Cruz v. House of Representatives of the United Statesa

301 F. Supp. 3d 75
CourtCourt of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit
DecidedMarch 20, 2018
DocketCivil Action No. 17–cv–0307 (KBJ)
StatusPublished
Cited by14 cases

This text of 301 F. Supp. 3d 75 (Cruz v. House of Representatives of the United Statesa) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Cruz v. House of Representatives of the United Statesa, 301 F. Supp. 3d 75 (D.C. Cir. 2018).

Opinion

KETANJI BROWN JACKSON, United States District Judge

Pro se Plaintiff Alex Cruz is a federal prisoner who is asking this Court to declare that the federal criminal code is "null and void" pursuant to the Declaratory Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2201. (Compl., ECF No. 1, at 19 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).)1 Cruz's argument is predicated on the contention that Congress did not enact H.R. 3190 properly; that legislation, which became "Public Law 80-772[,]" codified existing federal criminal laws into Title 18 of the United States Code. (Id. at 2.) Like the many other federal courts across the country that have considered similar "mythical stor[ies] concerning the irregular adoption of Public Law Number 80-772[,]" this Court finds that Cruz's claims are "utterly baseless" and thus patently insubstantial. Goodman v. Levi , No. 07-cv-4838, 2007 WL 4241894, at *2 (E.D. Pa. Nov. 29, 2007) (noting the spate of prisoner lawsuits alleging that Title 18 was not properly enacted and holding "that this [argument] ... is utterly baseless"). As such, this Court must DISMISS the complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, as explained below.

ANALYSIS

Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction, possessing "only that power authorized by Constitution and statute[.]" Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am. , 511 U.S. 375, 377, 114 S.Ct. 1673, 128 L.Ed.2d 391 (1994). "It is to be presumed that a cause lies outside this limited jurisdiction, and the burden of establishing the contrary rests upon the [plaintiff]." Id. (citations omitted). It is also clear that a federal judge may act sua sponte to dismiss claims pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1) for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, see Hurt v. U.S. Ct. of Appeals for the D.C. Cir. , 264 Fed.Appx. 1, 1 (D.C. Cir. 2008), and this authority extends to claims so "patently insubstantial" that they are "essentially fictitious" and "absolutely devoid of merit," such that no federal question suitable for decision can be discerned. Best v. Kelly , 39 F.3d 328, 330-31 (D.C. Cir. 1994) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

In his complaint,2 Cruz posits that Public Law Number 80-772 was not properly enacted because it was (1) passed by the Senate but not by the House, (2) "never certified as enrolled," and (3) "surreptitiously signed by the Speaker of the House and President pro tempore of the Senate under purported authority of a concurrent resolution agreed to by a Congress denounced *77by President Truman ... without Quorums of the respective Houses sitting." (Compl. at 2.) Thus, Cruz contends that Public Law Number 80-772 is "constitutionally void." (Id. at 15.)

It appears that this assertion "is one of the jailhouse lawyers' arguments du jour [,]" United States v. Schultz , No. 03-cr-08-02, 2007 WL 2872387, at *2 (D. Minn. Sept. 26, 2007), and federal courts across the country have uniformly rejected this theory as "frivolous[,]" United States v. Potts , 251 Fed.Appx. 109, 111 (3d Cir. 2007), or, at most, "factually incorrect[,]" United States v. Campbell , 221 Fed.Appx. 459, 461 (7th Cir. 2007) ; see also, e.g., United States v. White Bull , No. 09-cr-37, 2015 WL 13515952, at *5 (D.N.D. July 29, 2015) ("[I]t is clear that Title 18 of the United States Code and 18 U.S.C. § 3231 were constitutionally passed." (citations omitted) ); Perkins v. United States , No. 13-023C, 2013 WL 3958350, at *4 (Fed. Cl. July 31, 2013) (concluding that "the argument that the fact that less than a quorum of the House participated in a vote on an amendment to a bill means that less than a quorum was present when the bill was approved ... is, in a word, frivolous"); Cardenas-Celestino v. United States , 552 F.Supp.2d 962, 968 (W.D. Mo. 2008) (holding that a habeas petitioner's claims that Public Law 80-772 is invalid are "a frivolous and total contrivance"). To be sure, the D.C. Circuit has not yet opined on the oft-made assertion "that Public Law 80-772 was not enacted in a constitutional manner[,]" but this Court finds no reason to depart from the well-settled and broadly adopted conclusion that such claims "are without a shred of validity[.]" United States v. Felipe , No. 07-cv-061, 2007 WL 2207804, at *1-2 (E.D. Pa. July 30, 2007).

As a result, it is clear to this Court that Cruz has failed to meet his burden of establishing that he has substantial (i.e., non-frivolous) claims, such that this Court has subject matter jurisdiction over his complaint, even under the "less stringent standards" to which federal courts hold pro se litigants. Haines v. Kerner , 404 U.S. 519, 520, 92 S.Ct. 594, 30 L.Ed.2d 652 (1972). Under D.C. Circuit precedent, such patently insubstantial claims are subject to dismissal sua sponte.

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301 F. Supp. 3d 75, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/cruz-v-house-of-representatives-of-the-united-statesa-cadc-2018.