COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA PUBLISHED
Present: Chief Judge Decker, Judges Beales and White Argued at Richmond, Virginia
CRAIG CARNELL MARYLAND OPINION BY v. Record No. 0254-22-2 JUDGE KIMBERLEY SLAYTON WHITE SEPTEMBER 20, 2022 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF RICHMOND Claire G. Cardwell, Judge
Maureen L. White for appellant.
Liam A. Curry, Assistant Attorney General (Jason S. Miyares, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
The trial court convicted Craig Carnell Maryland following his guilty pleas, and under a
written agreement, to a reduced charge of voluntary manslaughter and a charge of shooting in the
commission of a felony. The trial court sentenced Maryland to ten years of imprisonment with
five years and seven months suspended for voluntary manslaughter, and to five years of
imprisonment, all suspended, for the firearm offense. At the sentencing hearing, Maryland asked
the trial court, under Code § 53.1-187, to credit the time he had spent on pre-trial bond in the
home electronic monitoring program against his sentence. The trial court denied Maryland’s
motion. We find that the plain meaning of Code § 53.1-187 supports the trial court’s ruling and
affirm the judgment.
BACKGROUND
“In accordance with familiar principles of appellate review, the facts will be stated in the
light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party at trial.” Gerald v. Commonwealth, 295 Va. 469, 472 (2018) (quoting Scott v. Commonwealth, 292 Va. 380, 381
(2016)).
A grand jury in the City of Richmond indicted Maryland for first-degree murder and
using a firearm in the commission of murder. At a September 30, 2020 hearing, the trial court
granted him a personal recognizance bond in the amount of $10,000 and ordered that he be
placed on home electronic monitoring upon release.1 By the terms of the trial court’s order,
Maryland was permitted to “travel to [p]retrial, attorney’s office, and court hearings.” The
record does not reflect precisely when Maryland was released on bail, but a trial court order of
December 10, 2020, states that he was “allowed to depart and remain on bond pending the next
court appearance.”
On October 1, 2021, in accordance with a written plea agreement, Maryland pled guilty
to voluntary manslaughter and shooting a firearm in the commission of a felony. At the
sentencing hearing, Maryland asked the trial court, under Code § 53.1-187, to credit against his
sentence the time he had spent on home electronic monitoring pending trial. He argued that
under this Court’s ruling in King v. Commonwealth, 73 Va. App. 349, 352 (2021), he was “in
custody” while he participated in the pretrial home electronic monitoring program. The trial
court took the motion under advisement and sentenced Maryland to fifteen years of
imprisonment with ten years and seven months suspended.
The trial court subsequently denied Maryland’s motion for credit against his sentence.
The trial court found that the definition of “custody” in King “is not synonymous with
‘confinement’ in Virginia Code § 53.1-187, especially when the clear language of the statute
states that ‘in no case is a person on bail to be regarded as in confinement for purposes of this
1 Appellant’s counsel, on brief, admits that Maryland was not released on a home/electronic incarceration program established pursuant to Code § 53.1-131.2. -2- statute.’” The trial court found that Maryland had been admitted to bail and thus was not
“confined” under the express terms of Code § 53.1-187. This appeal followed.
ANALYSIS
Maryland argues that the trial court erred by not crediting his time spent on pretrial home
electronic monitoring against his sentence under Code § 53.1-187. As relevant here, Code
§ 53.1-187 provides:
Any person who is sentenced to a term of confinement in a correctional facility shall have deducted from any such term all time actually spent by the person in a . . . state or local correctional facility awaiting trial or pending an appeal . . . .
In no case shall a person be allowed credit for time not actually spent in confinement or in detention. In no case is a person on bail to be regarded as in confinement for the purposes of this statute.
Statutory construction presents a question of law that the appellate court reviews de novo.
Sorrell v. Commonwealth, 74 Va. App. 243, 246 (2022). Although criminal statutes are to be
strictly construed against the Commonwealth, we must also “give reasonable effect to the words
used” in the legislation. Johnson v. Commonwealth, 37 Va. App. 634, 639 (2002) (quoting
Dillard v. Commonwealth, 28 Va. App. 340, 344 (1998)). When interpreting a statute, an
appellate court “presume[s] that the General Assembly chose, with care, the words that appear in
[that] statute, and must apply the statute in a manner faithful to that choice.” Jones v.
Commonwealth, 296 Va. 412, 415 (2018) (quoting Johnson v. Commonwealth, 292 Va. 738, 742
(2016)). “Once the legislature has acted, the role of the judiciary ‘is the narrow one of
determining what [the legislature] meant by the words it used in the statute [under review].’”
Chapman v. Commonwealth, 56 Va. App. 725, 732 (2010) (first alteration in original) (quoting
Dionne v. Se. Foam Converting & Packaging, Inc., 240 Va. 297, 304 (1990)).
“When [statutory] language . . . is unambiguous, [the appellate court is] bound by its
plain meaning.” Taylor v. Commonwealth, 298 Va. 336, 341 (2020) (quoting Conyers v. Martial
-3- Arts World of Richmond, Inc., 273 Va. 96, 104 (2007)). “When an enactment is clear and
unequivocal, general rules for construction of statutes . . . do not apply. Therefore, when the
language of an enactment is free from ambiguity, resort to legislative history and extrinsic facts
is not permitted . . . .” Brown v. Commonwealth, 284 Va. 538, 543 (2012) (quoting Brown v.
Lukhard, 229 Va. 316, 321 (1985)).
The language in Code § 53.1-187 is clear, unambiguous, and does not permit credit for
time “not actually spent in confinement or in detention.” Code § 53.1-187 states that “[i]n no
case is a person on bail to be regarded as in confinement for the purposes of this statute.”
(Emphasis added). “The word ‘confine’ is defined as ‘the state of being imprisoned or
restrained.’” Bing v. Haywood, 283 Va. 381, 387 (2012) (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 318
(9th ed. 2009)). Thus, Code § 53.1-187 grants a trial court no authority to grant credit against a
sentence for the time a defendant was admitted to pretrial bail and was not actually confined.2
The General Assembly could have created an exception in Code § 53.1-187 to permit
credit for time spent in a home incarceration program, but it has not. Appellate courts “are not
permitted to rewrite statutes. This is a legislative function. The manifest intention of the
legislature, clearly disclosed by its language, must be applied. There can be no departure from
the words used where the intention is clear.” Williams v. Commonwealth, 61 Va. App. 1, 8
(2012) (quoting Supinger v. Stakes, 255 Va. 198, 206 (1998)).
There was no dispute in this case that Maryland, though subject to the conditions of the
home electronic monitoring program, was admitted to bail while awaiting trial. Nor was there
dispute that Maryland was not “actually . . . in a . . . state or local correctional facility” during the
relevant period of time. Code § 53.1-187.
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COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA PUBLISHED
Present: Chief Judge Decker, Judges Beales and White Argued at Richmond, Virginia
CRAIG CARNELL MARYLAND OPINION BY v. Record No. 0254-22-2 JUDGE KIMBERLEY SLAYTON WHITE SEPTEMBER 20, 2022 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF RICHMOND Claire G. Cardwell, Judge
Maureen L. White for appellant.
Liam A. Curry, Assistant Attorney General (Jason S. Miyares, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
The trial court convicted Craig Carnell Maryland following his guilty pleas, and under a
written agreement, to a reduced charge of voluntary manslaughter and a charge of shooting in the
commission of a felony. The trial court sentenced Maryland to ten years of imprisonment with
five years and seven months suspended for voluntary manslaughter, and to five years of
imprisonment, all suspended, for the firearm offense. At the sentencing hearing, Maryland asked
the trial court, under Code § 53.1-187, to credit the time he had spent on pre-trial bond in the
home electronic monitoring program against his sentence. The trial court denied Maryland’s
motion. We find that the plain meaning of Code § 53.1-187 supports the trial court’s ruling and
affirm the judgment.
BACKGROUND
“In accordance with familiar principles of appellate review, the facts will be stated in the
light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party at trial.” Gerald v. Commonwealth, 295 Va. 469, 472 (2018) (quoting Scott v. Commonwealth, 292 Va. 380, 381
(2016)).
A grand jury in the City of Richmond indicted Maryland for first-degree murder and
using a firearm in the commission of murder. At a September 30, 2020 hearing, the trial court
granted him a personal recognizance bond in the amount of $10,000 and ordered that he be
placed on home electronic monitoring upon release.1 By the terms of the trial court’s order,
Maryland was permitted to “travel to [p]retrial, attorney’s office, and court hearings.” The
record does not reflect precisely when Maryland was released on bail, but a trial court order of
December 10, 2020, states that he was “allowed to depart and remain on bond pending the next
court appearance.”
On October 1, 2021, in accordance with a written plea agreement, Maryland pled guilty
to voluntary manslaughter and shooting a firearm in the commission of a felony. At the
sentencing hearing, Maryland asked the trial court, under Code § 53.1-187, to credit against his
sentence the time he had spent on home electronic monitoring pending trial. He argued that
under this Court’s ruling in King v. Commonwealth, 73 Va. App. 349, 352 (2021), he was “in
custody” while he participated in the pretrial home electronic monitoring program. The trial
court took the motion under advisement and sentenced Maryland to fifteen years of
imprisonment with ten years and seven months suspended.
The trial court subsequently denied Maryland’s motion for credit against his sentence.
The trial court found that the definition of “custody” in King “is not synonymous with
‘confinement’ in Virginia Code § 53.1-187, especially when the clear language of the statute
states that ‘in no case is a person on bail to be regarded as in confinement for purposes of this
1 Appellant’s counsel, on brief, admits that Maryland was not released on a home/electronic incarceration program established pursuant to Code § 53.1-131.2. -2- statute.’” The trial court found that Maryland had been admitted to bail and thus was not
“confined” under the express terms of Code § 53.1-187. This appeal followed.
ANALYSIS
Maryland argues that the trial court erred by not crediting his time spent on pretrial home
electronic monitoring against his sentence under Code § 53.1-187. As relevant here, Code
§ 53.1-187 provides:
Any person who is sentenced to a term of confinement in a correctional facility shall have deducted from any such term all time actually spent by the person in a . . . state or local correctional facility awaiting trial or pending an appeal . . . .
In no case shall a person be allowed credit for time not actually spent in confinement or in detention. In no case is a person on bail to be regarded as in confinement for the purposes of this statute.
Statutory construction presents a question of law that the appellate court reviews de novo.
Sorrell v. Commonwealth, 74 Va. App. 243, 246 (2022). Although criminal statutes are to be
strictly construed against the Commonwealth, we must also “give reasonable effect to the words
used” in the legislation. Johnson v. Commonwealth, 37 Va. App. 634, 639 (2002) (quoting
Dillard v. Commonwealth, 28 Va. App. 340, 344 (1998)). When interpreting a statute, an
appellate court “presume[s] that the General Assembly chose, with care, the words that appear in
[that] statute, and must apply the statute in a manner faithful to that choice.” Jones v.
Commonwealth, 296 Va. 412, 415 (2018) (quoting Johnson v. Commonwealth, 292 Va. 738, 742
(2016)). “Once the legislature has acted, the role of the judiciary ‘is the narrow one of
determining what [the legislature] meant by the words it used in the statute [under review].’”
Chapman v. Commonwealth, 56 Va. App. 725, 732 (2010) (first alteration in original) (quoting
Dionne v. Se. Foam Converting & Packaging, Inc., 240 Va. 297, 304 (1990)).
“When [statutory] language . . . is unambiguous, [the appellate court is] bound by its
plain meaning.” Taylor v. Commonwealth, 298 Va. 336, 341 (2020) (quoting Conyers v. Martial
-3- Arts World of Richmond, Inc., 273 Va. 96, 104 (2007)). “When an enactment is clear and
unequivocal, general rules for construction of statutes . . . do not apply. Therefore, when the
language of an enactment is free from ambiguity, resort to legislative history and extrinsic facts
is not permitted . . . .” Brown v. Commonwealth, 284 Va. 538, 543 (2012) (quoting Brown v.
Lukhard, 229 Va. 316, 321 (1985)).
The language in Code § 53.1-187 is clear, unambiguous, and does not permit credit for
time “not actually spent in confinement or in detention.” Code § 53.1-187 states that “[i]n no
case is a person on bail to be regarded as in confinement for the purposes of this statute.”
(Emphasis added). “The word ‘confine’ is defined as ‘the state of being imprisoned or
restrained.’” Bing v. Haywood, 283 Va. 381, 387 (2012) (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 318
(9th ed. 2009)). Thus, Code § 53.1-187 grants a trial court no authority to grant credit against a
sentence for the time a defendant was admitted to pretrial bail and was not actually confined.2
The General Assembly could have created an exception in Code § 53.1-187 to permit
credit for time spent in a home incarceration program, but it has not. Appellate courts “are not
permitted to rewrite statutes. This is a legislative function. The manifest intention of the
legislature, clearly disclosed by its language, must be applied. There can be no departure from
the words used where the intention is clear.” Williams v. Commonwealth, 61 Va. App. 1, 8
(2012) (quoting Supinger v. Stakes, 255 Va. 198, 206 (1998)).
There was no dispute in this case that Maryland, though subject to the conditions of the
home electronic monitoring program, was admitted to bail while awaiting trial. Nor was there
dispute that Maryland was not “actually . . . in a . . . state or local correctional facility” during the
relevant period of time. Code § 53.1-187. Thus, applying the plain meaning of Code
2 Neither at his sentencing hearing nor on appeal has Maryland addressed that Code § 53.1-131.2 grants no authority to a trial court to allow a defendant convicted of voluntary manslaughter to serve any portion of his sentence on home electronic monitoring. -4- § 53.1-187, he was not “confined” while on the home electronic monitoring program, and was
not entitled to credit against his sentence for the time he was on bail.
This Court’s holding in King, the case relied upon by Maryland, does not alter our
conclusion. In King, the defendant was admitted to a “home incarceration program” through the
local sheriff’s department to serve a portion of his sentence for his conviction of possessing
ammunition after conviction of a felony. 73 Va. App. at 352. As a condition of that program, he
was not allowed to remove the GPS ankle monitor that tracked his movements and was permitted
to travel from his home only to and from work. Id. After the defendant removed the monitor
and absconded, the police charged him with felony escape under Code § 18.2-479(B), which
applies to any person who is charged or convicted of a felony and “in the custody of any court,
officer of the court, or of any law-enforcement officer.” Id. at 353. This Court affirmed the
defendant’s conviction under Code § 18.2-479(B) and concluded that he remained “in custody”
while participating in the post-sentencing home incarceration program because his “freedom of
movement was curtailed to a degree associated with incarceration at a jail or prison.” Id. at 354.
Patently, the holding in King applied to circumstances constituting “custody” under Code
§ 18.2-479, which was not defined by that statute. The interpretation of “custody” in King
pertained to the crime prescribed by Code § 18.2-479, namely escape from lawful custody, and
not “confinement” for purposes of Code § 53.1-187. The trial court in this case correctly
concluded that the definition of “custody” under Code § 18.2-479, as construed in King, was not
synonymous with actual “confinement” as stated in Code § 53.1-187.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we find that the trial court did not err in refusing to grant
Maryland credit against his sentence for time spent on bail and in home electronic monitoring,
and we affirm the judgment. However, the conviction and final sentencing orders erroneously
-5- reflect that appellant was found guilty of use of a firearm in the commission of a felony in
violation of Code § 18.2-53.3 The record, although, reflects that appellant pled guilty to and was
convicted of shooting in the commission of a felony in violation of Code § 18.2-53.
Accordingly, we remand this case to the trial court for the sole purpose of amending those orders
to reflect that appellant was found guilty of shooting in the commission of a felony.
Affirmed and remanded.
3 Maryland was indicted for violating Code § 18.2-53.1. While the conviction and sentencing orders correctly reflect the code section under which Maryland was actually convicted (Code § 18.2-53), they do not correctly reflect the language used in the code section under which he was convicted. -6-