In The Court of Appeals Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana
No. 06-12-00096-CV
CORRINE AUGUSTINE HILL SHEARER AND SAM HILL, Appellants
V.
DAVID SHEARER, INDEPENDENT ADMINISTRATOR OF THE ESTATE OF JOHN WILLIAM SHEARER III, DECEASED, Appellee
On Appeal from the County Court at Law No. 2 Gregg County, Texas Trial Court No. 2010-0265-P-1
Before Morriss, C.J., Carter and Moseley, JJ. Memorandum Opinion by Chief Justice Morriss MEMORANDUM OPINION Before the onset of the illness that ultimately took the life of John William Shearer, III,
John owned and operated a business known as Shearer’s Autoplex, which largely provided
towing services under the name “271 Wrecker” and also sold used cars. The business’ landlord
was a company owned by John’s ex-wife, Corrine Augustine Hill Shearer. 1 John’s sickness in
November 2009 prompted his hospitalization and resulted in Corrine directing her son, Sam, to
take possession of, and to run, the business during John’s illness and for a period of time after his
December 9, 2009, death. 2 The ensuing dispute between John’s Estate on one side and Corrine
and Sam on the other ultimately resulted in a judgment for John’s Estate that contained the
following elements:
1. Judgment against Corrine: a. Actual damages for conversion, $140,000.00, b. Pre-judgment interest on actual conversion damages, $7,583.33, and c. Exemplary damages for “willful” conversion, $120,909.00, d. Offset by $4,500.00 for rents due on the premises.
1 John was survived by three children: David and Wendy from his first marriage and a daughter, Shelly, adopted during his second marriage. He had no children with Corrine, his third wife. John had married Corrine in 1990. From a prior marriage, Corrine had a child, Sam Hill. John and Corrine divorced in 2008. Despite the divorce, they continued living together as they did before the divorce. Corrine described them as life partners and as still being married in her heart. The divorce was described as having been an “estate planning maneuver” to shelter their assets from potential loss from a bad loan. The Autoplex was not mentioned in the divorce, though Corrine’s testimony established that its assets were solely John’s property.
2 In early November 2009, John was hospitalized with a perforated bowel. After Corrine directed Sam to look after the business, Sam effectively took over management. It is a contested point of fact whether John directed Corrine to send Sam to look after the business. John’s condition worsened, and he died. The day before John’s death, Corrine signed a do not resuscitate (DNR) order. She is listed in the hospital documentation, including the DNR and death certificate, as John’s wife. Corrine also had John’s remains cremated. She did not inform David or Wendy of either the DNR or the cremation. The latest will executed by John left everything to Corrine. The complication was, however, that its execution preceded the divorce, resulting in John being intestate at the time of his death.
2 2. Judgment against Sam: a. Actual damages for conversion, $10,000.00, b. Pre-judgment interest on actual conversion damages, $541.66, c. Exemplary damages for “willful” conversion, $120,909.00, d. Actual damages for breach of fiduciary duty, $1,595.00, e. Pre-judgment interest on actual fiduciary damages, $86.39, and f. Exemplary damages for malicious breach of fiduciary duty, $120,909.00.
Faced with Corrine’s and Sam’s appeals and the Estate’s cross-appeal, we affirm most
elements of the judgment—specifically the elements designated 1a, 1b, 1d, 2a, 2b, 2d, and 2e
above—we reverse and render a take-nothing judgment on the elements 1c and 2c above; and we
reverse and remand the element 2f above to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with
this opinion.
After setting out the salient facts, we discuss our reasons for our dispositions in this
order:
A. Conversion damages were properly awarded, since (i.) Corrine and Sam’s use of the property exceeded any superior right of possession, and (ii.) the evidence does not establish effective consent to Corrine and Sam’s use of the property. B. The evidence was insufficient to support recovery of lost profits. C. The evidence was insufficient to show conversion of money. D. The fiduciary relationship ended at John’s death. E. Corrine did demonstrate a right to an offset for rent due. F. The jury finding of “willful” conversion fails to support exemplary damages. G. After the reduction of actual damages for breach of fiduciary duty, exemplary damages based on those actual damages should have been reviewed for proportionality.
3 After the dispute arose, 3 John’s son, David Shearer, as Independent Administrator of
John’s Estate, filed suit against Corrine and Sam in March 2011. After a jury trial, the trial court
disallowed all damages for breach of fiduciary duty that accrued after John’s death (all but
$1,595.00) because it held, as a matter of law, that the fiduciary duty to John ended when he
died. The trial court also disallowed conversion damages for lost profits and conversion of
money because it deemed the evidence supporting those causes of action to be legally
insufficient. 4
3 Sam operated the Autoplex for at least several months. During that time, the Autoplex defaulted on its lease with American Real Estate Services, an assumed name of Corrine’s Real Estate Services, LLC. American Real Estate claimed a landlord’s lien against all tow trucks, tools, and equipment. The Autoplex continued to operate even after the lien was filed. Corrine and Sam claimed that when John died, Shearer’s Autoplex ceased to exist, though the business was still operating. During the two months following John’s death, Corrine had $9,800.00 in checks written to her from the Autoplex’s account, online transfers totaling $9,275.00 were made from the Autoplex to new business accounts opened by Corrine, and Sam removed $6,090.00 in cash from the Autoplex. Sam and Corrine claim that the funds paid them were reimbursement for funds Corrine and her businesses advanced to the Autoplex for the payment of operating expenses, bills, taxes, and rent. The Estate disputes their claim. In January 2010, Corrine filed an assumed name certificate for Gladewater Auto & Wrecker Service, listing its location at the Autoplex’s address of 1825 East Broadway. In late January and early February, she and Sam formed 271 Ventures, LLC, and filed an assumed name certificate for 271 Wreckers, with an address of 1825 East Broadway. The Autoplex, however, was still doing business in its own name. Its tow trucks were being used, as well as its licenses, permits, tools, and equipment. These are the items that the Estate claims were converted (specifically the tools, trucks, and equipment). In January 2010, David and Wendy, as heirs, made demand on Corrine and Sam for the return of the Autoplex’s property, and subsequently filed suit for recovery of the property and the income of the business. The suit was dismissed for lack of standing because no administration had been opened and no administrator appointed. In November 2010, David was appointed administrator, and he again made demand for the return of what he claimed was property of the Estate. This action was filed March 16, 2011, seeking declaratory judgment, an accounting, recovery of Estate property, post-divorce division of property, as well as damages for breach of fiduciary duty and conversion. Corrine and Sam answered and asserted a counterclaim for declaratory judgment, foreclosure of a lien on the Estate’s property, recovery of cremation expenses, payment of personal property taxes, unpaid rent, and repayment of loans and advances Corrine allegedly paid to John.
4 The jury assessed a total of $487,300.00 in damages against Corrine for conversion and breach of fiduciary duty in addition to $120,909.00 in exemplary damages. The jury also assessed a total of $15,365.00 in damages against Sam for conversion and breach of fiduciary duty in addition to $120,909.00 for exemplary damages. Many of the 4 On appeal, Corrine and Sam contend that (1) the trial court erred in granting judgment for
conversion because Corrine and Sam had a superior right of possession; (2) the trial court erred
in granting judgment for conversion because John and/or David expressly or impliedly consented
to the taking; (3) the judgment’s award of exemplary damages for conversion was improper
because the jury questions allowed exemplary damages for “willful” conduct; and (4) after the
trial court reduced the damages against Sam for breach of fiduciary duty, the trial court failed to
review the exemplary damage award against Sam in light of that reduction. The Estate’s cross-
appeal asserts that (1) the trial court erred in holding that the fiduciary duty Corrine and Sam
owed to the decedent ended on the decedent’s death, (2) the trial court erred in disallowing the
damages for conversion of money because sufficient evidence supported the award, (3) the trial
court erred in granting judgment to Corrine on her counterclaim for breach of lease, and (4) the
trial court erred in disallowing the damages for lost profits.
A. Conversion Damages Were Properly Awarded
(i.) Corrine and Sam’s Use of the Property Exceeded any Superior Right of Possession
The jury found that Corrine and Sam converted property belonging to the Estate. Corrine
and Sam contend that they conclusively established a superior right of possession of the property
under the 2007 Lease Agreement between the Autoplex and American Real Estate.
damages found by the jury are duplicate damages putting the Estate to an election. On Corrine’s counterclaim, the jury found $4,500.00 against the Estate for the Autoplex’s breach of the lease. After two hearings on post-trial motions, the trial court disallowed all breach-of-fiduciary-duty damages that accrued after John’s death (all but $1,595.00), because it held, as a matter of law, that the fiduciary duty to John ended when he died. The trial court also disallowed conversion damages for lost profits and conversion of money because the evidence supporting those causes of action was legally insufficient. These legal rulings and factual findings left the final judgment in the form set out above. 5 The named parties to the lease are Shearer’s Autoplex as “tenant” and “American Real
Estate” as “landlord.” According to Corrine’s testimony, Corrine’s Real Estate Services, LLC, is
the owner of the property, and she is the owner of the company. American Real Estate Services
is an assumed name of the company. Though the initials at the bottom of each page of the lease
appear to be “CS,” Corrine is not the signing agent on the lease, as the landlord’s signature is by
“S.Newman.”
At trial, Corrine argued that the business was in default under the lease. The jury agreed
and found default. However, the lease default notice, filed in December 2009, was made by
American Real Estate Services and signed by Corrine as “owner/agent.” The authenticated
claims for property taxes and rentals due were filed in the name of American Real Estate, and
both claims were signed by Corrine “as representative of AMERICAN REAL ESTATE.”
Corrine cites multiple cases in support of her argument that she had the superior right of
possession. In Enduro Oil Co. v. Parish & Ellison, a law firm that provided legal services to the
operator of an oil well sued the operator’s successor in interest and the oil purchaser alleging that
it constituted conversion for the operator and purchaser to refuse to pay funds to the law firm
from their suspense accounts pursuant to the firm’s lien. Enduro Oil Co. v. Parish & Ellison,
834 S.W.2d 547, 549 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, writ denied). The court of appeals
held that the operator had a superior right to the funds pursuant to the operating agreement, so
the firm could not recover for conversion.
Similarly, in Pollard Friendly Ford Co. v. Johnson, Johnson sued an automobile dealer
and two of its salesmen for conversion of Johnson’s car, which was purportedly traded in on the
6 purchase of another vehicle. Pollard Friendly Ford Co. v. Johnson, 487 S.W.2d 829 (Tex. Civ.
App.—Amarillo 1972, no writ). The jury found that the dealer had converted Johnson’s car.
The court of appeals reversed the trial court’s finding that the dealer converted Johnson’s car and
held that the jury’s findings that Johnson signed the purchase contract, that the dealer paid the
existing lien on Johnson’s trade-in, and that Johnson took possession of the new car from the
dealer’s lot under circumstances justifying the dealer’s belief that Johnson was purchasing the
vehicle with his car being left in their possession as part of the purchase price were in
irreconcilable conflict with the jury’s findings of conversion. The court ordered a new trial. Id.
Here, neither Enduro Oil nor Pollard Friendly Ford are applicable because, even if the
lease granted Corrine and Sam, in their individual capacities, a right to take possession of the
property as landlord, Corrine and Sam’s use of the property exceeded any right granted to them
by the lease. Rather than acting as the holder of a landlord’s lien by taking possession of the
property and pursuing a sale of that property, they used the property to operate the business and
its wrecker service. We overrule this point of error.
(ii) The Evidence Does Not Establish Effective Consent to the Use of the Property
Corrine and Sam contend that judgment against them for conversion damages was
improper because John and his Estate had expressly or impliedly given consent. There can be no
conversion where the owner has expressly or impliedly assented to the taking or disposition.
Robinson v. Nat’l Autotech, Inc., 117 S.W.3d 37, 39–40 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2003, pet. denied).
Corrine argues that the property and business were rightfully in Corrine and Sam’s
possession because John had authorized it before his death and that David as the representative
7 of the Estate either expressly or impliedly consented to the possession during a meeting at the
office of Corrine’s counsel.
Sam testified that, on November 2, 2009, while John was hospitalized, Corrine asked
Sam to go to the Autoplex and “keep an eye on things at the request of John Shearer.” Sam
understood that he was doing this on John’s behalf. However, he did not speak with John that
day or thereafter. As John’s stepson, Sam was “helping take care of [John’s] business,” but he
“didn’t make a determination at that time in [his] own mind that [he] was anybody’s agent nor”
did Sam make such a determination at trial. About three months after John’s death, Corrine’s
counsel at the time, Brad Echols, sent David’s counsel a letter stating that John put Corrine in
charge of the business.
In January 2010, about a month after John’s death, a meeting was held at Echols’ office.
Corrine and Sam attended, as did David and his sister Wendy. According to Echols’ March 2010
letter, David indicated at the meeting that he and his sister “did not intend to seek an
administration of the Estate and did not plan to continue the business.” Corrine contends that, at
trial, David “never specifically denied the foregoing quotes attributed to him by Mr. Echols’
letter” and that his testimony merely equivocated the point that “he expressly or impliedly
consented to Corrine’s and Sam’s continuing their possession of John’s property.”
At trial, David testified about that meeting:
Well, there was some discussion about the business. Corrine and Sam were operating the business, there was discussion about the employees and, you know, keeping them employed, I knew several of them, I didn’t want to shut the business down for their sake. They’d been good employees for my father. I really didn’t know what to do about the business. I had asked if I could go up there. I was told I could not. 8 David did not recall saying he did not plan to seek administration of the Estate. From the
information he was given at the meeting, his continuing the business “sounded pretty much
impossible” because he would have to move the business due to the lease default, and it was
already in dire financial condition according to the information he learned from Corrine and Sam
at the meeting.
Because the jury found conversion—the unauthorized and wrongful exercise of dominion
and control over another person’s property—the jury rejected the argument that John and/or
David consented to the taking. Even if David made the statement attributed to him in the letter,
it cannot reasonably be interpreted to grant permission or otherwise authorize Corrine and Sam
to take and use the property. Even if David’s statement in the letter could be reasonably
interpreted to authorize the taking, the statement is not binding on the Estate because David was
just an heir at that time; the administration had not yet been established. See In re Estate of
Hutchins, 391 S.W.3d 578, 588–89 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2012, no pet.) (family settlement
agreement does not divest administrator of right to possess decedent’s property). We overrule
this point of error.
B. The Evidence Was Insufficient to Support Recovery of Lost Profits
When it disallowed the lost profits awarded by the jury, the trial court independently
found that “the evidence on the issue of lost profits was legally insufficient to establish lost
profits with reasonable certainty.” As part of its cross-appeal, the Estate contends that that
evidence is sufficient.
9 The usual measure of damages for loss of use is the reasonable cost of renting
replacement property. Luna v. N. Star Dodge Sales, Inc., 667 S.W.2d 115, 119 (Tex. 1984),
overruled in part on other grounds by St. Elizabeth Hosp. v. Garrard, 730 S.W.2d 648 (Tex.
1987); Wells Fargo Bank Nw., N.A. v. RPK Capital XVI, L.L.C., 360 S.W.3d 691, 710 (Tex.
App.—Dallas 2012, no pet.). A party that loses the opportunity to accrue earnings from the use
of the party’s equipment may also, however, be entitled to recover damages in the form of lost
profits. See Amelia’s Auto., Inc. v. Rodriguez, 921 S.W.2d 767, 771 (Tex. App.—San Antonio
1996, no writ) (considering lost profits as loss-of-use damages where plaintiff was deprived of
use of tow truck); Chem. Express Carriers, Inc. v. French, 759 S.W.2d 683, 687–88 (Tex.
App.—Corpus Christi 1988, writ denied) (discussing lost profits as loss-of-use damages where
plaintiff lost use of airplane).
Lost profits are damages for the loss of net income to a business and, generally, reflect
income from lost business activity, less expenses that would have been attributable to that
activity. Kellmann v. Workstation Integrations, Inc., 332 S.W.3d 679, 684 (Tex. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] 2010, no pet.). Recovery for lost profits does not require that the loss be susceptible
to exact calculation, but the injured party must do more than show it suffered “some” lost profits.
Helena Chem. Co. v. Wilkins, 47 S.W.3d 486, 504 (Tex. 2001) (citing Tex. Instruments, Inc. v.
Teletron Energy Mgmt., Inc., 877 S.W.2d 276, 279 (Tex. 1994)). In such a fact-intensive
determination, testimonial opinions on lost-profit estimates must, at a minimum, be based on
objective facts, figures, or data from which the lost profits may be ascertained. Helena Chem.
Co., 47 S.W.3d at 504 (citing Szczepanik v. First S. Trust Co., 883 S.W.2d 648, 649 (Tex. 1994);
10 Holt Atherton Indus., Inc. v. Heine, 835 S.W.2d 80, 84 (Tex. 1992)). The injured party must
prove the amount of the loss by competent evidence and with reasonable certainty. Id. (citing
Szczepanik, 883 S.W.2d at 649; Heine, 835 S.W.2d at 84). “Reasonable certainty” is not shown
when the profits claimed to be lost are largely speculative, as from an activity dependent on
uncertain or changing market conditions, on risky business opportunities, or on promotion of
untested products or entry into unknown markets or unproven enterprises. Tex. Instruments, Inc.,
877 S.W.2d at 279; Atlas Copco Tools, Inc. v. Air Power Tool & Hoist, Inc., 131 S.W.3d 203,
206–07 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2004, pet. denied).
A party seeking lost profits must demonstrate the manner of calculating those lost profits.
Heine, 835 S.W.2d at 84. That calculation must be based on net profits, not gross revenue or
gross profits. Kellmann, 332 S.W.3d at 684.
In Kellmann, the court found the evidence legally insufficient to support an award of lost
profits when it was based just on testimony regarding various invoices plaintiff issued to clients
over a four-year period. Id. at 685. In the case of Szczepanik, First Southern Trust’s secretary
and treasurer testified that the company expected to make a profit beginning in 1991 between
$250,000.00 and $500,000.00 per year, but the court found that evidence legally insufficient to
support the award of lost profits: “There is nothing in the record to show how [plaintiff]
determined the amount of lost profits.” Szczepanik, 883 S.W.2d at 650. In University General
Hospital, LP v. Prexus Health Consultants, LLC, the court found legally insufficient evidence
when the plaintiff’s top executive testified that its revenue would have been about $8 million and
that it had lost about $2.4 million over three years as a result of the defendant’s conduct, but
11 failed to provide facts, figures, or data explaining how he arrived at those numbers. Univ. Gen.
Hosp., LP v. Prexus Health Consultants, LLC, No 14-11-00988-CV, 2013 WL 3312358, at **4–
5 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] June 20, 2013, no pet. h.).
By contrast, in White v. Southwestern Bell Telephone Company, the plaintiff sought to
recover lost profits resulting from Southwestern Bell’s incorrect listing of his telephone number
in the yellow pages in 1978. White v. Sw. Bell Telephone Co., 651 S.W.2d 260, 261 (Tex. 1983).
In finding sufficient evidence and reversing a directed verdict in favor of Southwestern Bell, the
court noted that the evidence of lost profits included sales data from 1974 through 1980 and the
testimony of a certified public accountant who used linear regression analysis to determine what
the plaintiff’s sales should have been in 1978. Id. at 262.
David gave extensive testimony regarding the value of the tools and equipment that were
converted and was allowed to testify regarding the fair market value of the same. Regarding lost
profits, David testified that, in a good month, the profits were $15,000.00, and in a bad month,
$10,000.00, with an average of about $12,500.00. 5 On cross-examination, David admitted that
he had no idea what the business’ reported net income was for 2008, the year before John’s
death. David did not know what the wrecker service’s expenses were in any year.
Even though David’s testimony is based on his memory from 2005 and before, his years
of experience at the car lot, and what his dad had told him, there are no objective facts, figures,
data, or calculations to show how those amounts were determined. Therefore, we agree with the
5 The jury’s award of lost profits amounts to $12,500.00 per month for twenty-seven months, that is, the time from the month after John died through the month of trial.
12 trial court that the evidence supporting lost profits was legally insufficient. We overrule this
point on cross-appeal. 6
C. The Evidence Was Insufficient to Show Conversion of Money
The jury assessed the sum of $9,800.00 against Corrine for conversion by issuance of
checks and the sum of $9,275.00 against Sam for conversion by issuance of on-line transfers and
$6,090.00 for conversion by use of cash receipts. The trial court ruled, however, that the
evidence was legally insufficient to establish conversion of money. The Estate argues that the
trial court erred in finding there was legally insufficient evidence to support the Estate’s claim
for conversion of money. We disagree.
6 The jury awarded the Estate $140,000.00 for the fair market value of the converted property as well as $337,500.00 in lost profits. The jury made the same damage awards again pursuant to their finding that Corrine breached her fiduciary duty to John. The trial court refused entry of judgment for such damages, holding, “as a matter of law, . . . a Plaintiff cannot recover both the fair market value of assets converted as well as lost profits arising from the conversion of the same assets.” As part of its cross-appeal, the Estate argues that the trial court’s rulings on this issue were error because “equity required [the ability] to recover for loss of use of the converted property” as well as the market value of the converted property. A plaintiff who establishes conversion is entitled to either (1) the return of the property and damages for loss of its use during the time of its detention, or (2) the value of the property. See Wiese v. Pro Am Servs. Inc., 317 S.W.3d 857, 862 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, no pet.); Varel Mfg. Co. v. Acetylene Oxygen Co., 990 S.W.2d 486, 497 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1999, no pet.). The plaintiff may not generally recover in conversion both for the market value of the property and for loss of use. Varel Mfg., 990 S.W.2d at 497. However, “[i]n conversion cases, the trial court must be given the discretion required to fashion an equitable remedy.” Storms v. Reid, 691 S.W.2d 73, 75 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1985, no writ) (court denied election of return of the property or fair market value because it would result in overcompensation). The Estate argues that equity requires that, where a plaintiff loses the right to accrue earnings from the use of property, he or she is entitled to recover for such loss of use. See Chemical Exp. Carriers, Inc. v. French, 759 S.W.2d 683, 687–88 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1988, writ denied). In Chemical Express Carriers, the plaintiff lost the use of his airplane for six weeks because contaminated fuel ruined the engines. Id. at 684–85. He was awarded loss of use damages as well as the cost of replacement engines. Id. at 685. The case is distinguishable because the owner of the plane did not receive loss-of-use damages in addition to the fair market value of the plane. Generally, for conversion claims, a plaintiff may not recover both market value and loss of use. Varel Mfg., 990 S.W.2d at 497. The Estate fails to cite special circumstances or any caselaw allowing an award of fair market value of converted property in addition to the lost profits arising from the loss of use due to the same conversion, and we are aware of none. 13 Conversion consists of the wrongful exercise of dominion or control over another’s
property in denial of, or inconsistent with, the other’s rights. Estate of Townes v. Townes, 867
S.W.2d 414, 419 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1993, writ denied). Money is subject to
conversion only when it can be identified as a specific chattel and where there is an obligation to
deliver the specific money in question or otherwise particularly treat the specific money. Id.
There is no conversion where an indebtedness may be discharged generally by the payment of
money. Paschal v. Great W. Drilling, Ltd., 215 S.W.3d 437 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2006, pet.
denied); Newsome v. Charter Bank Colonial, 940 S.W.2d 157, 161 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] 1996, writ denied); Townes, 867 S.W.2d at 419. An action for conversion of money will
lie where the specific money is (1) delivered for safe keeping, (2) intended to be kept segregated,
(3) substantially in the form in which it is received or in an intact fund, and (4) not the subject of
a title claim by its keeper. Phippen v. Deere & Co., 965 S.W.2d 713, 724 (Tex. App.—
Texarkana 1998, no pet.); Townes, 867 S.W.2d at 419–20.
A suit for conversion will not lie where a debtor-creditor relationship is created by
deposit of a check to the depositor’s account, because deposited money becomes the property of
the bank. See Mauriceville Nat’l Bank v. Zernial, 892 S.W.2d 858, 860 (Tex. 1995). The
making and acceptance of an ordinary deposit creates, as between the bank and the depositor, the
relation of debtor and creditor, the title to the money passing to the bank. Newsome, 940 S.W.2d
at 161.
In Townes, most of the pertinent facts were stipulated to. Townes, 867 S.W.2d at 420.
Michael Townes managed the financial affairs and investment accounts of his mother, Aileen
14 Townes. Id. As his mother’s agent, Michael was authorized to sign checks on the accounts, but
all of the funds in the accounts and all income or appreciation from those funds belonged to
Aileen. Id. The parties also stipulated that Michael wrote checks to himself or to family
members from Aileen’s accounts totaling more than $400,000.00. Id. There is no evidence that
Aileen knew of or consented to Michael’s withdrawals, particularly since the last one occurred
while Aileen was in a coma. Id. The court of appeals found that the stipulations and evidence
conclusively established that Michael had no claim of title to the funds, that the funds in the
accounts were in Michael’s care for safe keeping, that these funds were intended to be kept
segregated as an intact fund, that he wrote checks or made withdrawals from these accounts in
the amount of $441,796.50, and that he did so without authorization. Id. Based on those
findings, the court of appeals held that conversion of money had been proven as a matter of law.
Here, there is testimony that, after John was hospitalized, Corrine sent Sam to the
business to look after it and that she did so at John’s direction. Corrine was authorized to write
checks on the business’ accounts; and over several months, she did issue checks to herself
totaling about $9,800.00. Sam admitted to on-line transfers of funds and the use of business cash
receipts to repay Corrine and American Real Estate for monies he claimed they advanced to the
business to keep it going.
The general rule is that trover lies for the conversion of money only when there is an
obligation resting on the defendant not to convert to his own use specific coin or notes. Marston
v. Hill, 32 S.W.2d 520 (Tex. Civ. App.—El Paso 1930, no writ). If the money is not specific
enough to be a chattel, then conversion will not lie because the indebtedness can be repaid by the
15 payment of money generally. Paschal, 215 S.W.3d at 456. In this case, the funds allegedly
converted were not specific enough to become a chattel, and, even if they were, the testimony
indicated that accounts and physical places where the funds were located were more akin to a
river than a pond—that is, the funds were not in an intact fund or in substantially the same form
in which they were received. Accordingly, we overrule this point on cross-appeal.
D. The Fiduciary Relationship Ended at John’s Death
The Estate sought recovery for actions by Corrine and Sam that occurred both before and
after John’s death. The jury found that both Corrine and Sam had fiduciary relationships with
John, breached their fiduciary duties, and did so with malice. The jury assessed damages against
Corrine for breach of fiduciary duty in the amount of $9,800.00 for the issuance of checks.
Against Sam, the jury found damages for breach of fiduciary duty in the amount of $9,275.00 for
issuance of on-line transfers; $6,090.00 for use of cash receipts; $10,000.00 for tools, equipment,
tow trucks, and other assets; and $50,000.00 in lost profits, for a total of $75,365.00.
In the charge, the trial court instructed the jury that the fiduciary duty owed by Corrine
and Sam “ceased to exist on the death of John William Shearer, III on December 9, 2009” and
found the same as a matter of law. Based on that instruction and legal conclusion, the trial court
disallowed all damages for breach of fiduciary duty that occurred after John’s death. That ruling
eliminated all fiduciary-duty damages awarded against Corrine and all but $1,595.00 in fiduciary
damages awarded against Sam. Those damages had accrued before December 9, 2009.
The Estate asserts the trial court erred in disallowing damages on the fiduciary claims for
acts done after John’s death. Specifically, it contends that John’s death did not terminate the
16 fiduciary duty, that the fiduciary relationships were established as a matter of law, and, in the
alternative, that a new fiduciary relationship was voluntarily entered into by Corrine and Sam
December 9, 2009.
Both parties cite Pace v. McEwen, in which the court stated, in dicta, that the fiduciary
relationship between an elderly woman and her stockbroker ceased on her death. Pace v.
McEwen, 574 S.W.2d 792, 797 (Tex. Civ. App.—El Paso 1978, writ ref’d n.r.e.). Generally, an
agent is obligated to exercise a high degree of care to conserve the principal’s money and to pay
it only to those entitled to receive it. City of Fort Worth v. Pippen, 439 S.W.2d 660, 665 (Tex.
1969). The principal’s funds must be kept as a separate and identifiable account. Searle-Taylor
Mach. Co. v. Brown Oil Tools, Inc., 512 S.W.2d 335 (Tex. Civ. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1974,
writ ref’d n.r.e.). The agent must make an accounting to the principal of any money that has
come into the agent’s possession because of the agency relationship. Nat’l Sur. Co. v.
McCutcheon, 270 S.W. 1062 (Tex. Civ. App.—Fort Worth 1925, writ dism’d).
The Estate admits that the fiduciary relationships it is alleging in this case “may have
terminated” at John’s death, but its argument is that “the agent’s fiduciary duty to account to the
Decedent, and his Estate, was not abrogated by Decedent’s death.” 7 The Estate cites, however,
no case finding a breach of fiduciary duty for actions occurring after the principal died and no
case where an agent has a fiduciary duty in the absence of a fiduciary relationship. We are aware
7 The Estate’s pleadings seek an accounting for the alleged defalcations by Corrine and Sam, but no such request for an order granting an accounting was made to the trial court.
17 of no such case. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s ruling that the fiduciary duty terminated
on the decedent’s death. 8
E. Corrine Did Demonstrate a Right to an Offset for Rent Due
In her counterclaim, Corrine argued that, at the time of John’s death, the business was in
default on the lease and owed rent of $32,292.24. The jury found that, as of the day John died,
the business was in default and assessed $4,500.00 in compensation. The $4,500.00 appears to
represent two months’ rent at the lease rate of $2,250.00 per month.
The Estate contends that the trial court erred in allowing Corrine an offset for breach of
the lease because Corrine essentially paid herself the rent due on the lease with the disallowed
damages in the form of checks, cash, and transfers she and Sam made.
The Estate cited no authority in support of this argument, and we are aware of none. We
overrule this point on cross-appeal.
8 The Estate also argues that fiduciary relationships with both John and his Estate were established as a matter of law, and, in the alternative, that Corrine and Sam entered into new fiduciary relationships after John’s death. David testified that Corrine and Sam operated the business after John’s death. Sam admitted that Corrine sent him to look after the business at John’s request and that he did it on John’s behalf. Sam testified that he signed checks under Corrine’s delegated authority and that he “was down there for John, to take care of his business.” Sam had conversations with John’s loan officer, Gary Taylor, and “Gary understood I was taking care of John’s business while John was in the hospital . . . but after John’s death, going into January 2010, Gary Taylor understood that my mother was the only one financially capable of helping the bank . . . .” Corrine and John were signatories on the business’ bank account. After John’s death, the bank told Corrine that she could use the account. She acknowledged being a signatory on John’s account after the divorce even though the account was for a business in which she had no ownership, directorship, or shareholder status. She admitted that John trusted her. The Estate’s factual arguments are moot because we affirmed the trial court’s ruling that the fiduciary duty owed by Corrine and Sam terminated on John’s death. Further, the evidence in the record is insufficient to establish the alleged post-death fiduciary relationships, as a matter of law, and, even if such relationships existed, there is no jury finding that the fiduciary duties were breached. 18 F. The Jury Finding of “Willful” Conversion Fails to Support Exemplary Damages
In its answers to jury questions numbered 1 and 5, the jury found that Corrine and Sam
had converted “Tools, Equipment, Tow Trucks, and Other Assets” belonging to the Estate. Jury
questions numbered 3 and 7 allowed the jury to find exemplary damages if they found that the
conversionary conduct of Corrine and Sam was “willful.” Corrine and Sam contend that the trial
court erred in granting judgment against them “on jury questions 3 and 7 because a jury may not
award exemplary damages” for willful conduct.
The Estate contends this issue was not preserved. The verdict was delivered April 12,
2012, and the judgment was signed and entered July 6, 2012. In the months between the verdict
and the judgment, the trial court held two hearings on various motions filed by the parties.
Corrine and Sam failed to object to the jury instructions until they filed their motion for new trial
August 3, 2012, almost a month after the trial court entered its judgment of record.
To preserve a complaint for appellate review, a party must present to the trial court a
timely request, motion, or objection, state the specific grounds therefore, and obtain a ruling. See
TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a).
In Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. McKenzie, a former employee sued Wal-Mart for wrongful
discharge and was awarded compensatory and exemplary damages. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v.
McKenzie, 997 S.W.2d 278 (Tex. 1999). When McKenzie moved for judgment on the verdict,
Wal-Mart objected to the jury charge, arguing in part that the jury charge allowing punitive
damages was incorrect because the controlling Texas anti-discrimination statute authorized only
equitable relief and did not permit recovery for exemplary damages. Id. at 279–80. The trial
19 court entered judgment for McKenzie, including compensatory and exemplary damages, but the
court of appeals held that Wal-Mart waived its objection to the jury charge because it failed to
object to the submission of the damages issues to the jury. Id. The Texas Supreme Court
reversed the court of appeals and held that Wal-Mart’s objection was timely enough “to give the
trial court an opportunity to resolve the legal issue before rendering judgment.” Id. at 280; see
also Holland v. Wal-Mart, 1 S.W.3d 91 (Tex. 1999) (objection raised in motion for judgment
notwithstanding verdict preserved Wal-Mart’s claim that attorney’s fees not recoverable under
claim submitted to jury).
As in McKenzie, whether exemplary damages may be awarded for willful conversion is a
question of law, and the jury’s findings are immaterial to the ultimate issue of whether
exemplary damages are available for willful conversion. McKenzie, 997 S.W.2d at 279; see
Holland, 1 S.W.3d at 875. Here, the objection was made in a motion for new trial, after the
judgment was rendered, but before the trial court’s plenary power expired, thereby giving “the
trial court an opportunity to resolve the legal issue.” McKenzie, 997 S.W.2d at 280.
Accordingly, the objection was timely, and the issue was preserved for our review.
Here, the jury questions allowed the jury to award exemplary damages for “willful”
conduct. But exemplary damages may be awarded only if the claimant proves by clear and
convincing evidence that the harm resulted from fraud, malice, or gross negligence. TEX. CIV.
PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 41.003(a) (West Supp. 2012). Judgment for exemplary damages
should not have been entered. We sustain this point of error and reverse the award of exemplary
damages for conversion against Corrine and Sam.
20 G. Remaining Exemplary Damages Should Have Been Reviewed for Proportionality
Corrine and Sam also contend that, because the trial court reduced the damages awarded
against Sam, the trial court erred by failing to conduct a post-reduction review of whether the
exemplary damage award was reasonable and proportionate. We agree.
Here, the jury found that Sam owed and breached a fiduciary duty to John. The jury
assessed fiduciary-duty damages against Sam totaling $75,365.00. The jury then awarded the
Estate exemplary damages against Sam in the amount of $120,909.00. After the trial court
disallowed most of the breach of duty damages assessed against Sam, the final judgment
awarded fiduciary damages against Sam of only $1,595.00, but left intact the original exemplary
damage award of $120,909.00.
Corrine and Sam contend that, after reducing the actual damages awarded, the trial court
should have conducted a review of the exemplary damage award to determine if it was
reasonable and proportionate in light of the reduction. See State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v.
Campbell, 538 U.S. 408, 426 (2003). In Campbell, a court of appeals reduced the compensatory
damages awarded, but the United States Supreme Court reversed because there should have been
a review of whether the exemplary damages were “reasonable and proportionate to the amount of
harm to the plaintiff and to the general damages recovered” in light of the reduction. Id. Corrine
and Sam argue that, since the court of appeals in Campbell had to conduct an exemplary
damages review after reducing the actual damages, the trial court here was required to do so as
well.
21 The Estate contends that (1) the trial court did not reduce the damages, but disallowed the
$9,275.00 award because the evidence supporting conversion of money was legally insufficient;
(2) the $6,090.00 award was reduced to $1,595.00 because $4,495.00 was converted after the
decedent’s death, when, the court held, the fiduciary duty Sam and Corrine owed John had
ended; (3) the $10,000.00 award was disallowed because it was a duplication of the same award
made against Sam for conversion, and the Estate had elected to recover for the conversion; and
(4) the $50,000.00 award for lost profits was disallowed because the trial court held that the
Estate could not legally recover both fair market value and lost profits.
Corrine and Sam contend that, here, the trial court erred as “Sam was denied his right to
due process because the Trial Court performed no reasonable and proportionate review of the
exemplary damages awarded against him by the jury’s answer to Question 18.”
In a letter dated July 3, 2012, three days before the judgment, Sam and Corrine objected
to the exemplary damage award in Question 18:
The Court, in effect has changed the jury’s verdict as to damages in Question 16 from $75,265.00 to $1,595.00. The evidence is wholly insufficient to establish that the jury verdict in Question 18 of $120,909.00 would be the same if the jury failed to find that 98% of such actual damages did not exist.
On July 6, 2012, the same day the letter was filed of record, the trial court signed and entered the
judgment. At the hearing on the motion for new trial and motion to correct and reform the
judgment, Sam again argued that the trial court has “got to consider and make -- and the Court
must do this, and make a determination of whether or not the [exemplary damages] should also
be proportionately reduced.” In its ruling on the motion for new trial, the court made specific
note of Sam’s request: 22 Court’s going to note one thing: With regard to the amount of exemplary damages and the request to have this Court reduce the exemplary damages, in light of the Court’s reduction of damages being awarded under the judgment, as compared to the verdict as to Sam Hill, Court’s finding that the jury’s award of exemplary damages did not appear to be commensurate with the amount of damages awarded, and was -- there was no relation to the amount of damages awarded as to Sam Hill and the amount of exemplary damages awarded as against Sam Hill. The Court is not going to reduce the amount of exemplary damages found against Mr. Sam Hill as a result of the reduction of the judgment.
An exemplary damage award must be reasonably proportioned to actual damages. Alamo
Nat’l Bank v. Kraus, 616 S.W.2d 908, 910 (Tex. 1981). The trial court must consider several
factors in determining whether an award of exemplary damages is reasonable, such as (1) the
nature of the wrong, (2) the character of the conduct involved, (3) the degree of culpability of the
wrongdoer, (4) the situation and sensibilities of the parties concerned, and (5) the extent to which
such conduct offends a public sense of justice and propriety. Id.
There is nothing in this record to show that the trial court considered the required factors
or made a determination that the exemplary damage award was reasonable. Accordingly, we
sustain this point of error, reverse the award of exemplary damages for breach of fiduciary duty
against Sam, and remand the case for a determination of the reasonableness and proportionality
of the exemplary damage award, in light of the reduction in actual damages.
23 We reverse the trial court’s award of exemplary damages against Corrine and Sam for
conversion, because exemplary damages may not be awarded for “willful” conduct. We reverse
and remand the trial court’s award of exemplary damages against Sam for breach of fiduciary
duty and remand the case for a review of that exemplary damage award in light of the reduced
actual damages. In all other respects, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Josh R. Morriss, III Chief Justice
Date Submitted: May 15, 2013 Date Decided: July 16, 2013