Opinion of the Court by
Judge McCandless
Reversing.
Wash Kilboum and Robert Cornett were indicted in the Perry circuit court charged with the murder of Jerry Cornett. In a separate trial Robert Cornett was found guilty and his punishment fixed at confinement in the penitentiary for life. The evidence is to the effect that one Warren Crisp had some liquor and gave a drink to Logan Johnson, a deputy sheriff; that the latter [238] threatenód to carry him to the county seat and make him divulge the source of his supply and Crisp voluntarily, told him that he had arranged with a bootlegger to deliver four gallons to him at a certain place the following Friday night and proposed for the .deputy to accompany him to the meeting place, to which he agreed.
On the appointed evening they met in the village of Lothair, and Johnson summoned Crisp, Buffalo Hall, Jerry Cornett and David Grover as a posse -to assist him in the anticipated arrest of the 'bootlegger.
After walking some distance they reached the appointed place at about ten p. m. It was a moonlight night but rather cool and a fire was kindled. Crisp suggested that the bootlegger was expecting to meet two men only, and he and Johnson remained at the fire while the other three hid behind some rocks. Shortly afterward Kilboum arrived riding a mule and spoke to Johnson, Crisp having gone down the road a-short distance. He returned and the three went to get the liquor. It was found in the possession of Robert Cornett about 150 yards away. The four had some conversation about it, Johnson and Crisp sampling it and retiring a time or two for consultation. As they returned to the defendants the last time the other three members of the' posse came up.
It is admitted by all parties that .up to this time neither Johnson nor Crisp had intimated-that they were officers or were seeking to apprehend defendants. They claim that defendants had mentioned the fact ’that there might be officers around, and if -so “they would shoot their heads off;” that on this account Johnson and Crisp were exercising diplomacy and marking time until the remainder of the posse arrived.
On the other hand the defendants assert that the man who accompanied Crisp called himself Jerry Cornett and was so addressed by Crisp and that he said: “If the officers come up they cannot get the whiskey; that he had been in France and had seen men stacked on top of each other and had faced worse things than officers; ’ ’ that three men were seen approaching and Crisp said: “I see somebody coming, a band-of robbers; we will all be killed,” and the two jerked out their pistols.
At any rate the other three walked up at the time and it is claimed by the Commonwealth’s witnesses that Buffalo Hall said, “Gentlemen, if this is moon'shine whiskey consider yourselves under arrest.” There was [239] a short silence and without further words the. firing began. The Commonwealth’s witnesses say that Robert Cornett fired the first shot, while the defendants as stoutly maintain, that such shot .was fired by Logan Johnson. .The melee lasted but a few seconds but about thirty shots were fired. Jerry Cornett was fatally wounded and .both defendants and Logan Johnson more or less seriously injured.
Objection is made to the instructions and to the limitation put upon certain evidence by the court, the former being criticised in many respects. It is assigned as error that the court in the first instruction assumed that Johnson was a deputy sheriff; that the court submitted to the jury the question of Johnson’s undertaking’ to make the arrest,' with no evidence to support it; that the court . should have instructed the jury that under the evidence .Hall had no authority to make the arrest but erroneously failed so to do, and submitted the hypothesis to the jury as to whether appellant knew or could have ascertained Hall’s authority in so doing; and on this faulty hypothesis the instruction required the appellant to quietly and peaceably submit to arrest, if he knew or could have ascertained by inquiry for what offense his surrender was demanded, and what authority Hall had to make it; that the instruction told the jury that the posse had the right to use such force as. appeared to them in the exercise of a reasonable judgment to be necessary to overcome such resistance.
.The first instruction is quite long and we will refer to it without quoting it.
Logan Johnson testified that he was deputy sheriff of Perry county, at the time. This was competent evidence. Goslin v. Comth., 121 Ky. 703. Being undenied the appellant was not prejudiced by the failure to submit that issue to the jury.
Section 41 of the Criminal Code authorizes an officer to orally summon as many persons as he deems necessary to aid him in making the arrest. Section 39 provides that the persons making the arrest shall inform the person about to be arrested of the intention to arrest him and of the offense charged against him for .which he is being arrested.
The evidence is un contradicted that Johnson summoned the other members of the party to aid him in making the arrest. The word “aid” means to act in co-operation with, and implies a concurrent effort on the [240] part of all of the party. It is not contemplated that all the posse will be in the immediate presence of the officer at ¡all times, and the members could be of but little assistance if neither of them could take any action except to second what he was doing. We are of the opinion that any one of them when so acting may demand the surrender 'of the culprit, and as there was evidence that Hall did so it was not error to submit that hypothesis to the jury.
It is shown in the proof that the defendants were unwilling to bring their liquor down to the firelight, nor would they deliver it except at a place of their own selection. They were armed; their conversation ran upon the subject of officers, and according to the Commonwealth’s witnesses they openly threatened to shoot any officers who appeared, ¡and all of the facts and circumstances indicate that their chief concern was the prospect of apprehension. Possibly the dilatory tactics pursued by J ohnson and Crisp excited their suspicions but, even so, when the other three arrived if Buffialo Hall demanded that they consider themselves under arrest for the offense they were then committing this was notice to them that he was claiming to act with authority and was a direct statement of the offense for which they were being arrested.
The opportunity was then afforded them to either quietly submit or to demand of the officers the authority upon which they acted. This did not put the burden upon them of ascertaining that fact, but left upon the officers the burden of answering such inquiries as were then made before proceeding further.
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Opinion of the Court by
Judge McCandless
Reversing.
Wash Kilboum and Robert Cornett were indicted in the Perry circuit court charged with the murder of Jerry Cornett. In a separate trial Robert Cornett was found guilty and his punishment fixed at confinement in the penitentiary for life. The evidence is to the effect that one Warren Crisp had some liquor and gave a drink to Logan Johnson, a deputy sheriff; that the latter [238] threatenód to carry him to the county seat and make him divulge the source of his supply and Crisp voluntarily, told him that he had arranged with a bootlegger to deliver four gallons to him at a certain place the following Friday night and proposed for the .deputy to accompany him to the meeting place, to which he agreed.
On the appointed evening they met in the village of Lothair, and Johnson summoned Crisp, Buffalo Hall, Jerry Cornett and David Grover as a posse -to assist him in the anticipated arrest of the 'bootlegger.
After walking some distance they reached the appointed place at about ten p. m. It was a moonlight night but rather cool and a fire was kindled. Crisp suggested that the bootlegger was expecting to meet two men only, and he and Johnson remained at the fire while the other three hid behind some rocks. Shortly afterward Kilboum arrived riding a mule and spoke to Johnson, Crisp having gone down the road a-short distance. He returned and the three went to get the liquor. It was found in the possession of Robert Cornett about 150 yards away. The four had some conversation about it, Johnson and Crisp sampling it and retiring a time or two for consultation. As they returned to the defendants the last time the other three members of the' posse came up.
It is admitted by all parties that .up to this time neither Johnson nor Crisp had intimated-that they were officers or were seeking to apprehend defendants. They claim that defendants had mentioned the fact ’that there might be officers around, and if -so “they would shoot their heads off;” that on this account Johnson and Crisp were exercising diplomacy and marking time until the remainder of the posse arrived.
On the other hand the defendants assert that the man who accompanied Crisp called himself Jerry Cornett and was so addressed by Crisp and that he said: “If the officers come up they cannot get the whiskey; that he had been in France and had seen men stacked on top of each other and had faced worse things than officers; ’ ’ that three men were seen approaching and Crisp said: “I see somebody coming, a band-of robbers; we will all be killed,” and the two jerked out their pistols.
At any rate the other three walked up at the time and it is claimed by the Commonwealth’s witnesses that Buffalo Hall said, “Gentlemen, if this is moon'shine whiskey consider yourselves under arrest.” There was [239] a short silence and without further words the. firing began. The Commonwealth’s witnesses say that Robert Cornett fired the first shot, while the defendants as stoutly maintain, that such shot .was fired by Logan Johnson. .The melee lasted but a few seconds but about thirty shots were fired. Jerry Cornett was fatally wounded and .both defendants and Logan Johnson more or less seriously injured.
Objection is made to the instructions and to the limitation put upon certain evidence by the court, the former being criticised in many respects. It is assigned as error that the court in the first instruction assumed that Johnson was a deputy sheriff; that the court submitted to the jury the question of Johnson’s undertaking’ to make the arrest,' with no evidence to support it; that the court . should have instructed the jury that under the evidence .Hall had no authority to make the arrest but erroneously failed so to do, and submitted the hypothesis to the jury as to whether appellant knew or could have ascertained Hall’s authority in so doing; and on this faulty hypothesis the instruction required the appellant to quietly and peaceably submit to arrest, if he knew or could have ascertained by inquiry for what offense his surrender was demanded, and what authority Hall had to make it; that the instruction told the jury that the posse had the right to use such force as. appeared to them in the exercise of a reasonable judgment to be necessary to overcome such resistance.
.The first instruction is quite long and we will refer to it without quoting it.
Logan Johnson testified that he was deputy sheriff of Perry county, at the time. This was competent evidence. Goslin v. Comth., 121 Ky. 703. Being undenied the appellant was not prejudiced by the failure to submit that issue to the jury.
Section 41 of the Criminal Code authorizes an officer to orally summon as many persons as he deems necessary to aid him in making the arrest. Section 39 provides that the persons making the arrest shall inform the person about to be arrested of the intention to arrest him and of the offense charged against him for .which he is being arrested.
The evidence is un contradicted that Johnson summoned the other members of the party to aid him in making the arrest. The word “aid” means to act in co-operation with, and implies a concurrent effort on the [240] part of all of the party. It is not contemplated that all the posse will be in the immediate presence of the officer at ¡all times, and the members could be of but little assistance if neither of them could take any action except to second what he was doing. We are of the opinion that any one of them when so acting may demand the surrender 'of the culprit, and as there was evidence that Hall did so it was not error to submit that hypothesis to the jury.
It is shown in the proof that the defendants were unwilling to bring their liquor down to the firelight, nor would they deliver it except at a place of their own selection. They were armed; their conversation ran upon the subject of officers, and according to the Commonwealth’s witnesses they openly threatened to shoot any officers who appeared, ¡and all of the facts and circumstances indicate that their chief concern was the prospect of apprehension. Possibly the dilatory tactics pursued by J ohnson and Crisp excited their suspicions but, even so, when the other three arrived if Buffialo Hall demanded that they consider themselves under arrest for the offense they were then committing this was notice to them that he was claiming to act with authority and was a direct statement of the offense for which they were being arrested.
The opportunity was then afforded them to either quietly submit or to demand of the officers the authority upon which they acted. This did not put the burden upon them of ascertaining that fact, but left upon the officers the burden of answering such inquiries as were then made before proceeding further.
If appellants without further inquiry assumed that the officers were robbers and took the risk of resisting them, they become responsible for the consequences. It is sometimes hard to distinguish between the rights of the individual citizen, which are carefully guarded by constitutional and statutory provisions on the one hand, and those of the general public on the other, as represented by the officers. It is the duty of the latter to arrest offenders against the law, and when acting legally it is the duty of the offenders to submit to them. Legal action signifies obedience to the Code provisions, supra; but where the offense is stated and arrest demanded, and no opportunity given to produce their authority the law is substantially complied with. Williams v. Comth., 197 Ky. 602; Partin and Allen v. Comth., 197 Ky. 840; [241] Collins v. Comth., 192 Ky. 412; Roberson’s Criminal Law, page 189; Bishop’s Criminal Law, vol. 2, sec. 654; Tuck v. Beliles, 153 Ky. 850; Hickey v. Comth., 185 Ky. 570.
Section 43, supra, provides: “No-unnecessary force or violence shall be used in making an arrest.” In the case of Arnold v. Comth., 20 Rep. 1556, 55 S. W. 895, it was held to be improper in instructing the jury as to the amount of force to be used by the officers, to say: ‘ ‘ Such force as reasonably appears to him necessary to overcome such resistance,” adding, “The correct rule seems not to be such force as appears to the officers necessary but such force as is necessary to enforce the arrest.” Fleetwood v. Comth., 80 Ky. 1, in effect holds the same; but in a number of later cases it is held that, in an attempted arrest for a misdemeanor if the offender resists arrest and fires at the officer, thereby committing a felony, the officer may arrest him for this,-and for the purpose of arrest as well as in his self-defense may use such force as may be reasonably necessary or as appears to him to be reasonably necessary to effectuate that purpose. Collins & Hager v. Comth., 192 Ky. 412; Tuck v. Beliels, 153 Ky. 850; Hickey v. Comth., 185 Ky. 510; Smith v. Comth., 176 Ky. 469; Stevens v. Comth., 124 Ky. 32; Reed v. Comth., 125 Ky. 126; Marcum v. Comth., 135 Ky. 1.
At common law and under the decisions- of this state in resisting an officer who is attempting to legally arrest an offender, if the latter kills the arresting officer the crime is murder if he knows the official character of the officer, but manslaughter if he does not know the same. Roberson’s Criminal Law, page 189; Bishop’s Criminal Law, vol. 2, sec. 653; Fleetwood v. Comth., 80 Ky. 1.
This feature of the law was not submitted in its entirety in the first instruction, but under it the jury were required to believe as to actual malice on the part of the defendant, and" also to believe that his surrender was demanded and that he knew the official character of the officers, or could have ascertained the same before shooting, hence that instruction was not prejudicial to him.
On the whole we do not think any prejudicial instructions were given with the exception of No. 4, which authorized an acquittal if he acted in self-defense or in the defense of Wash Kilbourn, with the following qualifi[242] cation: “Unless you shall believe from the evidence •that the defendant, Robert Cornett, after his arrest had been demanded by the said Buffalo Hall,-first fired the shot in that difficulty at the deceased, Jerry Cornett, or anyone else connected with the said Logan Johnson and made the danger, real or to himself apparent, then in that event you cannot acquit the defendant upon the ground of self-defense, or apparent necessity therefor, or the defense of his co-defendant, Wash Kilbourn.”
The error in this qualification is, it denies the right of self-defense in the event the appellant fired the first shot, regardless' of the situation. It should have read:
“Unless you shall believe from the evidence, to the exclusion of a reasonable doubt, that Buffalo Hall demanded defendant’s surrender and that thereafter, and when the posse were using no more force than was reasonably necessary to effect their arrest, the defendant, Robert Cornett, resisted such arrest by first firing a shot at some member of said posse and thus made- the subsequent danger real, or to him apparent, in which event you cannot acquit him upon the . ground of self-defense, or apparent necessity either upon the part of himself or his co-defendant, Wash Kilbourn.”
Again the appellant denies that Hall made any statement demanding their surrender or otherwise, or that he knew or had any notice that any of the posse was an officer and claims that he thought they were assaulting defendants for the purpose of robbery. If these statements were true defendants would have had the right to use such force as was necessary or as appeared necessary to them in the exercise of a reasonable discretion to repel such assault, and they were entitled to have this issue submitted to the jury under a proper instruction.
The court properly admonished the jury that the evidence introduced in contradiction of certain witnesses was to be considered merely for the purpose of affecting •their credibility if it did so.
Judgment reversed and cause remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion.