Cox v. Holder

346 F. App'x 726
CourtCourt of Appeals for the Second Circuit
DecidedSeptember 24, 2009
DocketNo. 08-5953-ag
StatusPublished

This text of 346 F. App'x 726 (Cox v. Holder) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Cox v. Holder, 346 F. App'x 726 (2d Cir. 2009).

Opinion

SUMMARY ORDER

Petitioner Eon Cox, a native and citizen of Guyana, seeks review of the November 6, 2008 order of the BIA affirming the September 21, 2006 decision of Immigration Judge (“IJ”) Philip J. Montante, Jr. finding him removable as an aggravated felon and denying his application for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). In re Eon Cox, No. A074 977 350 (B.I.A. Nov. 6, 2008), aff'g A074 977 350 (Immig. Ct. Buffalo Sept. 21, 2006). We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts and procedural history of the case.

As an initial matter, because Cox was found removable on criminal grounds, our review is limited to constitutional claims and “questions of law.” See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C), (D); Pierre v. Gonzales, 502 F.3d 109, 113 (2d Cir.2007).

After reviewing Cox’s arguments, we conclude that, as to the majority, we are without jurisdiction. Indeed, most of Cox’s purported due process arguments are, in fact, challenges to the agency’s discretionary decisions, which are not reviewable. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C), (D); Xiao Ji Chen v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 471 F.3d 315, 329 (2d Cir.2006) (“regardless of the rhetoric employed in the petition,” we lack jurisdiction to consider claims of error as to the IJ’s “discretionary choices”). Similarly, the majority of Cox’s purported questions of law attack the agency’s purely factual determinations. An entirely unsupported assertion that the agency applied the wrong standard is insufficient to invoke our jurisdiction, as it is merely an attempt to challenge the agency’s application of the proper standard. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(C); Gui Yin Liu v. INS, 508 F.3d 716, 721-22 (2d Cir.2007) (no “question of law” where the agency articulates the correct legal standard, and then applies that same standard); Barco-Sandoval v. Gonzales, 516 F.3d 35, 40 (2d Cir.2008) (although the assertion that a discretionary decision “ ‘was based on a legally erroneous standard’ raises a ‘question of law’ ... [we lack] jurisdiction to review any legal argument that is so insubstantial and frivolous as to be inadequate to invoke federal-question jurisdiction”).

Nonetheless, we retain jurisdiction to consider some of Cox’s arguments.

[728]*728I. Constitutional Claims

Cox argues that the IJ violated his due process rights by amending the Notice to Appear (“NTA”) to include a charge of removability under 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(U) based on his conviction for the attempted sale of a controlled substance. As a preliminary matter, even if that amendment denied Cox the opportunity to contest whether his conviction constituted an aggravated felony under that section, and assuming, arguendo, that such error implicates Cox’s due process rights, that error was harmless because Cox’s pri- or conviction for a firearms offense independently rendered him removable under 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(C) — a determination he has never contested before either the agency or this Court. Regardless, the unamended NTA explicitly alleged that Cox had been convicted for the attempted sale of a controlled substance. Nothing about the IJ’s amendment to the NTA altered that allegation; rather, the amendment merely specified that Cox was removable for having been convicted of an aggravated felony under both 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(B) and (U), because he was convicted of that crime. See Reid, 478 F.3d at 512; Brown v. Ashcroft, 360 F.3d 346, 351 (2d Cir.2004); see also Matovski v. Gonzales, 492 F.3d 722 (6th Cir.2007) (clarifying that the significance of the charges set forth in the NTA as they relate to determinations of removability is distinct from their relevance with respect to adjudications of applications for discretionary relief).

Moreover, to the extent Cox asserts that the IJ’s amendment denied him the opportunity to contest whether his conviction for the attempted sale of a controlled substance rendered him ineligible for asylum under 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(2)(B)(i), that argument is unavailing. Although an NTA must identify with precision a petitioner’s basis for removability so as to provide a sufficient opportunity to meet that charge, there is no corresponding requirement that an NTA “must contain an analysis of whether an alien would be eligible for various forms of discretionary relief if deemed removable.” Reid v. Gonzales, 478 F.3d 510, 512 (2d Cir.2007). In other words, even if Cox had not been charged in the NTA as removable based on the aggravated felony drug charge, because he conceded his conviction for that offense, it was a proper basis upon which to find him ineligible for asylum.

II. Questions of Law

Although Cox raises two reviewable questions of law, both are without merit. See Khan v. Gonzales, 495 F.3d 31, 35 (2d Cir.2007) (“Our analysis of whether a petition presents reviewable claims focuses on the nature of the claims raised and not the merits of those claims”).

First, Cox argues that the BIA ignored his attempt to assert a reasonable fear of persecution based on his mother’s political support for the PNC. Although the BIA did observe that, as a general matter, “a child cannot assert persecution based on harm to a parent,” (citing Matter of A-K-, 24 I. & N. Dec. 275 (BIA 2007)), this proposition is entirely consistent with our precedent, see, e.g., Tao Jiang v. Gonzales, 500 F.3d 137, 141 (2d Cir.2007) (“[A]n asylum applicant cannot claim past persecution based solely on harm that was inflicted on a family member on account of that family member’s political opinion ...”); Shi Liang Lin v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 494 F.3d 296, 308 (2d Cir.2007) (“[T]he statutory scheme unambiguously dictates that applicants can become candidates for asylum relief only based on persecution that they themselves have suffered or must suffer.”). Moreover, the BIA did not ignore Cox’s attempt to make an imputed political opinion claim. See [729]*729Chun Gao v. Gonzales,

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Related

Pierre v. Gonzales
502 F.3d 109 (Second Circuit, 2007)
Brown v. Ashcroft
360 F.3d 346 (Second Circuit, 2004)
Chun Gao v. Alberto R. Gonzales, Attorney General
424 F.3d 122 (Second Circuit, 2005)
Jiang v. Gonzales
500 F.3d 137 (Second Circuit, 2007)
Liu v. Eric H. Holder Jr.
575 F.3d 193 (Second Circuit, 2009)
Gui Yin Liu v. Immigration & Naturalization Service
508 F.3d 716 (Second Circuit, 2007)
Barco-Sandoval v. Gonzales
516 F.3d 35 (Second Circuit, 2008)
Khan v. Gonzales
495 F.3d 31 (Second Circuit, 2007)
Shi Liang Lin v. United States Department of Justice
494 F.3d 296 (Second Circuit, 2007)
Matovski v. Gonzales
492 F.3d 722 (Sixth Circuit, 2007)
A-K
24 I. & N. Dec. 275 (Board of Immigration Appeals, 2007)
S-B
24 I. & N. Dec. 42 (Board of Immigration Appeals, 2006)

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Bluebook (online)
346 F. App'x 726, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/cox-v-holder-ca2-2009.