists examples of Dr. Gertz’s
statements: “[W]hether she is pretty or not, that could be an argument,” “You can’t
expect to get by on your looks forever,” “[A double-barreled question is] like
saying Ellie . . . is not only short, Ellie is short and ugly,” “You’re black; you voted
for Obama,” “Oh Javier, you’re Hispanic, you must go to church somewhere.”
In November 2013, Kocsis approached Dr. Carter Hay about Dr. Gertz’s
remarks. Dr. Hay told Kocsis to bring the matter to Dean Thomas Blomberg, the
Dean of the College of Criminology and Criminal Justice. Dr. Hay then emailed
Dean Blomberg to notify him that Kocsis confronted him about “things that Marc
Gertz says and does in his . . . course that she finds offensive and inappropriate.” 1
Kocsis never went to Dean Blomberg.
After talking to Dr. Hay, Kocsis claims her grades began to drop. She was
also denied a teaching assistantship, which she was considered for by a committee
1 Dr. Hay’s email also included the following: I did not ask for details on this; in fact, I explicitly interjected to let [Kocsis] know that I don’t oversee or supervise faculty and that I can’t be the arbiter for this. I gave her . . . advice: If she feels that this requires action or consideration of some kind, she should pursue this with you. She had suggested the possibility of contracting someone in the student affairs, but I indicated that the normal protocol is to initiate this with our Dean. . . . 3 Case: 19-11098 Date Filed: 10/04/2019 Page: 4 of 16
of professors upon admission and in the spring semester every year. An
assistantship comes with a stipend and tuition waiver.
In June 2015, Kocsis filed an official complaint about Dr. Gertz’s classroom
statements with the University’s Office of Equal Opportunity and Compliance
(“EOC”). The EOC investigated, which entailed interviewing students and faculty,
reviewing Kocsis’s audio recordings, and reviewing emails. The EOC concluded
that “some of the alleged events occurred, [but] were not enough to rise to the level
of a policy violation.”
In November 2015, Kocsis initiated an informal grade appeal for a grade she
received in Dr. Daniel Mears’s class. In February 2016, the University declined
her appeal. In May 2016, Kocsis left the University.
Kocsis seeks compensatory damages for the denied tuition waivers, denied
assistantship, lost wages, and moving costs. She also seeks an injunction requiring
the University to increase her grades and to suspend Dr. Gertz while it conducts a
more thorough investigation into his conduct.
The District Court granted the University’s motion for summary judgment.
Kocsis submitted the EOC report, which included interview notes and email
correspondence; a 2005 report from the University’s Audit Office summarizing
prior allegations of sexual harassment; a packet with information from her grade
appeal; the report of an independent investigation into the University’s College of
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Criminology; information on students in her program; and questionnaires by three
former professors. The University submitted Kocsis’s transcript, the University’s
graduate handbook, the EOC’s investigative summary, and Kocsis’s deposition.
The District Court ruled that there was no evidence showing that an appropriate
person had actual knowledge of Dr. Gertz’s classroom statements in 2013 and that
the University was not deliberately indifferent in failing to address them. Also, the
District Court ruled that there was no evidence showing a causal connection
between participation in an investigation and materially adverse action.
II.
We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, viewing all
evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Owen v. I.C. Sys.,
Inc., 629 F.3d 1263, 1270 (11th Cir. 2011). Summary judgment is appropriate “if
the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the
movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).
III.
A.
Title IX guarantees that “[n]o person . . . shall, on the basis of sex, be
excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to
discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial
assistance.” 20 U.S.C. § 1681(a). Discrimination under Title IX encompasses
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teacher-on-student sexual harassment. See Sauls v. Pierce Cty. Sch. Dist., 399 F.3d
1279, 1283 (11th Cir. 2005). To survive a motion for summary judgment, a
plaintiff seeking damages and alleging teacher-on-student sexual harassment must
submit evidence showing “(1) [an official] with the authority to take corrective
measures had actual notice of the harassment; and (2) the official with such notice
was deliberately indifferent to the misconduct.” Id. at 1284. Actual notice of
sexual harassment is required; liability may not be based on constructive notice or
respondeat superior theories. Gebser v. Lago Vista Indep. Sch. Dist., 524 U.S.
274, 285, 118 S. Ct. 1989, 1997 (1998). For Title IX liability to arise, a school
official who possess, at a minimum, the authority to institute corrective measure on
behalf of the school must have actual knowledge. Id. at 290, 118 S. Ct. at 1999.
Deliberate indifference occurs when the official’s “response to the
harassment or lack thereof is clearly unreasonable in light of the known
circumstances.” Davis ex rel. LaShonda D. v. Monroe Cty. Bd. of Educ., 526 U.S.
629, 648, 119 S. Ct. 1661, 1674 (1999). “[T]he deliberate indifference must, at a
minimum, ‘cause [students] to undergo’ harassment or ‘make them liable or
vulnerable’ to it.” Id. at 645, 119 S. Ct. at 1672 (quoting RANDOM HOUSE
DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE 1415 (1st ed. 1966)). In essence, a school
must “official[ly] deci[de] . . . not to remedy the violation” for its response to rise
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to the level of deliberate indifference. Doe v. Sch. Bd. of Broward Cty., 604 F.3d
1248, 1259 (11th Cir. 2010).
Here, the District Court did not err in granting summary judgment on
Kocsis’s sexual harassment claim because there is no evidence that the University
(1) received actual notice of the claim prior to 2015 or (2) was deliberately
indifferent to the claim after receiving actual notice.
We first discuss actual notice. As an initial matter, Kocsis argues that
constructive knowledge, instead of actual knowledge, should be the standard for
sexual harassment claims involving non-monetary relief. In Gebser, the Supreme
Court interpreted Title IX and decided that “it would ‘frustrate the purposes’ of
Title IX to permit a damages recovery against a school district for a teacher’s
sexual harassment of a student based on principles of respondeat superior or
constructive notice, i.e., without actual notice to a school district official.” 524
U.S. at 285, 118 S. Ct. at 1989. Kocsis asserts that Gebser applies only to cases
involving monetary damages. She says Gebser does not apply here because she
brings claims for both monetary and injunctive relief. We need not and do not
decide today whether Kocsis’s reading of Gebser is correct.2 Our answer to that
2 It is not clear whether the actual-notice standard established in Gebser and Davis apply to claims for non-monetary relief. Some non-binding authority supports Kocsis’s contention that it does not apply. For instance, this Court has noted in passing that “subsequent to . . . Gebser and Davis, the Office of Civil Right of the U.S. Department of Education (“OCR”), the agency responsible for regulatory enforcement of Title IX has provided guidance for schools in recognizing and responding to sexual harassment of students. While recognizing the 7 Case: 19-11098 Date Filed: 10/04/2019 Page: 8 of 16
question would not affect the outcome of this case because the only cognizable
claims before us are claims for monetary relief. 3
requirement of actual notice for private actions seeking money damages, OCR continues to assert that . . . for private actions for injunctive and other equitable relief, a school has notice if a responsible employee knew, or in the exercise of care should have known of the harassment.” Hawkins v. Sarasota Cty. Sch. Bd., 322 F.3d 1279, 1287 n.9 (11th Cir. 2003) (emphasis added) (citation omitted) (citing Revised Sexual Harassment Guidance: Harassment of Students by School Employees, Other Students, or Third Parties, 66 Fed. Reg. 5,512 (Jan. 19, 2001)). Drawing on Hawkins, a Florida District Court observed: “It may be that claims for injunctive relief are not governed by the standards set out in Gebser and Davis, both of which cases involved monetary liability and a legal rationale which seems largely dependent on the negative impact of monetary damages awards upon educational institutions.” Palmer ex rel. Palmer v. Santa Rosa County, No. 3:05-CV-218/MCR, at 5 n.10 (N.D. Fla. Dec. 8, 2005) (stating that the parties did not fully argue whether actual knowledge is the appropriate standard when non- monetary relief is at stake and that further briefing may be useful on the issue); see also Sandoval v. Hagan, 197 F.3d 484, 499 n.14 (11th Cir. 1999) (discussing Gebser and explaining that “the Supreme Court has distinguished between injunctive and compensatory relief in terms of the applicable notice standard” and that “compensatory relief requires actual notice” while “injunctive relief based on an implied cause of action only requires ‘adequate’ notice” (citation omitted)), rev’d on other grounds, Alexander v. Sandoval, 532 U.S. 275, 121 S. Ct. 1511 (2001). 3 In her complaint, Kocsis predominantly asks for compensatory damages, but she also asks for non-monetary relief in two ways. She asks that the Court (1) require the University to retroactively increase her grades, and (2) grant an injunction against the University requiring that it suspend Dr. Gertz until the University conducts a more thorough investigation into his alleged harassment. Only the latter relates to her sexual harassment claim—the former relates to her retaliation claim discussed in subpart III.B, infra. Therefore, Kocsis can only argue for constructive notice, as opposed to actual notice, in relation to her claim for an injunction requiring the University to suspend Dr. Gertz and conduct another investigation. Kocsis does not have standing for the injunction she seeks. “[A] plaintiff must demonstrate standing separately for each form of relief sought.” Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl. Servs., Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 185, 120 S. Ct. 693, 706 (2000). To establish standing for injunctive relief “a plaintiff must show that he is under threat of suffering ‘injury in fact’ that is concrete and particularized; the threat must be actual and imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical; it must be fairly traceable to the challenged action of the defendant; and it must be likely that a favorable judicial decision will prevent or redress the injury.” Summers v. Earth Island Inst., 555 U.S. 488, 493, 129 S. Ct. 1142, 1149 (2009). Here, the undisputed facts show that Kocsis is not actually and imminently under threat of suffering injury. She is no longer at the University and has not indicated any intent to return. Indeed, by her own admission, the requested injunction has nothing to do with Kocsis. Kocsis states in her complaint: “The . . . injunction is intended to prevent Dr. Gertz from further subjecting any more students to harassment resulting in a hostile learning environment.” (emphasis added). But we do not grant injunctions with the sole purpose of protecting third parties—parties not involved in the litigation in any way—from possibly suffering injuries similar to the plaintiff’s alleged injuries. See City 8 Case: 19-11098 Date Filed: 10/04/2019 Page: 9 of 16
The undisputed evidence shows that no individual with authority to take
corrective action received actual notice until 2015. Kocsis alleges that she notified
Dr. Hay, the director of graduate programs, in 2013, but she offers no evidence to
show that Dr. Hay had authority to institute corrective measures on behalf of the
University. What’s more, she does not dispute that Dr. Hay lacked authority to
take corrective action. Dr. Hay told Kocsis that if she wanted any action taken, she
needed to report her complaints to Dean Blomberg, who supervised the faculty and
could take corrective action if appropriate. Kocsis never brought the matter to
Dean Blomberg’s attention.
Dr. Hay’s email to Dean Blomberg, where he described his conversation
with Kocsis, did not give the University actual notice. Dr. Hay stated in the email
that Kocsis was agitated and that she thought Dr. Gertz did some offensive and
inappropriate things in class. Dr. Hay also stated that he did not know the
specifics. The email does not contain enough detail to notify the University of the
nature of Dr. Gertz’s comments or the possible need to act.
of Los Angeles v. Lyons, 461 U.S. 95, 105, 103 S. Ct. 1660, 1667 (1983) (“Lyons’ standing to seek the injunction requested depended on whether he was likely to suffer future injury from the [defendant].”) (emphasis added). So this injunction misses the mark on standing. Kocsis is before this court—not other students—so it is Kocsis’s vulnerability to future injury we focus on—not other students’. Kocsis asks for an injunction solely for the benefit of other students— we do not have such broad-sweeping power. 9 Case: 19-11098 Date Filed: 10/04/2019 Page: 10 of 16
The University received actual notice of Kocsis’s sexual harassment claim in
2015, when she formally filed a complaint with the EOC. The University had no
duty to act until it received actual notice.
As for deliberate indifference, Kocsis submitted no evidence that the
University was deliberately indifferent to her claims after 2015 when its duty to
respond arose. The undisputed evidence shows the following: Kocsis filed her
complaint with the EOC in 2015; the EOC then promptly launched a months-long
investigation, which involved interviewing student and faculty, reviewing audio
recordings from Dr. Gertz’s classes, and reviewing email evidence; and the EOC
concluded that none of Dr. Gertz’s comments rose to the level of sexual
harassment.
Based on the foregoing discussion, the District Court correctly granted
summary judgment in favor of the University on the sexual harassment claim.
B.
1.
Retaliation claims under Title IX are analyzed under the framework for
claims under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (“Title VII”).4 Under Title
4 This Court has not issued a published decision establishing the standard for a retaliation claim under Title IX. However, in an unpublished decision, this Court stated that it will analyze Title IX retaliation claims under Title VII’s framework. Bowers v. Bd. of Regents of Univ. Sys. of Ga., 509 F. App’x 906, 911 (11th Cir. 2013) (per curiam) (unpublished opinion). 10 Case: 19-11098 Date Filed: 10/04/2019 Page: 11 of 16
VII, “the plaintiff must show (1) that she engaged in statutorily protected
expression; (2) that she suffered an adverse . . . action; and (3) that there is some
causal relation between the two events.” Thomas v. Cooper Lighting, Inc., 506
F.3d 1361, 1363 (11th Cir. 2007) (per curiam).
An individual engages in protected expression when she opposes practices
made unlawful by the relevant statute (the opposition clause) or participates in any
manner in an investigation under the relevant statute (the participation clause).
Clover v. Total Sys. Servs., Inc., 176 F.3d 1346, 1350 (11th Cir. 1999). Opposition
must be based upon a good faith belief that is objectively reasonable under existing
substantive law. Id. at 1351. Under Title VII, we examine “the frequency of the
discriminatory conduct; its severity; whether it is physically threatening or
humiliating, or a mere offensive utterance; and whether it unreasonably interferes
with [an individual’s] performance.” Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 23,
114 S. Ct. 367, 371 (1993). “[S]poradic use of abusive language, gender-related
jokes, and occasional teasing” will not constitute a Title VII violation. Faragher v.
City of Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 788, 118 S. Ct. 2275, 2284 (1998).
Title VII protects individuals from retaliation that produces an injury or
harm. Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 68, 126 S. Ct.
2405, 2415 (2006). The retaliatory action must be materially adverse, meaning
that it would have “dissuaded a reasonable [individual] from making or supporting
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a charge of discrimination.” Id. (quoting Rochon v. Gonzales, 438 F.3d 1211, 1219
(D.C. Cir. 2006)).
A causal link between protected expression and the materially adverse action
arises where the defendant was aware of the protected expression and took
materially adverse action as a result. Shannon v. BellSouth Telecomm., Inc., 292
F.3d 712, 716 (11th Cir. 2002). Causation must be established according to
traditional principles of but-for causation, which requires “proof that the desire to
retaliate was the but-for cause of the challenged . . . action.” Univ. of Tex. Sw.
Med. Ctr. v. Nassar, 570 U.S. 338, 352, 133 S. Ct. 2517, 2528 (2013).
Once a plaintiff establishes a prima facie case of retaliation, the burden
shifts to the defendant to rebut the presumption by articulating a legitimate, non-
discriminatory reason for the adverse action. Bryant v. Jones, 575 F.3d 1281, 1308
(11th Cir. 2009). If the defendant carries this burden, the plaintiff must
demonstrate that the defendant’s proffered reason was merely a pretext to mask
discriminatory actions. Id. A plaintiff must show pretext with “concrete evidence
in the form of specific facts.” Id. Mere “conclusory allegations and assertions”
will not suffice. Id. An employer’s pretextual reasons may be shown “by
revealing ‘such weaknesses, implausibilities, inconsistencies, incoherencies or
contradictions in [its] proffered legitimate reasons for its actions that a reasonable
factfinder could find them unworthy of credence.’” Springer v. Convergys
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Customer Mgmt. Grp., 509 F.3d 1344, 1348 (11th Cir. 2007) (per curiam) (quoting
Cooper v. S. Co., 390 F.3d 695, 725 (11th Cir. 2004), overruled on other grounds
by Ash v. Tyson Foods, Inc., 546 U.S. 454, 457–58, 126 S. Ct. 1195, 1197 (2006)).
The District Court did not err in granting summary judgment on Kocsis’s
retaliation claim because she failed to present evidence showing that any adverse
actions taken against her were caused by her protected expression. Furthermore,
Kocsis failed to present evidence refuting the University’s legitimate, non-
retaliatory reasons for its actions. Accordingly, we affirm the District Court’s
grant of summary judgment on Kocsis’s retaliation claim.
Kocsis did not submit evidence of a connection between her protected
expression and adverse action. Kocsis’s protected expression did not occur until
2015, when she filed her EOC complaint and participated in the investigation into
Dr. Gertz’s alleged sexual harassment. Kocsis first voiced her opposition to Dr.
Gertz’s comments in 2013 when she complained to Dr. Hay. While Kocsis may
have subjectively believed that Dr. Gertz’s comments were unlawful at the time,
her opposition did not rise to the level of protected expression because her belief
was not objectively reasonable. See Clover, 176 F.3d at 1351. Under this Court’s
substantive law, comments and language must go far beyond offensiveness to rise
to the level of objective illegality; they must be frequent, severe, physically
threatening, humiliating, or offensive to such a degree that it interferes with the
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complainant’s performance. See Faragher, 524 U.S. at 787–88, 118 S. Ct. at
2283–84. Here, Kocsis did not present evidence showing that Dr. Gertz’s
comments rose to that level. Contrarily, the EOC investigative report shows that
the two students specifically targeted by Dr. Gertz’s comments—Ellie and Javier—
were unbothered. When asked about the comments directed at her, Ellie said “it
was kind of funny . . . it wasn’t a big deal . . . I really didn’t take any offense to it.”
And Javier doesn’t remember Dr. Gertz making the comment Kocsis alleges, but
he says “[i]f he did [say that], I would have just laughed it off.” Therefore, the
undisputed evidence shows that the targeted individuals were not offended, and
there is no evidence that comments interfered with anyone’s classroom
performance.
Because Kocsis’s protected expression began in 2015, only actions taken
after the complaint’s filing could be retaliatory actions. See Nassar, 570 U.S. at
352, 133 S. Ct. at 2528.
In her complaint, Kocsis asserts that the University took the following
adverse actions: (1) forced her to leave the University because of its unwillingness
to resolve the issues of harassment, (2) reduced her grades, (3) denied her a tuition
waiver, (4) denied her a fair grade appeal process, (5) and denied her an
assistantship position. Kocsis failed to present evidence that these actions were
retaliatory.
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Kocsis’s claim that the University forced her to leave is contradicted by her
own deposition. Kocsis states that she left the University for health and financial
reasons and that the University did not ask her to leave. Kocsis’s claim that the
University retaliatorily reduced her grades, and consequently denied her a tuition
waiver, is contradicted by the timeline—Kocsis’s grades dropped in 2013 and
2014, not after her protected expression. Kocsis’s claim that the grade appeal
process is retaliatory is unsupported by evidence. Based on the undisputed
description of the grade appeals process in Kocsis’s complaint, the process applies
equally to all students. Moreover, Kocsis offered no evidence that she was denied
an appeal based on her protected expression. Kocsis’s claim that she was denied
an assistantship position is also inconsistent with the timeline—she was denied
assistantship positions three times before she made her protected expression—upon
admission, and after both her first and second year in the program. The University
also offered a non-retaliatory reason for denying Kocsis an assistantship position:
the students who received the positions were more qualified. At that point, the
burden shifted to Kocsis to produce evidence showing that the proffered non-
retaliatory reasons were mere pretext. See Bryant, 575 F.3d at 1308. She offered
no such evidence.
2.
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In her appeal, Kocsis alleges a disparate impact claim and “cat’s paw”
theory of liability. Issues raised for the first time on appeal are waived. Blue
Martini Kendall, LLC v. Miami Dade Cty., 816 F.3d 1343, 1349 (11th Cir. 2016).
Similarly, arguments not presented in a party’s initial brief or raised for the first
time in a reply brief are waived. United States v. Dicter, 198 F.3d 1284, 1289
(11th Cir. 1999).
Here, Kocsis has waived any argument on disparate treatment because she
failed to raise it before the District Court. She used the term “disparate treatment”
once in her complaint while describing her retaliation claim, but she never asserted
a claim of disparate treatment. The District Court did not recognize a disparate
treatment claim, and Kocsis did not object that such a claim had been overlooked.
Similarly, Kocsis has waived her argument asserting the cat’s paw theory of
liability because she raised it for the first time in her reply brief on this appeal.
AFFIRMED.