[Cite as Crenshaw v. Michael J.'s Auto Sales, 2021-Ohio-1468.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
LETICIA CRENSHAW, : APPEAL NO. C-200154 TRIAL NO. 19CV00688 Plaintiff-Appellee, :
vs. : O P I N I O N. MICHAEL J.’S AUTO SALES, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
Civil Appeal From: Hamilton County Municipal Court
Judgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed in Part, Reversed in Part, and Cause Remanded
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: April 28, 2021
Bradley R. Hoyt, for Defendant-Appellant,
Russell & Ireland Law Group, LLC, and Adam M. Russell, for Plaintiff-Appellee. OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
WINKLER, Judge.
{¶1} Defendant-appellant Michael J.’s Auto Sales (“Michael J.’s”) appeals
the judgment of the trial court entered in favor of plaintiff-appellee Leticia
Crenshaw. The trial court held that Michael J.’s breached its agreement to repair
Crenshaw’s vehicle, and that Michael J’s violated the Ohio Consumer Sales Practices
Act (“OCSPA”). For the reasons that follow, we affirm in part as to the trial court’s
judgment holding that Michael J.’s breached its agreement to repair, but we reverse
as to the OCSPA violations.
Background
{¶2} Crenshaw purchased a used 2005 Nissan Murano from Michael J.’s in
late July 2018. The bill of sale contained an “as-is” clause, disclaiming any implied
warranties. Contemporaneously with Crenshaw’s purchase, Michael J.’s and
Crenshaw also entered into a separate agreement entitled the “we owe” agreement.
The “we owe” agreement is a preprinted form prepared by Michael J.’s for work to be
completed by its service department. In the “we owe” agreement, Michael J.’s agreed
to perform repair work on the Nissan’s exhaust, air conditioning, brake pads, hood
latch release, and glove box.
{¶3} Crenshaw left the Nissan with Michael J.’s for repair, and she picked
up the car a few days later. On her way home from Michael J.’s, however,
Crenshaw’s vehicle started making a terrible noise, and she had to pull over on the
side of the highway. Believing the vehicle had not been repaired as promised,
Crenshaw had the vehicle towed back to Michael J.’s. Crenshaw then returned a
couple of days later to pick up the vehicle. Crenshaw quickly determined that the
repairs still had not been made because the vehicle still made a strange noise and
2 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
had squeaky brakes. Once again, Crenshaw had the vehicle towed back to Michael
J’s.
{¶4} According to Crenshaw, she tried to call Michael J.’s, and she
eventually spoke with employee Farrah Bragg. Bragg allegedly cursed at Crenshaw,
and stated that Michael J.’s would not make any repairs. Crenshaw picked up the
Nissan from Michael J.’s with the assistance of law enforcement, and she took it to a
different mechanic, who made the repairs.
{¶5} Crenshaw filed a complaint in the small-claims division of the
Hamilton County Municipal Court. Crenshaw alleged that Michael J.’s had failed to
make the required repairs, and that Michael J.’s had listed an incorrect purchase
price on the title. Crenshaw requested $5,500 in damages.
{¶6} The matter proceeded to trial in front of a magistrate. Crenshaw
testified, as well as an employee of the Ohio Better Business Bureau, Charles Beavers.
Beavers testified that he had received a call from Crenshaw in September 2018, and
that he investigated Crenshaw’s complaint. Beavers visited Michael J.’s and found
no indication that the work had been completed on Crenshaw’s vehicle as promised
in the “we owe” agreement.
{¶7} Bragg testified for Michael J.’s that Michael J.’s had completed the
repair work in the “we owe” agreement. Bragg introduced a copy of the “we owe”
paperwork, which purported to show the repairs had been done. Bragg admitted
that her copy of the “we owe” agreement had been made in preparation for trial.
{¶8} The magistrate found that Michael J.’s had breached the “we owe”
agreement, and recommended awarding damages to Crenshaw. Michael J.’s filed
objections with the trial court.
3 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶9} The trial court agreed with the magistrate’s decision finding that
Michael J.’s had failed to complete the repairs under the “we owe” agreement. The
trial court further determined that Michael J.’s had violated the OCSPA, and
therefore awarded treble damages.
{¶10} Michael J.’s appeals. In its sole assignment of error, Michael J.’s
argues that the trial court erred in granting judgment in favor of Crenshaw.
The “We Owe” Agreement
{¶11} In its appellate brief, Michael J.’s first takes issue with the trial court’s
finding and award for the failure to perform repairs to Crenshaw’s vehicle.
{¶12} According to Michael J.’s, the trial court erred because Crenshaw
agreed to accept the vehicle “as-is.” As a general matter, a seller of goods impliedly
warrants that a good is merchantable and fit for a particular use. R.C. 1302.29(B).
However, a seller can expressly disclaim implied warranties in writing with the use of
an “as is” clause. R.C. 1302.29(C)(1); Ins. Co. of N. Am. v. Automatic Sprinkler
Corp. of Am., 67 Ohio St.2d 91, 94, 423 N.E.2d 151 (1981).
{¶13} Despite the presence of an “as-is” clause, a seller can also create an
express warranty, which is “[a]ny affirmation of fact or promise made by the seller to
the buyer which relates to the goods and becomes part of the basis of the bargain * *
*.” R.C. 1302.26(A)(1). “Words or conduct relevant to the creation of an express
warranty and words or conduct tending to negate or limit warranty shall be
construed wherever reasonable as consistent with each other * * *.” R.C. 1302.29(A).
{¶14} In a case similar to the one at bar, a buyer purchased a used car from a
Land Rover dealership. The sales contract contained an “as is” clause, disclaiming all
implied warranties. Nevertheless, as a condition of the sale, Land Rover expressly
agreed to fix the air-conditioning unit. The buyer later experienced problems with
4 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
the vehicle and sued Land Rover. Land Rover argued that the buyer’s claims were
precluded by the “as is” clause. The court disagreed, and determined that Land
Rover had expressly warranted to repair the air-conditioning unit, and thus “[a]ny
damage to the vehicle resulting from a faulty repair would not be precluded by the ‘as
is’ exclusion of warranties.” Perkins v. Land Rover of Akron, 7th Dist. Mahoning No.
03 MA 33, 2003-Ohio-6722, ¶ 20.
{¶15} Here, just like in the Land Rover case, even though the bill of sale for
the car contained an “as-is,” no-warranty clause, the dealer expressly agreed to
perform certain repair work to the vehicle. The bill of sale and the “we owe”
agreement for repairs are not inconsistent. In other words, Michael J.’s as-is sale of
the car to Crenshaw does not cancel or negate the “we owe” agreement in which
Michael J.’s expressly promised to perform repairs.
{¶16} Michael J.’s also argues that the trial court erred in determining that it
had not made the repairs to the vehicle, and also erred in allowing Crenshaw to
recover for repairs that Michael J.’s had never agreed to perform. Michael J.’s
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[Cite as Crenshaw v. Michael J.'s Auto Sales, 2021-Ohio-1468.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
LETICIA CRENSHAW, : APPEAL NO. C-200154 TRIAL NO. 19CV00688 Plaintiff-Appellee, :
vs. : O P I N I O N. MICHAEL J.’S AUTO SALES, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
Civil Appeal From: Hamilton County Municipal Court
Judgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed in Part, Reversed in Part, and Cause Remanded
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: April 28, 2021
Bradley R. Hoyt, for Defendant-Appellant,
Russell & Ireland Law Group, LLC, and Adam M. Russell, for Plaintiff-Appellee. OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
WINKLER, Judge.
{¶1} Defendant-appellant Michael J.’s Auto Sales (“Michael J.’s”) appeals
the judgment of the trial court entered in favor of plaintiff-appellee Leticia
Crenshaw. The trial court held that Michael J.’s breached its agreement to repair
Crenshaw’s vehicle, and that Michael J’s violated the Ohio Consumer Sales Practices
Act (“OCSPA”). For the reasons that follow, we affirm in part as to the trial court’s
judgment holding that Michael J.’s breached its agreement to repair, but we reverse
as to the OCSPA violations.
Background
{¶2} Crenshaw purchased a used 2005 Nissan Murano from Michael J.’s in
late July 2018. The bill of sale contained an “as-is” clause, disclaiming any implied
warranties. Contemporaneously with Crenshaw’s purchase, Michael J.’s and
Crenshaw also entered into a separate agreement entitled the “we owe” agreement.
The “we owe” agreement is a preprinted form prepared by Michael J.’s for work to be
completed by its service department. In the “we owe” agreement, Michael J.’s agreed
to perform repair work on the Nissan’s exhaust, air conditioning, brake pads, hood
latch release, and glove box.
{¶3} Crenshaw left the Nissan with Michael J.’s for repair, and she picked
up the car a few days later. On her way home from Michael J.’s, however,
Crenshaw’s vehicle started making a terrible noise, and she had to pull over on the
side of the highway. Believing the vehicle had not been repaired as promised,
Crenshaw had the vehicle towed back to Michael J.’s. Crenshaw then returned a
couple of days later to pick up the vehicle. Crenshaw quickly determined that the
repairs still had not been made because the vehicle still made a strange noise and
2 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
had squeaky brakes. Once again, Crenshaw had the vehicle towed back to Michael
J’s.
{¶4} According to Crenshaw, she tried to call Michael J.’s, and she
eventually spoke with employee Farrah Bragg. Bragg allegedly cursed at Crenshaw,
and stated that Michael J.’s would not make any repairs. Crenshaw picked up the
Nissan from Michael J.’s with the assistance of law enforcement, and she took it to a
different mechanic, who made the repairs.
{¶5} Crenshaw filed a complaint in the small-claims division of the
Hamilton County Municipal Court. Crenshaw alleged that Michael J.’s had failed to
make the required repairs, and that Michael J.’s had listed an incorrect purchase
price on the title. Crenshaw requested $5,500 in damages.
{¶6} The matter proceeded to trial in front of a magistrate. Crenshaw
testified, as well as an employee of the Ohio Better Business Bureau, Charles Beavers.
Beavers testified that he had received a call from Crenshaw in September 2018, and
that he investigated Crenshaw’s complaint. Beavers visited Michael J.’s and found
no indication that the work had been completed on Crenshaw’s vehicle as promised
in the “we owe” agreement.
{¶7} Bragg testified for Michael J.’s that Michael J.’s had completed the
repair work in the “we owe” agreement. Bragg introduced a copy of the “we owe”
paperwork, which purported to show the repairs had been done. Bragg admitted
that her copy of the “we owe” agreement had been made in preparation for trial.
{¶8} The magistrate found that Michael J.’s had breached the “we owe”
agreement, and recommended awarding damages to Crenshaw. Michael J.’s filed
objections with the trial court.
3 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶9} The trial court agreed with the magistrate’s decision finding that
Michael J.’s had failed to complete the repairs under the “we owe” agreement. The
trial court further determined that Michael J.’s had violated the OCSPA, and
therefore awarded treble damages.
{¶10} Michael J.’s appeals. In its sole assignment of error, Michael J.’s
argues that the trial court erred in granting judgment in favor of Crenshaw.
The “We Owe” Agreement
{¶11} In its appellate brief, Michael J.’s first takes issue with the trial court’s
finding and award for the failure to perform repairs to Crenshaw’s vehicle.
{¶12} According to Michael J.’s, the trial court erred because Crenshaw
agreed to accept the vehicle “as-is.” As a general matter, a seller of goods impliedly
warrants that a good is merchantable and fit for a particular use. R.C. 1302.29(B).
However, a seller can expressly disclaim implied warranties in writing with the use of
an “as is” clause. R.C. 1302.29(C)(1); Ins. Co. of N. Am. v. Automatic Sprinkler
Corp. of Am., 67 Ohio St.2d 91, 94, 423 N.E.2d 151 (1981).
{¶13} Despite the presence of an “as-is” clause, a seller can also create an
express warranty, which is “[a]ny affirmation of fact or promise made by the seller to
the buyer which relates to the goods and becomes part of the basis of the bargain * *
*.” R.C. 1302.26(A)(1). “Words or conduct relevant to the creation of an express
warranty and words or conduct tending to negate or limit warranty shall be
construed wherever reasonable as consistent with each other * * *.” R.C. 1302.29(A).
{¶14} In a case similar to the one at bar, a buyer purchased a used car from a
Land Rover dealership. The sales contract contained an “as is” clause, disclaiming all
implied warranties. Nevertheless, as a condition of the sale, Land Rover expressly
agreed to fix the air-conditioning unit. The buyer later experienced problems with
4 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
the vehicle and sued Land Rover. Land Rover argued that the buyer’s claims were
precluded by the “as is” clause. The court disagreed, and determined that Land
Rover had expressly warranted to repair the air-conditioning unit, and thus “[a]ny
damage to the vehicle resulting from a faulty repair would not be precluded by the ‘as
is’ exclusion of warranties.” Perkins v. Land Rover of Akron, 7th Dist. Mahoning No.
03 MA 33, 2003-Ohio-6722, ¶ 20.
{¶15} Here, just like in the Land Rover case, even though the bill of sale for
the car contained an “as-is,” no-warranty clause, the dealer expressly agreed to
perform certain repair work to the vehicle. The bill of sale and the “we owe”
agreement for repairs are not inconsistent. In other words, Michael J.’s as-is sale of
the car to Crenshaw does not cancel or negate the “we owe” agreement in which
Michael J.’s expressly promised to perform repairs.
{¶16} Michael J.’s also argues that the trial court erred in determining that it
had not made the repairs to the vehicle, and also erred in allowing Crenshaw to
recover for repairs that Michael J.’s had never agreed to perform. Michael J.’s
argument is, in essence, a challenge to the weight of the evidence. Under a weight-
of-the-evidence challenge, this court weighs the evidence and all reasonable
inferences, considers the credibility of the witnesses, and determines whether in
resolving conflicts in the evidence, the trial court clearly lost its way and created such
a manifest miscarriage of justice that its judgment must be reversed and a new trial
ordered. See Eastley v. Volkman, 132 Ohio St.3d 328, 2012-Ohio-2179, 972 N.E.2d
517, ¶ 20.
{¶17} The trial court did not clearly lose its way in determining that Michael
J.’s breached the agreement to make the vehicle repairs. Crenshaw and Beavers both
testified that the promised repairs were not made. Crenshaw testified that she had a
5 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
mechanic make the repairs, and she provided an estimate from the repair shop. Nor
did the trial court clearly lose its way in determining that the repairs listed on the
estimate, such as “catalytic converter” and “disc rotors,” fell within those repairs
listed in Michael J.’s “we owe” agreement.
{¶18} Michael J.’s argues that Crenshaw accepted the vehicle after having a
reasonable opportunity to inspect the car. See R.C. 1302.64(A)(1) (“after a
reasonable opportunity to inspect the goods signifies to the seller that the goods are
conforming or that he will take or retain them in spite of their non-conformity[.]”).
The evidence belies Michael J.’s’ assertions. Crenshaw returned the vehicle to
Michael J.’s two separate times and requested that it make the repairs. Eventually,
Crenshaw took the car elsewhere for repair.
{¶19} Thus, we determine that the trial court did not err in holding that
Michael J.’s breached the “we owe” agreement by failing to repair Crenshaw’s
vehicle.
OCSPA Violations
{¶20} Michael J.’s next challenges the trial court’s finding that it violated the
OCSPA. Michael J.’s makes several arguments, one of which is that it did not have
notice that Crenshaw claimed a violation under the OCSPA.
{¶21} Under R.C. 1925.04(A), a plaintiff commencing an action in small-
claims court must state the amount and nature of the plaintiff’s claim. Similarly,
Civ.R. 8(A) provides that a claim “shall contain (1) a short and plain statement of the
claim showing that the party is entitled to relief, and (2) a demand for judgment for
the relief to which the party claims to be entitled.” Civ.R. 8 is “designed to give the
defendant fair notice of the claim and to give the defendant an opportunity to
respond.” Gurry v. C.P., 2012-Ohio-2640, 972 N.E.2d 154, ¶ 17 (8th Dist.), citing
6 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
Allied Erecting & Dismantling Co., Inc. v. Youngstown, 151 Ohio App.3d 16, 2002-
Ohio-5179, 783 N.E.2d 523, ¶ 75 (7th Dist.).
{¶22} Even though Crenshaw filed this action in the small-claims division,
Crenshaw must still set forth the nature of her claim and a request for damages in
accordance with Civ.R. 8(A). See Hudak v. Golubic, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 106819,
2018-Ohio-4874, ¶ 15, citing Justice v. Lerner, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 03 MA 69,
2003-Ohio-7022, ¶ 12 (determining that Civ.R. 8(A) applies to small-claims matters,
because Civ.R. 8(A) is not inapposite to R.C. 1925.04).
{¶23} Nothing in Crenshaw’s pleading would have put Michael J.’s on notice
that Crenshaw had claimed violations under the OCSPA. Not only was the OCSPA
not mentioned, but the complaint was void of any language regarding unfair,
deceptive, or unconscionable consumer-sales practices. Moreover, the complaint
failed to request treble damages. See R.C. 1345.02 and 1305.43. Tellingly, neither
the magistrate nor the parties mentioned OCSPA in any form at trial.
{¶24} Therefore, because Michael J.’s was never put on notice of any claimed
OCSPA violations, the trial court erred in finding OCSPA violations as part of its
independent review on objections from the magistrate’s decision. It follows then that
the trial court also erred in trebling Crenshaw’s damages under the OCSPA.
Conclusion
{¶25} In conclusion, we overrule Michael J.’s assignment of error in so far as
it challenges the trial court’s judgment with respect to Michael J.’s breach of the “we
owe” agreement and resultant damages. We sustain Michael J.’s assignment of error
in so far as it challenges the trial court’s judgment with respect to OCSPA violations
and award of treble damages. We remand the matter to the trial court to enter
judgment in favor of Crenshaw in the amount of $2,937.71, plus interest and costs.
7 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
Judgment affirmed in part, reversed in part, and cause remanded.
MYERS, P.J., and BERGERON, J., concur.
Please note: The court has recorded its own entry this date.