Blake, C. J.
This case was tried upon an agreed statement of facts, and it appears that the appellant is a citizen of the United States, and a resident of this State; that he removed in April, 1891, from the State of Maine, where he had been engaged fourteen years in the practice of medicine and surgery; [208]*208that he applied for and received from the respondent a certificate, dated April 22, 1891, which entitled him to practice his profession until the next regular meeting of the board; and that respondent demanded, and appellant paid, the sum of fifteen dollars, which it retained. The remainder of the statement is as follows: “That said respondent board at said time, as a condition precedent to granting such certificate, required appellant to submit to and successfully pass an examination in the branches designated in section 4 of the Act of February 28, 1889, entitled ‘An act to regulate the practice of medicine in the Territory of Montana, and to provide for the examination and issuing of certificates to persons desirous of practicing the same, and for the punishment of persons violating the provisions of this act.’ That appellant refused to submit to such examination, or to any examination whatever. That said respondent board thereupon refused to grant to appellant a certificate to practice medicine and surgery in the State of Montana. That prior to such refusal on the part of the respondent board, the appellant presented his diploma to said board for verification as to its genuineness. That said respondent board found appellant’s diploma to be genuine, and to have been issued by a medical school legally organized and in good standing, whose teachers were graduates of a legally organized school, and that appellant was the same person to whom such diploma was originally issued, which facts were regularly found in appellant’s favor, within the meaning of section 3 of the said Act of February 28,1889. That a quorum of the members of said respondent board were present and conducted the said October, 1891, meeting. That appellant is, and since the seventh day of June, 1876, has been a graduate in medicine, within the meaning of section 2 of the said Act of February 28,1889. That a certificate was not granted to appellant by said respondent board solely upon the ground of appellant’s refusal to submit to the examination referred to in paragraph 7, supra, and for no other cause.”
The appellant claims that the board of medical examiners is not authorized by the statute, supra, to require him to pass an examination as a condition precedent to the issuance of a permanent certificate empowering him to practice medicine and surgery within the State.
[209]*209The appellant became a resident of this State about two years after the passage of the act, and this language of the fourth section is applicable: “All persons entitled to practice under the ten-year provision mentioned in section 3 of this act, and all persons hereafter commencing the practice of medicine and surgery in any of its branches in the Territory, shall apply to said board for a certificate so to do, and such applicant, at the time and place designated by said board, or at the regular meeting of said board, shall submit to an examination in the following branches, to wit, anatomy, physiology, chemistry, histology, materia medica, therapeutics, preventive medicines, practice of medicine, surgery, obstetrics, diseases of women and children, diseases of the nervous system, diseases of the eye and ear, medical jurisprudence, and such other branches as the board shall deem advisable, and present evidence of [having practiced the required term of ten years, or of] having attended three (3) courses of lectures of at least four (4) months each. Said board shall cause such examination to be both scientific and practical, but of sufficient thoroughness and severity to test the candidate’s fitness to practice medicine and surgery. When desired, said examination may be conducted in the presence of the dean of any medical school, or the president of any medical society of this Territory. After examination, said board shall, if the candidate has been found qualified, grant a certificate to such candidate to practice medicine and surgery in the Territory of Montana, which said certificate can only be granted by the consent of not less than four (4) members of said board, and which said certificate shall be signed by the president and secretary of said board, and attested by a seal thereof.”
There can be no controversy respecting the meaning of these clauses when viewed by themselves; but the appellant contends that we must consider the entire statute, and that the third section limits its operation to non-graduates. This section provides “that every person wishing to practice medicine or surgery in any of their departments within this Territory shall do so only upon complying with the requirements of this act. If a graduate in medicine, such person shall present his or her diploma to the territorial board of examiners for verification as to its genuineness. If the diploma is found genu[210]*210ine, and is issued by a medical school legally organized and in good standing, whose teachers are graduates of a legally organized school, which fact the territorial board of examiners shall determine, and if the person presenting and claiming such diploma be the person to whom the same was originally granted, then the territorial board of examiners shall issue its certificate to that effect, and such certificate shall be conclusive as to the right of the lawful holder thereof to practice medicine and surgery within this Territory; and any person coming to the Territory may present his or her diploma to any member of the board of examiners, who may issue a certificate, good until the next regular meeting of the board. If not a graduate, the person practicing medicine or surgery within this Territory, unless he or she shall have been in continuous practice in this Territory for a period of not less than ten years, of which fact he or she shall present to the territorial board of examiners satisfactory evidence of the same in the form of affidavits, shall appear before said territorial board of examiners, and submit to such examination as may be required.”
The president and secretary of the board of examiners are authorized to administer oaths to applicants for certificates and witnesses, and the act requires “meetings for examination” to be held at the capital and “ other central points.” (§ 2.) A graduate in medicine, who comes to the State after the enactment of this law, may present his diploma, and obtain a certificate, which is good until the “next regular meeting of the board.” The fourth section declares that “ all persons hereafter commencing the practice of medicine and surgery” — thereby ignoring all distinctions between graduates of medical schools and non-graduates — “shall submit to an examination.” There are no other clauses which mention in direct terms those who are not residents.
The question was inquired into when the subject was before this court in State v. Board of Medical Examiners, 10 Mont. 162, and it was adjudged that these provisions required the examination of all graduates “who commence to practice medicine in this State after the passage of this act.” We approve this construction of the statute.
The appellant maintains that, if this view be sound, the act [211]
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Blake, C. J.
This case was tried upon an agreed statement of facts, and it appears that the appellant is a citizen of the United States, and a resident of this State; that he removed in April, 1891, from the State of Maine, where he had been engaged fourteen years in the practice of medicine and surgery; [208]*208that he applied for and received from the respondent a certificate, dated April 22, 1891, which entitled him to practice his profession until the next regular meeting of the board; and that respondent demanded, and appellant paid, the sum of fifteen dollars, which it retained. The remainder of the statement is as follows: “That said respondent board at said time, as a condition precedent to granting such certificate, required appellant to submit to and successfully pass an examination in the branches designated in section 4 of the Act of February 28, 1889, entitled ‘An act to regulate the practice of medicine in the Territory of Montana, and to provide for the examination and issuing of certificates to persons desirous of practicing the same, and for the punishment of persons violating the provisions of this act.’ That appellant refused to submit to such examination, or to any examination whatever. That said respondent board thereupon refused to grant to appellant a certificate to practice medicine and surgery in the State of Montana. That prior to such refusal on the part of the respondent board, the appellant presented his diploma to said board for verification as to its genuineness. That said respondent board found appellant’s diploma to be genuine, and to have been issued by a medical school legally organized and in good standing, whose teachers were graduates of a legally organized school, and that appellant was the same person to whom such diploma was originally issued, which facts were regularly found in appellant’s favor, within the meaning of section 3 of the said Act of February 28,1889. That a quorum of the members of said respondent board were present and conducted the said October, 1891, meeting. That appellant is, and since the seventh day of June, 1876, has been a graduate in medicine, within the meaning of section 2 of the said Act of February 28,1889. That a certificate was not granted to appellant by said respondent board solely upon the ground of appellant’s refusal to submit to the examination referred to in paragraph 7, supra, and for no other cause.”
The appellant claims that the board of medical examiners is not authorized by the statute, supra, to require him to pass an examination as a condition precedent to the issuance of a permanent certificate empowering him to practice medicine and surgery within the State.
[209]*209The appellant became a resident of this State about two years after the passage of the act, and this language of the fourth section is applicable: “All persons entitled to practice under the ten-year provision mentioned in section 3 of this act, and all persons hereafter commencing the practice of medicine and surgery in any of its branches in the Territory, shall apply to said board for a certificate so to do, and such applicant, at the time and place designated by said board, or at the regular meeting of said board, shall submit to an examination in the following branches, to wit, anatomy, physiology, chemistry, histology, materia medica, therapeutics, preventive medicines, practice of medicine, surgery, obstetrics, diseases of women and children, diseases of the nervous system, diseases of the eye and ear, medical jurisprudence, and such other branches as the board shall deem advisable, and present evidence of [having practiced the required term of ten years, or of] having attended three (3) courses of lectures of at least four (4) months each. Said board shall cause such examination to be both scientific and practical, but of sufficient thoroughness and severity to test the candidate’s fitness to practice medicine and surgery. When desired, said examination may be conducted in the presence of the dean of any medical school, or the president of any medical society of this Territory. After examination, said board shall, if the candidate has been found qualified, grant a certificate to such candidate to practice medicine and surgery in the Territory of Montana, which said certificate can only be granted by the consent of not less than four (4) members of said board, and which said certificate shall be signed by the president and secretary of said board, and attested by a seal thereof.”
There can be no controversy respecting the meaning of these clauses when viewed by themselves; but the appellant contends that we must consider the entire statute, and that the third section limits its operation to non-graduates. This section provides “that every person wishing to practice medicine or surgery in any of their departments within this Territory shall do so only upon complying with the requirements of this act. If a graduate in medicine, such person shall present his or her diploma to the territorial board of examiners for verification as to its genuineness. If the diploma is found genu[210]*210ine, and is issued by a medical school legally organized and in good standing, whose teachers are graduates of a legally organized school, which fact the territorial board of examiners shall determine, and if the person presenting and claiming such diploma be the person to whom the same was originally granted, then the territorial board of examiners shall issue its certificate to that effect, and such certificate shall be conclusive as to the right of the lawful holder thereof to practice medicine and surgery within this Territory; and any person coming to the Territory may present his or her diploma to any member of the board of examiners, who may issue a certificate, good until the next regular meeting of the board. If not a graduate, the person practicing medicine or surgery within this Territory, unless he or she shall have been in continuous practice in this Territory for a period of not less than ten years, of which fact he or she shall present to the territorial board of examiners satisfactory evidence of the same in the form of affidavits, shall appear before said territorial board of examiners, and submit to such examination as may be required.”
The president and secretary of the board of examiners are authorized to administer oaths to applicants for certificates and witnesses, and the act requires “meetings for examination” to be held at the capital and “ other central points.” (§ 2.) A graduate in medicine, who comes to the State after the enactment of this law, may present his diploma, and obtain a certificate, which is good until the “next regular meeting of the board.” The fourth section declares that “ all persons hereafter commencing the practice of medicine and surgery” — thereby ignoring all distinctions between graduates of medical schools and non-graduates — “shall submit to an examination.” There are no other clauses which mention in direct terms those who are not residents.
The question was inquired into when the subject was before this court in State v. Board of Medical Examiners, 10 Mont. 162, and it was adjudged that these provisions required the examination of all graduates “who commence to practice medicine in this State after the passage of this act.” We approve this construction of the statute.
The appellant maintains that, if this view be sound, the act [211]*211creates an unjust discrimination against the rights and privileges of the citizens of another State, and is in conflict with the Constitution of the United States, and the fourteenth amendment, to wit: “The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States.” (Art. iv. § 2.) “ No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.” (Const. Amend. 14, § 1.) Legislation similar to that uuder consideration has been thoroughly discussed in many cases, and uniformly upheld by the court. It is founded upon the police power of the State. "We refer to some of the leading authorities, which cover every point suggested by the counsel for the appellant. (State v. Dent, 25 W. Va. 1; Dent v. West Virginia, 129 U. S. 114; Ex parte Spinney, 10 Nev. 323; Harding v. People, 10 Colo. 387; Fox v. Washington, 2 Wash. Ty. 297; Logan v. State, 5 Tex. App. 306; People v. Blue Mountain Joe, 129 Ill. 370; Eastman v. State, 109 Ind. 278; 58 Am. Rep. 400; State v. Green, 112 Ind. 462.) The case of State v. Dent, supra, was affirmed by the Supreme Court of the United States, and Mr. Justice Field, for the court, said: “It is undoubtedly the right of every citizen of the United States to follow any lawful calling, business, or profession he may choose, subject only to such restrictions as are imposed upon all persons of like age, sex, and condition. This right may in many respects be considered as a distinguishing feature of our republican institutions. Here all vocations are open to every one on like conditions. All may be pursued as sources of livelihood; some requiring years of study and great learning for their successful prosecution. The interest, or, as it is sometimes termed, the ‘estate,’ acquired in them — that is, the right to continue their prosecution — is often of great value to the possessors, and cannot be arbitrarily taken away from them, any more than their real or personal property can be thus taken. But there is no arbitrary deprivation of such right where its exercise is not permitted because of failure to comply with conditions imposed by the State for the protection of society. The power of the State to provide for the general welfare of its people authorizes it to prescribe all such [212]*212regulations as, in its judgment, will secure or tend to secure them against the consequences of ignorance and incapacity as well as of deception and fraud. As one means to this end it has been the practice of different States, from time immemorial, to exact in many pursuits a certain degree of skill and learning upon which the community may confidently rely; their possession being generally ascertained upon an examination of parties by competent persons, or inferred from a certificate to them in the form of a diploma or license from an institution established for instruction on the subjects, scientific and otherwise, with which such pursuits have to deal. The nature and extent of the qualifications required must depend primarily upon the judgment of the State as to their necessity. If they are appropriate to the calling or profession, and attainable by reasonable study or application, no objection to their validity can be raised because of their stringency or difficulty.” We concur in this . opinion, which has not been criticized, and it is needless to multiply citations.
It is ordered and adjudged that the judgment be affirmed.
Affirmed.
Harwood, J., and De Witt, J., concur.