HUSTON, J.
This is an appeal from an order and judgment •of the district court of Ada county sustaining a demurrer to plaintiff’s complaint. As the case rests upon demurrer to the complaint, we have thought best to set forth the complaint as the same appears in the recofd:
“COMPLAINT.
“The plaintifE complains and alleges:
“1. That plaintifE is a political subdivision of the state of Idaho, and a comity of said state.
“2. That the defendant the Bullen Bridge Company is either •a copartnership composed of individuals unknown to plaintifE, ■an association of persons whose names, and residences are to plaintifE unknown, or a corporation, the members and officers ■of which and the place where organized being to plaintifE unknown; and plaintifE asks permission, when it is ascertained whether’or not said Bullen Bridge Company is a partnership or •association or corporation, to amend its complaint accordingly.
“3. That the defendant the First National Bank of Idaho is a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the 'United States, and doing business in Ada county, state of Idaho.
“4. That the Falk-Bloch Mercantile Company is a limited ■corporation, organized and existing under the laws of the state •of Idaho, and doing business in Ada and Canyon counties, Idaho.
“5. That the real names of the defendants John Doe and Bichard Boe are unknown to plaintifE, and plaintifE asks leave to insert the real names of said defendants in the place of said fictitious names when said real names are ascertained.
“And for a first cause of action herein the plaintifE alleges: 'That on the twenty-first day of July, 1891, at Boise City, in Ada county, state of Idaho, the board of county commissioners ■of said Ada county, at a special session of said board, held at said place, made and entered into a contract in writing with the defendant the Bullen Bridge Company, which said contract was signed by O. T. Bilderback, chairman of said board, in be[81]*81half of said board, and by C. A. Bullen, as agent, in behalf of of said Bullen Bridge Company, which said contract was and is in words and figures following, to wit:
“‘This contract, made this twenty-first day of July, A. D. 1891, by and between the Bullen Bridge Company of Pueblo, Colorado, party of the first part, and the board of county commissioners of Ada county, and state of Idaho, party of the second part, witnesseth: -That the said party of the first part contracts and agrees to and with the party of the second part to build, paint, and make complete, and have ready for use by the 1st of March, 1893, for the party of the second part, the substructure, superstructure, and approaches for a wrought-iron highway bridge over the Boise river,- near Boise City, county of Ada, state of Idaho. Said bridge to be built in one span two hundred and ten feet in length, with one twenty-two foot apron at each end, and to have one roadway thirty feet wide in the clear. Substructure to consist of iron cylinder piers as shown by plans. All the materials for said bridge, including. abutments, piers, and approaches, are to be furnished by the party of the first part, and are to be of good and suitable quality; and the work is to be done in a thorough, workmanlike manner in accordance with the plans, specifications, and profile on file in the auditor’s office, and forming a part of this contract. And the party of the second part contracts and agrees to pay to the party of the first part the sum of twenty-two thousand ($22,000) dollars. Payment to be made for said bridge in warrants drawn on the general bridge fund as follows, viz.: $13,000 on the delivery of the iron material for said bridge at Boise City, $5,500 on the completion of the substructure, and the remaining $3,500 on the completion and acceptance of said bridge. And the party of the first part will not be held responsible for unavoidable accidents or delays in transportation, or for the elements.
(Signed) “ ‘THE BULLEN BRIDGE COMPANY,
“ ‘By C. A. BULLEN, Agent.
“ ‘C. T. BILDERBACK,
‘“Chairman Board of County Commissioners, Ada County, 'Idaho.’
[82]*82“That the total income and revenue provided for said Ada county for the said year 1891 was the sum of $60,697.49, and for the year 1892 was the sum of $72,978.95. That the total amount of income and revenue provided for the general bridge fund of said Ada county, for said year 1891, was the sum of $1,538.68, and for the year 1892 was the sum of $8,792.84. That prior to the issuance of the first of the warrants hereinafter referred .to and provided for in said contract, warrants of said Ada county upon the general bridge fund of said county had been duly and regularly allowed, order drawn and given over to the owners thereof in an aggregate sum equal to the amount in each fund for the year 1891. That the revenue and income of said Ada county for said years 1891 and 1892 raised for and appropriated to and placed in the other funds in the treasury of said county was duly and regularly appropriated and used during said years in paying the current expenses of said county, and in taking up warrants of said county drawn on such funds.
“2.-That on the twenty-fifth day of February, 1892, in accordance with the terms of said contract, warrants numbered 94 to 106, inclusive, drawn on the general bridge fund of said county, each of said warrants being for the sum of $1,000, and making the aggregate sum of $13,000, were duly issued to the defendant the Bullen Bridge Company, and by said defendant, and through its agent, Charles A. Bullen, drawn and accepted. That on the seventh day of April, 1892, warrants numbered 109 to 113, inclusive, each in the sum of $1,000, and warrant numbered 114, in the sum of $500, on the general bridge fund of said Ada county, and aggregating the sum of $5,500, were duly issued to the defendant the Bullen Bridge Company, by reason of and under the terms of said contract, and by said defendant accepted. That on the eighteenth day of April, 1892, warrants numbered 143, 144 and 145, in the sum of $1,000 each, and warrant numbered 146, in the sum of $500, and aggregating the sum of $3,500, were duly drawn in accordance with the terms of said contract on the general bridge fund of said county, and issued to the defendant the Bullen Bridge Company, and accepted by said defendant. That the aggregate [83]*83amount of said warrants issued under said contract and accepted by said defendant was and is tbe sum of $22,000.
“3. That no question relating to the making of said contract or the issuance or delivery of said warrants, or any of them, was ever submitted to a vote of the electors of said Ada county, and no provision was ever made for the collection of an annual tax sufficient to pay the interest on said warrants, or to provide a sinking fund for the pajunent of the principal thereof, and no provision at said time or since has been made for the payment of either the principal or interest of said warrants; and that, as plaintiff is informed and believes, and therefore alleges, said contract was beyond the power of the said board of county commissioners to make, and was null and void; and that said indebtedness and liability incurred against said county by reason of the issuance and delivery of said warrants, and each of them, was and is null and void; and that said warrants, and each of them, which have not heretofore been paid, were and are null and void.
“4. That said warrants numbered 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, and 99, each in the sum of $1,000, and aggregating the sum of $6,000, have heretofore been paid out of the revenues of said Ada county for the years 1891, 1892 and 1893, but that the remainder of said warrants, numbered 100 to 106, inclusive, and 109 to 111, inclusive, and 143 to 146, inclusive, and aggregating the sum of $16,000, a.re still unpaid.
“5. That the defendants the First National Bank of Idaho, the Falk-Bloeh Mercantile Company, C. A. Bullen, John Doe and .Richard Roe, the names of the last two defendants being to the plaintiff unknown, as heretofore set forth, own or claim and pretend to own, as plaintiff is informed and believes, and therefore alleges, some interest in said warrants, the exact interest being to plaintiff unknown.
“6. That to allow said warrants to remain outstanding impairs the credit of plaintiff, and also prevents plaintiff from bonding its legal indebtedness, and is against the interests of plaintiff and its inhabitants.
“And for a second cause of action herein plaintiff complains. and alleges: .
[84]*84“1. That on the ninth day of August, 1892, at Boise City, in Ada county, state of Idaho, the board of county commissioners of said Ada county, at a special session of said board, hold at said place, made and entered into a contract in writing with the defendant the Bullen Bridge Company, which said contract was signed by C. T. Bilderback, chairman of said board, in behalf of said board and by C. A. Bullen, as agent, in behalf of said Bullen Bridge Company, which said contract was and is in words and figures following, to wit:
“ 'This contract made this ninth day of August, A. D. 1892, by and between the Bullen Bridge Company, of Pueblo, Colorado, party of the first part, and the board of county commissioners of Ada county, and state of Idaho, party of the second part, witnesseth: That the said party of the first part contracts and agrees to and with the party of the second part to repair the south approach to the new bridge across Boise river at Boise City, county of Ada, and state of Idaho. Said repairs to consist of a skew span of one hundred and five feet in length, with a clear roadway of thirty feet, to be placed on the present cylinder piers at the south end of the present span, and on five-foot cylinder piers at the south end of the new span. All material for said bridge, including cylinder piers at the south end of new span, with necessary bulkhead for earth fill at south end, are to be furnished by the party of the first part, and are to be of good and suitable quality, and the work is to be performed in a thorough, workmanlike manner in accordance with the plans and specifications for same on file in the auditor’s office, and which form a part of this contract. Said work to be completed on or before December 1, 1892. And the said party of the second part contracts and agrees to pay the party of the first part the sum of thirteen thousand six hundred and ninety dollars ($13,690), payment to be made for said bridge in warrants drawn on the general bridge fund as follows, viz.: $8,900 on delivery of the iron material for said bridge at Boise City, $3,400 on completion of the substructure, and the remaining $1,390 on completion and acceptance of the work. And the party of the first part will not be held responsible for delays caused from. [85]*85labor troubles, unavoidable accidents or delays in transportation, or from the elements.
(Signed) “ ‘C. T. BILDEBBACK,
“ ‘Chairman Board of County Commissioners Ada County, ■ Idaho.
“ ‘THE BULLEN BEIDGE CO.,
“ ‘By C. A. BULLEN, Agent/
“That the total income and revenue provided for said Ada county for said year 1892 was the sum of $72,978.95, and for the year 1893 was sum of $66,482.66. That the total amount of income and revenue provided for the general bridge fund of said Ada county for said year 1892 was the sum of $8,792.84, and for the year 1893 was the sum of $13,302.53. That prior to the issuance of the first of the warrants hereinafter referred to and provided for in said contract, warrants of said Ada county upon the general bridge fund of said county had been duly and regularly allowed, order drawn, and given over to the owners thereof in amount greater thau the total amount of said fund provided for in said year 1892, and the year 1893 also. That the revenue and income of said Ada county for said year 1892, raised for and appropriated to and placed in the other funds in the treasury of said county, was duly and regularly appropriated and used during said year in paying the current expenses of said county, and in taking up warrants of said county drawn on such funds.
“2. That on the twenty-third day of February, 1893, in accordance with the terms of said contract, warrants numbered 64 to 66, inclusive, drawn on the general bridge fund of said county, each of said warrants being for the sum of $1,000, and making the aggregate sum of $3,000, and warrant No. 67, for $400, were duly issued to the defendant the Bullen Bridge Company, and by said defendant, and through its agent, C. A. Bullen, drawn and accepted. That on the eleventh day of March, 1893, warrants numbered 69 to 76, inclusive, each in the sum of $1,000, and warrant numbered 77, in the sum of $900, on the general bridge fund of said Ada county, and aggregating the sum of $8,900, were duly issued to the defendant the Bullen Bridge Company by reason of and under the terms of said contract, and by said defendant accepted. That on the.[86]*86tenth day of April, 1893, warrant numbered 79, in the sum of $1,000, and warrant numbered 80, in the sum of $390, and aggregating the sum of $1,390, were duly drawn in accordance with the terms of said contract on the general bridge fund of said county, issued to the defendant the Bullen Bridge Company, and accepted by said defendant. That the aggregate amount of said warrants issued under said contract and accepted by said defendant was and is the sum of $13,690.
“3. That no question in relation to the making of said contract or the issuance or delivery of said warrants, or any of them, was ever submitted to a vote of the electors of said Ada county, and no provision was ever made for the collection of an annual tax sufficient to pay the interest on said warrants, or to provide a sinking fund for the payment of the principal thereof, and no provision at said time or since has been made for the payment of either the principal or interest of said warrants; and that, as plaintiff is informed and believes, and therefore alleges, said contract was beyond the power of the said board of county commissioners to make, and was null and void; and that said indebtedness and liability incurred against said county by reason of the issuance and delivery of said warrants, and each of them, was and is null and void, and that said warrants, and each of them, which'have not heretofore been paid, were and are null and void.
• “4. That all of said warrants, aggregating the said sum of $13,690, are still unpaid.
"5. That the defendants the First National Bank of Idaho, the Falk-Bloeh Mercantile Company, C. A. Bullen, John Doe, and Bichard Boe, the names of the last two defendants being to the plaintiff unknown, as heretofore set forth, own or claim and pretend to own, as plaintiff is informed and believes, and therefore alleges, some interest in said warrants, the exact interest being to plaintiff unknown.
“G. That to allow said warrants to remain outstanding impairs the credit of plaintiff, and also prevents plaintiff from bonding its legal indebtedness, and is against the interest of plaintiff and its inhabitants.
“Wherefore plaintiff prays that said warrants mentioned in said first cause of action, and now unpaid, to wit, warrants on [87]*87the genera] bridge fund of said county numbered 100 to 106, inclusive, 109 to 113, inclusive, and 109 to 114, inclusive, and. 143 to 145, inclusive, all of the issue of 1892, and that each and every of them, be adjudged and decreed to be null and void, and not binding or legal obligations of Ada county, and that the said warrants, and each and every of them, be ordered to be returned to the proper officers of said Ada county, and be canceled. And that said warrants in the second cause of action mentioned and described, to wit, warrants on the general bridge fund of said Ada county of the issue of the year 1893, and numbered 64 to 67, inclusive, and 69 to 77, inclusive, and 79 and 80, and each and every of them, be adjudged and decreed to be null and void, and not binding on said Ada county, or a legal obligation thereof; and that each and every of said warrants be ordered returned by the defendants to the proper officers of said Ada county for cancellation; and plaintiff! prays further for judgment for costs of this action.
“HAWLEY & PUCKETT,
“Attorneys for Plaintiff.”
Duly verified. Filed July 6, 1895, at 4:35 P. M.
To this complaint, defendant the Falk-Bloch Mercantile Company filed a disclaimer. The other defendants filed general demurrers. Upon a hearing in the district court upon the complaint and demurrers, the demurrers were sustained, and, plaintiff: declining to amend, judgment was entered in favor of defendant, from which this appeal is taken.
This is an action in equity, seeking and praying the cancellation of certain warrants upon the treasury of the plaintiff county upon the alleged grounds that the same were issued illegally, and in violation of constitutional provisions. By the issue raised by the demurrer the first question we are called to pass upon is, Conceding the facts to be as stated in the complaint, can the plaintiff! maintain this action? It is contended by defendants that an action for the cancellation of written instruments will not lie upon the state of facts set up in the complaint —in other words, that, the plaintiff! having a plain, speedy and adequate remedy at law, equity will not intervene; and several decisions of this court are cited in support of this contention. Let us examine the cases cited. In the case of Picotte v. Watt, [88]*883 Idaho, 447, 31 Pae. 805, this court decided that “where the statute provides a plain, speedy, and adequate remedy, it must be pursued.” If our statutes provide any plain, speedy and adequate remedy at law for the county against the payment of warrants, illegally or fraudulently issued by order of its board of commissioners, we have been unable to find it. It is the opinion of this court that the provisions of section 1776 of the Revised Statutes, do not apply to a case where the county is seeking to protect itself against the illegal or fraudulent acts of its board of commissioners in the issuance of warrants. And we think there will nothing be found in the other decisions of' this court in any way contravening this view. Touching the-general jurisdiction of equity in this class of cases, Professor Pomeroy (3 Pomeroy’s Equity Jurisprudence, sec. 910) says:: “It is impossible, especially in the United States, to formulate-any universal rules concerning the extent or the exercise of the equitable jurisdiction in matters of fraud, since the decisions of' different states are directly at variance with respect to its existence and extent, and since its exercise must depend to a great, extent upon the circumstances of particular cases, and even upon, the temperaments and opinions of individual judges.” When we supplement these words of the learned jurist with the admonitions of our own statutes, often repeated, that we are, in avoidance of all technicalities, to administer the law for the-promotion of justice, we are unable to recognize the contention of defendants that “a municipal corporation is estopped, after a warrant upon its treasury has been issued, to set up the defense of ultra vires, or fraud, or want or failure of consideration.” That it may maintain a bill in equity to cancel warrants-illegally issued is, we think, conclusively established by the authorities.
Section 3 of article 8 of the constitution of Idaho provides; as follows: “Sec. 3. No county, city, town, township, board of' education, or school district, or other subdivision of the state,, shall incur any indebtedness, or liability in any manner, or for-any purpose, exceeding in that year, the income and revenue-provided for it for such year, without the assent of two-thirds-of the qualified electors thereof, voting at an election to be held for that purpose, nor unless, before or at the time of incurring-[89]*89such indebtedness provision shall be made for the collection of an annual tax sufficient to pay the interest on such indebtedness as it falls due, and also to constitute a sinking fund for the payment of the principal thereof, within twenty years from the time of contracting the same. Any indebtedness or liability incurred contrary to this provision shall be void ¿provided,that this section shall not be construed to apply to the ordinary and necessary expenses authorized by the general laws of the state.” The complaint avers “that the total amount of income and revenue provided for said Ada county for the year 1891 was the sum :of $60,697.49, and for the year 1892, was the sum of $72,978.95, and for the year 1893 was the sum of $66,482.66; that the income and revenue provided for the general bridge fund of said Ada county for said year 1891 was the sum of $1,538.68, and for the year 1892 was the sum of $8,792.84, and for the year 1893 was the sum of $13,302.53; that prior to the issuance of the first warrants, hereinafter referred to, and provided for in said contract, warrants of said Ada county upon the general bridge fund of said county had been duly and regularly allowed, order drawn, and given over to the owners thereof in the aggregate sum equal to the amount in each fund for the year 1891; “that the revenue and income of said Ada county for said year 1892 raised for and appropriated to and placed in other funds in the' treasury of said county was duly and regularly appropriated and used during said year in paying the current expenses of said county, and in taking up warrants of said county drawn on such fund”; “that no question relating to the making of said contract,, or the issuance or delivery of said warrants, or any of them,, was ever submitted to a vote of the electors of said Ada county, and no provision was ever made for the collection of an annual tax sufficient to pay the interest on said warrants, or to provide a sinking fund for the payment of the principal thereof; and no provision at said time or since has been made for the payment of either the principal or interest of said warrants.” And the ¡truth of these allegations is admitted by the demurrer. It would seem that the board of county commissioners had given the usual consideration to the provisions of the constitution and the statutes which those enactments receive at their hands.
Bespondents urge that the incurring of the indebtedness in question, and the issuance of the warrants in payment thereof, [90]*90are authorized by section 11 of the act of March 13, 1891 (Laws 1st Sess., pp. 193, 194), which is as follows: “Whenever it appears to the board of commissioners that the road fund is or would be unreasonably burdened by the expense of construction <and maintenance, and repair of any bridge or road, they may in their discretion, cause a portion of the aggregate cost or expense to be paid out of the general fund of the county, and they may levy a special tax, not exceeding one-fourth of one per cent, on the taxable property of the county, annually, until the amount appropriated in aid is raised and paid.” The recognition of respondents’ claimed construction of this section of the statute would simply amount to a negation of the constitutional provision above quoted. The object and purpose of the constitutional provision is clearly set forth therein and in the other sections of the article. It was to maintain the credit of the state and the counties by keeping them upon a cash basis. Warned by a fearful experience, the makers of the constitution were desirous of protecting the people from the cupidity and rapacity which past experience admonished them sometimes influenced those who had the management and control of state and county finances, and for the accomplishment of these ends they made what they conceived to be sufficient provisions in the constitution. If it is claimed that this expenditure comes within the proviso of section 3, article 8, of the constitution, we answer that a construction of that proviso, as well as of the entire section, was given by this court in the case of Bannock Co. v. Bunting, 4 Idaho, 156, 37 Pac. 277, and we would suggest that an improvement involving an expenditure of nearly $40,000, where the revenue of the county for the year was only about '$70,000. would not readily be classed as an “ordinary and necessary expense.” ' It would be difficult, we apprehend, to name an expense under such a construction that would not be “ordinary and necessary.” If a necessity existed for the bridge, there was no conceivable excuse for not complying with the plainly expressed provisions of the constitution and the statutes. If these provisions of law are to be ignored or defeated upon -flimsy technicalities, it is difficult to see what protection the people will have. Again, it does not appear that any attempt was ever made by the board of commissioners to avail themselves of the provision of section 11 of the act of March 13, 1891. No [91]*91warrants were ever drawn upon tbe general fund, nor were there to be, under the terms of the contracts. Nor was there any special or other tax levied to meet the payments stipulated for in said contracts. The appeal to section 11 of the act of "March 13, 1891, seems to have been entirely an afterthought, due, we apprehend, more to the acumen of counsel than any •desire on the part of the commissioners to comply with the law. It is contended by respondents that “the complaint should have •contained an allegation that upon the date the warrant was •drawn there was not sufficient money in the county treasury to pay the same/’’ Without assenting to this contention, it is sufficient to say that the complaint does contain an unequivocal statement that all of the moneys in the general bridge fund, upon which all of these warrants were drawn, was exhausted. "We have examined with scrutinizing care all of the cases cited by respondents, and we are unable to recognize their pertinency to the ease at bar.
Stripped of all subterfuge, the plain facts in this case, as they appear from the complaint", are simply these (and for the purposes of this case we are assuming that tire facts alleged in the complaint are admitted by the demurrer):
The board of county commissioners of Ada county, without authority of law, and in violation of the plain and unequivocal provisions of the constitution, caused to be issued warrants upon the general bridge fund of said county to the amount of $35,690. Being unauthorized by law, and their issuance prohibited by the provisions of the constitution, the warrants so issued are void. This is not a case where a simple claim is presented for allowance to the board, and from the action of the board in relation thereto an appeal may be taken. The board were acting for the county. They made a contract which was unauthorized by law. The duty of the board was plain. They should have submitted the question to a vote as provided. But, without submitting this question; involving an expenditure of a sum of money equal to more than one-half the revenue of the county for the year, they assumed upon their own motion to abrogate and set aside both 'the law and the constitution, and only obey the dictates of their own sweet will. And we are called upon as a court to indorse Their action. It must have been palpable to the board of com[92]*92missioners that the debt they were incurring against the connty in the making of the bridge contracts vastly exceeded the income and revenue provided for that year. What excuse, then, was. there for ignoring the provision of the constitution providing for such a contingency ? Section 1762 of the Bevised Statutes makes provision for the letting of contracts for improvements when the expense involved will exceed $1,000, but this section was also ignored, except in some minor particulars. The section provides that “when a petition signed by at least one-third of the taxpayers who are qualified voters of any county is presented to the board,” etc., the board may proceed, under certain regulations; to make such contract. This provision of the statute, it is true, antedates the constitution, and, in so far as it conflicts with the provisions of that instrument, it is unavailable. It'is mentioned here because it seems to verify the statement already made that there seems to have been no intention or desire on the part of the board to comply with either the law or the constitution. The principles we recognize in our conclusions in this case are, we think, fully supported by the decisions upon this and cognate questions. (See Buchanan v. Litchfield, 102 U. S. 278, affirmed in Litchfield v. Ballou, 114 U. S. 190, 5 Sup. Ct. Rep. 820; French v. City of Burlington, 42 Iowa, 614; Book v. Earl, 87 Mo. 246.) But, aside from other authority than our own constitution and statutes, we feel compelled to hold that this action should be sustained. TTpon the question suggested in brief of counsel for the respondents as to the liability of the county upon a quantum meruit for the cost of the bridge, the county having accepted and appropriated it, we do not feel called upon to pass at this time. The judgment of the district court is reversed, and the cause remanded, with instructions to overrule the demurrer of defendants, with leave to answer; costs to appellant.
Morgan, C. J., and Sullivan, J., concur.