Coward v. Commissioner
This text of 1997 T.C. Memo. 198 (Coward v. Commissioner) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering United States Tax Court primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.
Opinion
*233 Decision will be entered under Rule 155.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
GOLDBERG,
*235 Respondent determined deficiencies in, and additions to petitioners' Federal income taxes as follows:
| Additional | ||||||
| Additions to Tax | Interest | |||||
| Sec. | Sec. | Sec. | Sec. | Sec. | ||
| Year | Deficiency | 6653(a) | 6653(a)(1) | 6653(a)(2) | 6659 | 6621(c) |
| 1975 | $ 4,847 | $ 242 | -- | -- | -- | 2 |
| 1976 | 4,946 | 247 | -- | -- | -- | |
| 1977 | 6,576 | 329 | -- | -- | -- | |
| 1978 | 7,231 | 362 | -- | -- | -- | |
| 1979 | 6,789 | 339 | -- | -- | -- | |
| 1980 | 11,655 | 583 | -- | -- | -- | |
| 1981 | 13,081 | -- | $ 654 | 1 | $ 3,924 | |
| 1982 | 9,751 | -- | 488 | 2,925 | ||
After concessions reflected in the Stipulation of Settled Issues, filed March 24, 1995, 2 the issue for decision is whether petitioners are entitled to an investment tax credit for the taxable year 1978, and, if so, in what amount, and whether they are entitled to any related carrybacks. This case was submitted fully stipulated pursuant to Rule 122. The*236 stipulation of facts and the attached exhibits are incorporated herein by this reference. Petitioners resided in Fair Oaks, California, at the time that they filed their petition. The pertinent facts are summarized below.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
*233 Decision will be entered under Rule 155.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
GOLDBERG,
*235 Respondent determined deficiencies in, and additions to petitioners' Federal income taxes as follows:
| Additional | ||||||
| Additions to Tax | Interest | |||||
| Sec. | Sec. | Sec. | Sec. | Sec. | ||
| Year | Deficiency | 6653(a) | 6653(a)(1) | 6653(a)(2) | 6659 | 6621(c) |
| 1975 | $ 4,847 | $ 242 | -- | -- | -- | 2 |
| 1976 | 4,946 | 247 | -- | -- | -- | |
| 1977 | 6,576 | 329 | -- | -- | -- | |
| 1978 | 7,231 | 362 | -- | -- | -- | |
| 1979 | 6,789 | 339 | -- | -- | -- | |
| 1980 | 11,655 | 583 | -- | -- | -- | |
| 1981 | 13,081 | -- | $ 654 | 1 | $ 3,924 | |
| 1982 | 9,751 | -- | 488 | 2,925 | ||
After concessions reflected in the Stipulation of Settled Issues, filed March 24, 1995, 2 the issue for decision is whether petitioners are entitled to an investment tax credit for the taxable year 1978, and, if so, in what amount, and whether they are entitled to any related carrybacks. This case was submitted fully stipulated pursuant to Rule 122. The*236 stipulation of facts and the attached exhibits are incorporated herein by this reference. Petitioners resided in Fair Oaks, California, at the time that they filed their petition. The pertinent facts are summarized below.
George Coward (petitioner) was an investor in Washoe Ranches # 7 LTD. (the partnership), a limited partnership formed to engage in*237 the business of breeding cattle. On December 20, 1978, Walter J. Hoyt III, as general partner, executed the Certificate and Articles of Limited Partnership for the partnership. Mr. Hoyt signed the limited partnership agreement on behalf of each of the limited partners including petitioner. The agreement stated that it was executed on January 1, 1978. The agreement was filed with the county of Washoe, Nevada.
The partnership agreement provided that each limited partner would contribute cash to partnership capital in the amount set forth after his name. No amount was shown on the agreement after any limited partner's name. On December 28, 1978, petitioner made his first and only capital contribution to the partnership for the taxable year 1978 in the amount of $ 500. The partnership records show that capital contributions to the partnership from the six limited partners totaled $ 2,750 for that taxable year, and all of the contributions were made on December 28, 1978. On March 18, 1979, petitioner signed an agreement to purchase 12 units of the partnership for $ 30,000 as his interest.
Under the terms of the partnership agreement, the general partner was not to contribute capital *238 to the partnership. The general partner was responsible for managing the partnership. In compensation, the general partner was to be allocated 15 percent of the partnership profits.
The partnership agreement in effect for 1978 provided that 85 percent of the profits, if any, of the partnership were allocable to the limited partners. Under the same agreement, 100 percent of the assets and losses of the partnership, if any, were to be allocated to the limited partners. Each limited partner's profit or loss sharing ratio was to be determined by dividing his total capital contributions by the total capital contributions received from all of the limited partners according to the terms of the agreement.
A livestock bill of sale was executed by Hoyt & Sons as seller, transferring cattle to the partnership, for a purchase price of $ 1,281,620. The bill of sale was dated January 15, 1978, and provided the following: the seller, signing hereunder and residing in the County of Harney State of Oregon, For valuable consideration in the amount of 1,281,620.00 Dollars [], The receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged [] and, by these presents, does bargain and sell unto Washoe Ranches 7 LTD (Purchaser) *239 the herein described livestock, * * *.
Walter J. Hoyt III, as general partner, executed a promissory note payable to Hoyt & Sons in the principal amount of $ 1,281,620. Walter J. Hoyt III signed the note on behalf of the partnership and on behalf of each of six limited partners, including petitioner, as attorney-in-fact.
The partnership filed a Form 1065, U.S. Partnership Return of Income, for the taxable year ending December 31, 1978. The return reports that the partnership started business on January 20, 1978. The Form 1065 shows total partnership capital of $ 3,100.
The Schedules K-1 attached to the partnership return allocated the total purchase price indicated on the January bill of sale as the basis of the cattle to the limited partners. The basis of new investment property with a life of 7 or more years was reported as $ 1,203,020. The cost of used investment property with a life of 7 or more years was reported as $ 78,600. The Schedules K-1 reflect the following partnership interests and allocations:
| Profit | Loss | Basis New | Cost Used | ||
| Capital | Sharing | Sharing | Investment | Investment | |
| Partner | Account | Ratio | Ratio | Property | Property |
| Daniel Gallagher | $ 250 | 7% | 8% | $ 65,500 | -0- |
| William Bingston | 500 | 20% | 23% | 337,800 | -0- |
| George Coward | 500 | 12% | 14% | 165,200 | -0- |
| John D. Gaskins | 500 | -- | -- | 222,800 | -0- |
| Bobby D. Chiles | 500 | -- | -- | 267,520 | -0- |
| Alonzo Corwin | 500 | 15% | 18% | 144,200 | 78,600 |
| W. Jay Hoyt III | 100 | 15% | -- | -- | -- |
| Totals | 2,850 | 1,203,020 | 78,600 |
*240 Petitioner's sharing ratios were reported incorrectly on the Schedule K-1 for 1978. As of December 31, 1978, petitioner's correct share of partnership capital was 18.182 percent.
Petitioners claimed investment tax credit basis for new property with a life of 7 or more years in the amount of $ 165,200 as their distributive share of the partnership's investment tax credit basis on their Federal income tax return filed for 1978. Petitioners claimed an investment tax credit of $ 16,520 for the year. None of this amount was used to reduce petitioners' tax liability for the taxable year 1978. Petitioners carried back the investment tax credit to taxable years 1975, 1976, and 1977, in the amounts of $ 4,847, $ 4,946, and $ 6,727, respectively.
In the notice of deficiency, respondent determined that petitioners had not established that they were entitled to the claimed investment tax credit. Respondent disallowed the credit and carrybacks.
As an initial matter, on brief petitioners argue that our findings in
Collateral estoppel is an affirmative defense which must be specifically pleaded. Rule 39. Collateral estoppel precludes litigation by parties or their privies, in a later suit on a different cause of action, of issues of fact and law actually litigated and necessarily decided by a court in reaching a prior judgment.
Respondent argues that petitioners improperly raised the collateral estoppel defense for the first time in their brief.
In their petition petitioners asserted the following: The facts upon which the Petitioner relies as the basis of this case are as follows: (a) The Petitioner is a Partner in a Partnership that is either involved in or is closely related to, seventeen Partnerships whose business activities for 1977, 1978, and 1979 are now before this court in a consolidated *242 case entitled (b) The stipulation of the parties, trial testimony, and briefs filed by the parties in the
Petitioners' reference to
Assuming petitioners had properly raised the doctrine of collateral estoppel, petitioners bear the burden of proving this affirmative defense. Rules 39, 142(a);
The taxpayers in
In the alternative, petitioners request that we take judicial notice of our decision in
(a) Scope of rule. This rule governs only judicial notice of adjudicative facts.
(b) Kinds of facts. A judicially noticed fact must be one not subject to reasonable dispute in that it is either (1) generally known within the territorial jurisdiction of the trial court or (2) capable of accurate and ready determination by resort*245 to sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.
We may take judicial notice of opinions of this Court,
Respondent's determination is presumed to be correct, and petitioners have the burden of proving entitlement to the claimed credit. Rule 142(a);
Determining when a partnership is formed is a question of fact.
In determining a partner's investment tax basis with respect to partnership property, the regulations provide: "each partner shall take into account separately, * * *, his share of the basis of partnership new section 38 property and his share of the cost of partnership used section 38 property placed in service by the partnership during such partnership taxable year."
Section 48(b) defines "new section 38 property" as section 38 property "acquired after December 31, 1961, if the original use of such property commences with the taxpayer". Section 38 property acquired by purchase that is not new section 38 property is considered "used section 38 property." Sec. 48(c). The original use of property is "the first use to which the property is put, whether or not such use corresponds to the use of such property by the taxpayer."
*248 In this case, the evidence indicates that the partnership came into existence for Federal tax purposes as of December 28, 1978, the date on which the limited partners made capital contributions to the partnership. Up until that time, the partnership was without capital and could not conduct business. Although the partnership agreement was entered into on December 20, 1978, the amount of capital which each partner was to contribute to the partnership was left blank.
Respondent argues that because the partnership did not exist at the time of the cattle purchase, the partnership could not have engaged in the purchase and thus had no basis in the cattle. Therefore, respondent argues petitioner received no distributive share of basis in such cattle upon which petitioners can claim an investment tax credit. Petitioners counter that the cattle purchase was part of the pre-operating activities engaged in by Walter J. Hoyt III as general partner. Petitioners argue that the partnership became a party to the transaction on formation. 4
*249 We find petitioners' argument persuasive. Walter J. Hoyt III was purporting to act on behalf of Washoe Ranches # 7 LTD. when he entered into the cattle purchase. Washoe Ranches # 7 LTD. became a party to the transaction in December 1978 when the partnership accepted the cattle received as a result of the purchase, 5 and the partnership expressly accepted liability for the purchase price thereof. Thus, the partnership acquired the cattle by purchase, and the partnership, therefore, had basis in the cattle equal to the cost. Sec. 1012.
Respondent next argues that petitioners have failed to*250 establish when the cattle were placed in service. Petitioners argue that it is not significant when the cattle were placed in service if it occurred within the taxable year 1978.
Upon consideration, we are not persuaded by either argument in its entirety. The majority of the cattle was identified as bred heifers, meaning these cows had been impregnated. The average gestation period of cattle is approximately 9 to 10 months. 6 There is nothing in the record indicating what happened to the cattle during the 11 months between the sale by Hoyt & Sons and the acquisition of the cattle by the partnership for its breeding operations. *251 However, given the considerable passage of time, some, if not all, of the bred heifers must have given birth during this time, and we believe this activity constitutes original use within the meaning of section 48. 7 Thus, petitioners have failed to establish that the original use of these bred heifers commenced with the partnership. Therefore, by definition they are deemed to be used section 38 property when the partnership acquired them.
Based on the record, we find that the cattle were placed in service by the partnership on December 28, 1978. The cows, the majority of which *252 had already been bred, were in a state of readiness for their assigned function of breeding. Petitioner was a partner in the partnership at that time, and thus petitioners are entitled to a distributive share of the investment tax credit basis and cost for the purchase of the cattle. 8 For these purposes, the partnership's cost of the bred heifers is limited to $ 100,000. Sec. 48(c)(2).
We have considered all arguments by the parties, and, to the extent not discussed above, find them to be irrelevant or without merit.
To reflect the foregoing,
Footnotes
1. Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to the Internal Revenue Code in effect for the years at issue. All Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.↩
2. 120 percent of the interest due with respect to any substantial underpayment attributable to tax motivated transactions.↩
1. 50 percent of the interest due to the underpayment of tax attributable to negligence or intentional disregard of rules and regulations.↩
2. In their Stipulation of Settled Issues, the parties stipulated that, exclusive of the investment tax credit issue, there are deficiencies in petitioners' Federal income taxes as follows:
Taxable Year Deficiency 1975 $ 4,847 1976 4,946 1977 6,727 1978 1,495 1979 1,549 1980 9,043 1981 8,750 1982 3,468 The parties further stipulated that there are no additions to tax under secs. 6653(a), 6653(a)(1), 6653(a)(2), and 6659 for any of the years in issue, and that no part of the deficiencies is a substantial underpayment for the purposes of computing interest payable with respect to such amounts pursuant to sec. 6621(c) (formerly sec. 6621(d)).↩
3. For tax year 1978, sec. 48(c)(2)(A) provides: "The cost of used section 38 property taken into account under section 46(c)(1)(B) for any taxable year shall not exceed $ 100,000." This limitation applies at the partnership level and at the partner level. Sec. 48(c)(2)(D).↩
4. Petitioners rely on California law in support of their argument. We do not understand California law to govern in this case as the record indicates that the partnership was formed as a Nevada limited partnership, the partnership agreement was filed with the county of Washoe, Nevada, and the principal offices of the partnership were located in Nevada. Nothing in the record indicates that the partnership carried on its operations in California. However, we are persuaded that petitioners' position is consistent with Nevada law.↩
5. The Supreme Court of Nevada has held that such acceptance of the benefits of the transaction constitutes ratification of the contract. See, e.g.,
European Motors, Ltd. v. Oden , 344 P.2d 195, 197 (Nev. 1959)Restatement, Agency 2d, sec. 104↩ & comment (a) (1958). For these purposes, the labels are not significant.6. The average gestation period for cattle is 284 days, with a variation range of 260-300 days. See 5 New Encyclopedia Britannica, Gestation 227 (15th ed. 1993). "It is generally accepted that courts may take judicial notice of scientific facts which are commonly known and which may be found in encyclopedias, dictionaries, or other publications."
Mattes v. Commissioner , 77 T.C. 650, 653↩ n.3 (1981)7.
In determining whether livestock acquired by a taxpayer is new or used property for purposes of the credit, the committee intends that livestock be treated in a manner consistent with that provided in the Treasury regulations for other types of property. Property is considered new property for purposes of the credit if its original use commences with the taxpayer. The regulations provide that the term "original use" means the first use to which property is placed, whether or not the use corresponds to the use of the property by the taxpayer. However, where the property qualifies as a breeding or dairy animal, it will normally be regarded as a new article at the time it is first used for these purposes, that is, at the time its suitability is established by the bearing of a calf or the giving milk, assuming it has not been used for other purposes prior to that time.
1972-1 C.B. 559↩, 577 .8. Petitioner's sharing ratio is based upon his profits-sharing ratio, 85 percent of 18.182 percent or 15.455 percent.↩
Related
Cite This Page — Counsel Stack
1997 T.C. Memo. 198, 73 T.C.M. 2674, 1997 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 233, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/coward-v-commissioner-tax-1997.