IN THE SUPREME COURT OF NORTH CAROLINA
No. 173PA24
Filed 12 December 2025
BRITTANY JEANNE COTTLE, TERRY ALAN COTTLE, and CYNTHIA BALKCUM COTTLE
v. KEITH PINKNEY MANKIN, MD; JEANNE HALL, RN, MSN, FNP-C; BRADLEY K. VAUGHN, MD; WALLACE F. ANDREW JR., MD; KARL STEIN; JOSEPH U. BARKER, MD; MARK R. MIKLES, MD; RALEIGH ORTHOPAEDIC CLINIC, P.A.; and RALEIGH ORTHOPAEDIC RESEARCH FOUNDATION
On discretionary review pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7A-31(c) of a unanimous
decision of the Court of Appeals, 294 N.C. App. 20 (2024), affirming in part and
reversing in part summary judgment entered on 16 March 2022 by Judge William R.
Pittman in Superior Court, Wake County. On 21 March 2025, the Supreme Court
allowed plaintiffs’ cross-petition for discretionary review. Heard in the Supreme
Court on 17 September 2025.
Mast, Johnson, Wright, Booker & Van Patten, P.A., by Charles Mast, Nichole G. Booker, and Caroline Parrish, for plaintiff-appellees.
Robinson, Bradshaw & Hinson, P.A., by Matthew W. Sawchak, Erik R. Zimmerman, Garrett A. Steadman, and Zachary A. Johnson; Huff, Powell & Bailey, LLC, by Pankaj Shere and Beth S. Reeves, pro hac vice, for Raleigh Orthopaedic Clinic, P.A., and Raleigh Orthopaedic Research Foundation, defendant-appellants.
Brown Moore & Associates, PLLC, by Jon R. Moore; Ward and Smith, P.A., by Christopher S. Edwards; and Tatum & Atkinson, PLLC, by Jon Ward, for North Carolina Advocates for Justice, amicus curiae. COTTLE V. MANKIN
Opinion of the Court
Roberts & Stevens, PA, by David C. Hawisher, for North Carolina Association of Defense Attorneys, amicus curiae.
Sarah Motley Stone, for North Carolina Healthcare Association, Carolinas Medical Group Management Association, North Carolina Medical Society, and North Carolina Independent Physician Practice Association, amici curiae.
BARRINGER, Justice.
Informed by the text of the controlling statute, our rules of statutory
construction, and the relevant caselaw, we hold plaintiffs’ negligent retention claim
against a corporate medical practice is a “medical malpractice action” as defined by
N.C.G.S. § 90-21.11 (2023). Accordingly, plaintiffs’ negligent retention claim is barred
by the statute of repose. N.C.G.S. § 1-15(c) (2023).
I. Background
On behalf of their daughter, Brittany Cottle, plaintiffs Terry Cottle and
Cynthia Cottle commenced this action against defendants for the alleged substandard
medical care provided to Brittany during her time as a patient at Raleigh Orthopaedic
Clinic (ROC).
A. Factual Background
Plaintiffs’ complaint alleges the following events: In 2010, when Brittany was
fourteen years old, she saw Dr. Keith Mankin, an orthopedist at ROC, seeking relief
from her back pain. Dr. Mankin ordered an X-ray of Brittany’s spine and diagnosed
her with spinal stenosis and mild scoliosis. Three months later, an MRI indicated
that Brittany did not suffer from spinal stenosis, but rather only minimal disc
desiccation. Nevertheless, Dr. Mankin performed surgery on Brittany, removing a
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portion of her vertebra to relieve pressure ostensibly caused by spinal stenosis and
fusing a portion of her spine in place.
Sometime in 2011, a father of one of Dr. Mankin’s surgical patients made a
complaint to Dr. Wallace Andrew, an orthopedist at ROC, and Karl Stein, the
executive director of ROC. He claimed that Dr. Mankin had never actually performed
a fusion surgery he claimed to have performed and that the patient never needed
surgery in the first place. Despite this disturbing report, ROC took no formal action.
In early 2011, ROC hired Dr. Neil Vining as a pediatric orthopedic surgeon.
Almost immediately upon joining the practice group, Dr. Vining recognized that ROC
employees generally understood Dr. Mankin to be a substandard physician.
Dr. Mankin’s substandard care was so severe that Dr. Vining even noticed ROC
doctors referring pediatric cases to outside practice groups, like UNC or Duke, in an
attempt to steer those patients away from Dr. Mankin. Dr. Vining quickly became
worried about how Dr. Mankin treated his patients.
By the end of the year, Dr. Vining’s mounting concerns hit a breaking point.
He arranged a meeting with Mr. Stein, Dr. Andrew, and an insurance representative.
At the meeting, Dr. Vining presented three pediatric cases in which Dr. Mankin
provided negligent medical care. He conveyed his opinion to the group that
Dr. Mankin presented a significant risk to his patients and urged that corrective
measures be implemented. Yet, still no action was taken—Dr. Mankin remained
employed by ROC.
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In July 2012, Brittany returned to Dr. Mankin with continuing back pain.
Upon evaluation, Dr. Mankin diagnosed Brittany with an unstable sacroiliac joint
and recommended that Brittany undergo a second surgery. Approximately four
months later, Dr. Mankin performed that second surgery, attempting a left sacroiliac
fusion and stabilization fixation with three screws. Dr. Mankin wrote in his operative
report that the screws were properly affixed. However, the operating room imaging
showed that two of the three screws were, in fact, not fixed to bone at all.
Concerns over Dr. Mankin reached a turning point in early 2013. In January
of that year, Dr. Edmund Campion, a pediatric orthopedist at UNC School of
Medicine, sent an email to Dr. Jeffrey Kobs, an orthopedist at ROC. The email
included a letter detailing widely held concerns regarding Dr. Mankin’s “pattern of
incompetent, and even dangerous, care” provided to his patients. In that email,
Dr. Campion expressed his intent to share the letter with the chief medical officer at
WakeMed.1 By March, Dr. Mankin had resigned from ROC.
After Dr. Mankin’s resignation, Dr. Vining learned that Dr. Mankin was still
treating patients—now through his own solo practice in Raleigh, North Carolina.
Dr. Vining, troubled by the “highly dubious” and “consistently substandard”
techniques of Dr. Mankin, decided that it was time to alert authorities. Dr. Vining
wrote a letter to the North Carolina Medical Board. In that letter, Dr. Vining
1 ROC physicians, including Dr. Mankin, relied upon WakeMed for its surgical facilities to execute their surgeries.
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encouraged the North Carolina Medical Board to independently contact various
pediatric orthopedists who were familiar with Dr. Mankin’s care and to entertain the
possibility of sanctions against him.
The Board opened an investigation into the quality of Dr. Mankin’s care. At
the conclusion of the investigation, Dr. Mankin entered a non-disciplinary consent
order. In that order, Dr. Mankin voluntarily agreed to place his medical license on
inactive status and move out of North Carolina to pursue non-medical interests. By
12 December 2015, Dr. Mankin officially ceased all practice of medicine in the State
of North Carolina.
In 2016, Brittany’s back pain returned. She called ROC to schedule an
appointment. This time, she was seen by Dr. Mark Mikles, another orthopedist at
ROC. Dr. Mikles saw Brittany for two visits before referring her to Dr. Joseph Barker,
a hip specialist at ROC.
Following her visit with Dr. Barker, Brittany determined it was time to seek a
second opinion. She visited Dr. William Richardson, an orthopedist at Duke. During
her visit with Dr. Richardson, Brittany discovered that she had never suffered from
spinal stenosis, that Dr. Mankin’s surgical fusion had never been performed, and that
the screws used to stabilize her sacroiliac joint had never connected to bone. Brittany
underwent a third surgery to remove the useless screws. She then commenced this
action.
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B. Procedural Background
On 21 November 2016, plaintiffs filed a Rule 9(j) extension motion expressing
their intent to commence a medical malpractice action arising from the surgeries
performed in 2010 and 2012 by Dr. Mankin. See N.C.G.S. § 1A-1, Rule 9(j) (2023).
Through their subsequently filed complaint, plaintiffs sought to hold Dr. Mankin
directly liable for medical malpractice. Plaintiffs also claimed the clinic was
vicariously liable for Dr. Mankin’s alleged malpractice and sued ROC directly for
negligently retaining and supervising Dr. Mankin.2 In addition, plaintiffs asserted
various tort claims against Dr. Mankin, ROC, and ROC’s employees.
All defendants moved to dismiss plaintiffs’ claims that stemmed from
Dr. Mankin’s alleged malpractice, citing the four-year statute of repose. See N.C.G.S.
§ 1-15(c) (2023). The trial court dismissed plaintiffs’ medical malpractice claims as
well as other claims against ROC and its employees. However, the trial court allowed
some claims to proceed, including the claims against ROC for negligent retention and
negligent supervision.
On 14 February 2022, the remaining defendants moved for summary
judgment, arguing that plaintiffs’ remaining claims all stemmed from the malpractice
claim and were therefore barred by the malpractice statute of repose. After a hearing
2 Plaintiffs’ complaint alleges claims against ROC and/or Raleigh Orthopaedic Research Foundation (Foundation). However, the Foundation dissolved in 2016 and plaintiffs did not include the Foundation in their notice of appeal. Accordingly, this Court focuses its analysis solely on ROC.
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on the matter, the trial court agreed, granting summary judgment for defendants on
all remaining claims. Plaintiffs appealed the summary judgment order.
At the Court of Appeals, plaintiffs did not appeal the dismissal of their medical
malpractice claims, conceding that those claims were barred by the statute of repose.
Cottle v. Mankin, 294 N.C. App. 20, 22 (2024). However, plaintiffs did appeal the
disposal of several other tort claims by the summary judgment order, including
claims of negligent retention and supervision, fraud, breach of fiduciary duty, and
infliction of emotional distress against ROC and several of its employees. Id. at 22–
23.
The Court of Appeals affirmed summary judgment for defendants on most of
plaintiffs’ claims. Id. at 26. The court, however, reversed the trial court’s grant of
summary judgment on the negligent retention claim against ROC.3 Id. at 28. The
Court of Appeals reasoned that the negligent retention claim falls outside of the
statute of repose, because a corporate medical practice cannot satisfy the statutory
definition of a “health care provider” in N.C.G.S. § 90-21.11(1), and because a
negligent retention claim is not a “medical malpractice action” as defined by N.C.G.S.
§ 90-21.11(2). Id. at 27.
3 The Court of Appeals only addressed plaintiffs’ negligent retention claim, but not
their negligent supervision claim. Cottle, 294 N.C. at 27 (“[W]e must conclude that Plaintiffs’ claim against ROC for negligent retention is not barred by the statute of repose, as the claim is not one of malpractice under the relevant statute.”). However, because the two claims are so factually intertwined, the court may have meant to revive the negligent supervision claim as well. Nevertheless, the analysis for both is the same. The lack of clarity on this point does not alter our outcome.
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Defendants filed a petition for discretionary review, requesting this Court to
review the Court of Appeals’ conclusion that the statute of repose does not bar
plaintiffs’ negligent retention claim. Plaintiffs filed a conditional petition for
discretionary review, requesting this Court to review the Court of Appeals’ decision
affirming dismissal of plaintiffs’ fraud, breach of fiduciary duty, and infliction of
emotional distress claims. We allowed both.
II. Standard of Review
This appeal arises from a trial court’s order allowing summary judgment.
“Summary judgment is appropriate when ‘there is no genuine issue as to any material
fact’ and ‘any party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.’ ” Builders Mut. Ins.
Co. v. N. Main Constr., Ltd., 361 N.C. 85, 88 (2006) (quoting N.C.G.S. § 1A-1,
Rule 56(c) (2005)). “[W]hen considering a summary judgment motion, ‘all inferences
of fact . . . must be drawn against the movant and in favor of the party opposing the
motion.’ ” Craig ex rel. Craig v. New Hanover Cnty. Bd. of Educ., 363 N.C. 334, 337
(2009) (alteration in original) (quoting Caldwell v. Deese, 288 N.C. 375, 378 (1975)).
This Court applies de novo review to a trial court’s order allowing summary
judgment. Builders Mut. Ins. Co., 361 N.C. at 88. To the extent this appeal involves
issues of statutory interpretation, de novo review governs those issues as well. See
Cherry Cmty. Org. v. Sellars, 381 N.C. 239, 247 (2022).
III. Analysis
Two distinct sets of claims are presented on appeal. The first set includes the
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negligent retention claim against ROC. The negligent retention claim pertains to
ROC’s retention of Dr. Mankin despite numerous complaints. The second set,
appealed by plaintiffs, are plaintiffs’ claims of fraud, constructive fraud, breach of
fiduciary duty, and negligent and/or intentional infliction of emotional distress
against ROC and various ROC physicians and employees. This second set arises from
a failure to inform Brittany of Dr. Mankin’s history of care. We address each set in
turn.
A. The Negligent Retention Claim
Plaintiffs allege ROC negligently retained Dr. Mankin as an employee of the
clinic to perform pediatric surgeries. Defendants counter that plaintiffs’ negligent
retention claim qualifies as a medical malpractice action as defined by N.C.G.S.
§ 90-21.11(2)—and is therefore barred by the statute of repose.
North Carolina’s statute of repose requires a malpractice action to be filed
within four years of a defendant’s last relevant act:
Except where otherwise provided by statute, a cause of action for malpractice arising out of the performance of or failure to perform professional services shall be deemed to accrue at the time of the occurrence of the last act of the defendant giving rise to the cause of action . . . . [I]n no event shall an action be commenced more than four years from the last act of the defendant giving rise to the cause of action[.]
N.C.G.S. § 1-15(c) (2023).
Plaintiffs filed their original complaint in 2017, more than four years after
Brittany’s last surgery with Dr. Mankin in 2012. Plaintiffs do not deny that if the
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statute of repose applies to their negligent retention claim, that claim is untimely.
Rather, plaintiffs contend, and the Court of Appeals agreed, that the negligent
retention claim is not a “medical malpractice action” to which the statute of repose
can apply.
“Medical malpractice action” is defined by statute. Id. § 90-21.11(2).
Subdivision 90-21.11(2) states:
Medical malpractice action. — Either of the following:
a. A civil action for damages for personal injury or death arising out of the furnishing or failure to furnish professional services in the performance of medical, dental, or other health care by a health care provider.
b. A civil action against a hospital, a nursing home licensed under Chapter 131E of the General Statutes, or an adult care home licensed under Chapter 131D of the General Statutes for damages for personal injury or death, when the civil action (i) alleges a breach of administrative or corporate duties to the patient, including, but not limited to, allegations of negligent credentialing or negligent monitoring and supervision and (ii) arises from the same facts or circumstances as a claim under sub-subdivision a. of this subdivision.
Id. (emphasis added). For an action to satisfy the statutory definition of medical
malpractice action under sub-subdivision (2)(a), the acts giving rise to the action must
have been furnished “by a health care provider.” Id.
Health care provider is conveniently defined by the same statute. Id.
§ 90-21.11(1). Subdivision 90-21.11(1) states:
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Health care provider. — Without limitation, any of the following:
a. A person who pursuant to the provisions of Chapter 90 of the General Statutes is licensed, or is otherwise registered or certified to engage in the practice of or otherwise performs duties associated with any of the following: medicine, surgery, dentistry, pharmacy, optometry, midwifery, osteopathy, podiatry, chiropractic, radiology, nursing, physiotherapy, pathology, anesthesiology, anesthesia, laboratory analysis, rendering assistance to a physician, dental hygiene, psychiatry, or psychology.
b. A hospital, a nursing home licensed under Chapter 131E of the General Statutes, or an adult care home licensed under Chapter 131D of the General Statutes.
c. Any other person who is legally responsible for the negligence of a person described by sub-subdivision a. of this subdivision, a hospital, a nursing home licensed under Chapter 131E of the General Statutes, or an adult care home licensed under Chapter 131D of the General Statutes.
d. Any other person acting at the direction or under the supervision of a person described by sub-subdivision a. of this subdivision, a hospital, a nursing home licensed under Chapter 131E of the General Statutes, or an adult care home licensed under Chapter 131D of the General Statutes.
e. Any paramedic, as defined in [N.C.]G.S. 131E-155(15a).
Id.
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1. Raleigh Orthopaedic Clinic As a Statutory Health Care Provider
We first examine whether ROC qualifies under § 90-21.11(1) as a statutory
“health care provider.” We hold that it does.
Defendants argue that ROC, a medical practice, fits squarely within the
meaning of sub-subdivision (1)(c): “Any other person who is legally responsible for the
negligence of a person described by sub-subdivision a. of this subdivision.” Id.
Meanwhile, plaintiffs counter that the word “person” does not include non-human
entities. Plaintiffs explain that the only non-human entities recognized under the
health care provider definition are those three explicitly listed: a hospital, a nursing
home, and an adult care home. In plaintiffs’ view, the listing of the three corporate
bodies indicates the legislature’s clear intent to only recognize those three entities
under its definition of health care provider. We disagree.
Our General Assembly has provided rules for the construction of its statutes
that must be observed “unless such construction would be inconsistent with the
manifest intent of the General Assembly, or repugnant to the context of the same
statute.” N.C.G.S. § 12-3 (2023). One such rule is that “[t]he word ‘person’ shall
extend and be applied to bodies politic and corporate, as well as to individuals, unless
the context clearly shows to the contrary.” Id. § 12-3(6). Thus, the word “person”
contained in § 90-21.11(1)(c) must be read as including corporate bodies, unless the
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context clearly shows to the contrary.4
As always, we begin with the text. Subdivision 90-21.11(1) explicitly directs
courts to construe the definition of health care provider broadly. Indeed, the definition
of health care provider is “[w]ithout limitation.” N.C.G.S. § 90-21.11(1).
Sub-subdivision (1)(c) reinforces an expansive reading of the statute as well.
Sub-subdivision (1)(c) uses the word “any” before the term “other person,” indicating
that person includes entities other than the three listed. Id.
The Court of Appeals panel below seemingly embraced the negative-
implication canon, expressio unius, in its reading of § 90-21.11. The negative-
implication canon counsels, “[t]he expression of one thing implies the exclusion of
others.” Antonin Scalia & Bryan A. Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal
Texts 107 (2012) [hereinafter Scalia & Garner, Reading Law]. Applying this canon,
the Court of Appeals reasoned that “[t]he only non-human entities incorporated
within the definition of ‘health care provider’ are ‘a hospital, a duly licensed nursing
home and a duly licensed adult care home.’ ” Cottle, 294 N.C. App. at 26 (extraneity
omitted).
However, the negative-implication canon is not appropriate where the plain
4 This statutory mandate tracks the traditional rule of statutory interpretation. See
Antonin Scalia & Bryan A. Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts 273 (2012) (“Traditionally the word person—as well as whoever—denotes not only natural persons (human beings) but also artificial persons such as corporations, partnerships, associations, and both public and private organizations. Though surprising to nonlawyers, this legal meaning is age-old.” (footnote omitted)).
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text of the statute excludes its application. Subdivision 90-21.11(1)’s explicit
“[w]ithout limitation” directive excludes application of the canon. See Scalia &
Garner, Reading Law at 244 (noting that “adding words such as without limitation
before each passage where [the] canon would otherwise apply” “has the same effect
as” adding “[a] provision excluding application of the negative-implication canon”).
Accordingly, the Court of Appeals’ reliance on the three listed entities to define the
term “person” was misplaced.
Sub-subdivision 90-21.11(1)(c)’s context further supports application of the
statutory rule that the word “person” includes corporate bodies. According to
sub-subdivision (1)(c), “[a]ny other person” refers to a person “who is legally
responsible for the negligence of a person described by sub-subdivision a. of this
subdivision.” N.C.G.S. § 90-21.11(1)(c) (emphasis added). Sub-subdivision (1)(a)
describes persons who are licensed to engage in various practices of medicine, such
as physicians, dentists, and pharmacists. Id. § 90-21.11(1)(a). Medical practices are
routinely vicariously liable, and thus “legally responsible,” for the negligence of their
physicians and other health care professionals. See, e.g., Shuffler v. Blue Ridge
Radiology Assocs., P.A., 73 N.C. App. 232 (1985); King v. Bryant, 369 N.C. 451 (2017);
Sharpe v. Worland, 351 N.C. 159 (1999). A corporate medical practice therefore
plainly aligns with sub-subdivision (1)(c)’s description. Thus, the context of
sub-subdivision (1)(c) supports, rather than contradicts, § 12-3(6)’s instruction that
the word “person” shall extend to bodies corporate.
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The relevant North Carolina Court of Appeals caselaw supports this conclusion
as well.5 In Sharpe v. Worland, 137 N.C. App. 82 (2000), a previous panel of the Court
of Appeals interpreted the word “person” in the very same chapter as that at issue
here, Chapter 90. And the Sharpe court employed the very same reasoning that
guides our analysis here. Id. As the panel aptly explained, “the general rule of
statutory construction holds that, absent a clear legislative intent to the contrary,
‘person’ should be defined pursuant to [N.C.]G.S. § 12-3(6) (1999), which provides that
the term ‘person’ applies to ‘bodies politic and corporate, as well as to individuals.’ ”
Id. at 89. Following this general rule, the court held, “[D]efendant Hospital, a
corporate body, qualifies as a ‘person’ under [N.C.]G.S. § 90-21.22(e).” Id.
Even more to the point, the Court of Appeals has also opined that the word
“person” contained in § 90-21.11(1) extends to entities not explicitly listed. In Estate
of Baldwin v. RHA Health Services, Inc., the court held that the word “person”
appearing in § 90-21.11(1)(d) extended to an entity that ran a residential facility for
developmentally disabled persons. 246 N.C. App. 58, 64–65 (2016). Significantly, a
residential facility for developmentally disabled persons is not one of the three listed
entities contained in § 90-21.11(1).6 Our reading aligns with a principle repeatedly
5 Although these Court of Appeals cases are not controlling, this Court finds them to
be persuasive. 6 A residential facility for developmentally disabled persons is licensed under
Chapter 122C of the North Carolina General Statutes. It, therefore, would not qualify as an adult care home licensed under Chapter 131D of the General Statutes, which § 90-21.11(1) explicitly lists.
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honored by this Court; “words used in one place in a statute have the same meaning
in every other place in the statute.” In re L.L., 386 N.C. 706, 713 (2024) (quoting State
v. Rogers, 371 N.C. 397, 403 (2018)). Thus, as the Baldwin court concluded, the word
“person” contained in § 90-21.11(1) extends to corporate bodies.
2. Plaintiffs’ Negligent Retention Claim As a Medical Malpractice Action
Finally, plaintiffs’ negligent retention claim against ROC satisfies the
definition of a “medical malpractice action” under § 90-21.11(2).
Sub-subdivision (2)(a) defines a medical malpractice action as “[a] civil action for
damages for personal injury or death arising out of the furnishing or failure to furnish
professional services in the performance of medical, dental, or other health care by a
health care provider.” N.C.G.S. § 90-21.11(2)(a). Plaintiffs’ negligent retention claim
arises out of ROC’s delivery of its own professional services. Here, ROC allegedly
engaged in the negligent exercise of its clinical judgment and professional skill when
the clinic continued to retain Dr. Mankin despite the numerous internal reports of
his misconduct.7 Thus, the claim arises out of the furnishing of professional services
in the performance of medical care by ROC. See Gause v. New Hanover Reg’l Med.
Ctr., 251 N.C. App. 413, 418 (2016) (“Our courts have classified as medical
malpractice those claims alleging injury resulting from activity that required clinical
7 Plaintiffs’ negligent supervision claim arises out of ROC’s alleged negligent exercise
of clinical judgment and professional skill when the clinic declined to remedy Dr. Mankin’s substandard care to his patients. Thus, it too is a medical malpractice action under the statute.
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judgment and intellectual skill.”).
For these reasons, plaintiffs’ negligent retention claim is a medical malpractice
action under § 90-21.11. It is therefore barred by the statute of repose. See N.C.G.S.
§ 1-15(c).8
B. The Fraud, Constructive Fraud, Breach of Fiduciary Duty, and Negligent and/or Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress Claims
Having carefully considered the opinion of the Court of Appeals, the record and
briefs, and the oral arguments before us, we conclude that plaintiffs’ conditional
petition for discretionary review was improvidently allowed by order on
21 March 2025.
IV. Conclusion
The facts as alleged in this case are deeply troubling. However, our concerns
must yield to what our statutes instruct. The General Assembly has chosen to bar
malpractice actions four years after a defendant’s last relevant act. Further, the
General Assembly has defined a medical malpractice action as an action
encompassing negligent retention claims against corporate entities. Accordingly, we
are compelled to reverse the Court of Appeals’ decision and conclude that the trial
court properly granted summary judgment on the negligent retention claim against
ROC.
8 Defendants further request this Court to hold that a negligent retention claim is
necessarily barred when the underlying tort claim—a medical malpractice action—is invalid. Having resolved this matter on statutory grounds, the Court need not address this additional issue.
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As to the additional claims, we hold that plaintiffs’ conditional petition for
discretionary review was improvidently allowed.
REVERSED; DISCRETIONARY REVIEW IMPROVIDENTLY ALLOWED.
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