USCA11 Case: 18-11913 Date Filed: 06/23/2021 Page: 1 of 6
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 18-11913 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 0:16-cv-62499-JIC
COREY DAVIS,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
SHAMERE MCKENZIE, SUN GATE FOUNDATION, PUBLIC BROADCASTING SERVICE,
Defendants-Appellees.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida ________________________
(June 23, 2021)
Before NEWSOM, LAGOA, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: USCA11 Case: 18-11913 Date Filed: 06/23/2021 Page: 2 of 6
Corey Davis, an inmate proceeding pro se, appeals following the dismissal
with prejudice of his complaint, brought in diversity and alleging defamation and
various other Florida state law causes of action, for failure to state a claim, due to
res judicata, and as frivolous or malicious, under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i) and
(g). As explained below, Davis appeals from both the dismissal of his complaint
and the court’s subsequent denial of his motion for reconsideration of that
judgment, of which he filed two.1 The district court dismissed Davis’s complaint in
February 2018, after a magistrate judge discovered that he, without disclosure to
the court, had filed a nearly identical action, as to all defendants but the Public
Broadcasting Service (“PBS”), in the Northern District of Illinois in February 2017
(the “Illinois suit”), after he initiated the instant proceedings in 2016. The
magistrate judge thus issued three separate reports and recommendations
(“R&Rs”), which recommended, in pertinent part, dismissal of Davis’s complaint
on the preceding grounds.
Subsequently, Davis moved for reconsideration of the R&Rs, but he did not
file objections to them. Accordingly, the district court adopted all three R&Rs in
full and dismissed Davis’s complaint with prejudice on February 8, 2018. Less
1 Davis’s notice of appeal does not specify whether he only intended to appeal the denial of one, or both, of his two motions for reconsideration of the district court’s dismissal of his complaint. Because we construe liberally both pro se filings and notices of appeal generally, we will construe Davis’s notice as encompassing both motions. See Campbell v. Air Jam. Ltd., 760 F.3d 1165, 1168 (11th Cir. 2014) (pro se filings); White v. State Farm Fire and Cas. Co., 664 F.3d 860, 863–64 (11th Cir. 2011) (notices of appeal). 2 USCA11 Case: 18-11913 Date Filed: 06/23/2021 Page: 3 of 6
than 28 days later, Davis then moved for reconsideration of that judgment under
Rule 59(e), which the court denied on March 6, 2018. Then, on April 9, 2018, he
moved for reconsideration of that ruling, requested leave to file out-of-time
objections to the R&Rs, and attached objections he sought to raise as to the R&Rs.
After the court denied the latter two motions on April 11, 2018, and entered
judgment accordingly, Davis appealed on May 3, 2018.
On appeal, Davis argues that the district court’s res judicata determination
was incorrect, that the defendants’ defamatory statements were “not substantially
true,” and that the February 2018 dismissal of his complaint was erroneous. He
does not, however, expressly refer to the denial of his second post-judgment
motion for reconsideration or motion for leave to file out-of-time objections to the
R&Rs.
Before addressing Davis’s arguments, we must determine whether we have
jurisdiction over his appeal. A notice of appeal in a civil case must be filed within
30 days after the judgment or order appealed from is entered.
Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(1)(A). In civil cases, the timely filing of a notice of appeal is
a mandatory prerequisite to the exercise of appellate jurisdiction. Green v. Drug
Enforcement Admin., 606 F.3d 1296, 1300 (11th Cir. 2010).
Under Rule 4(a)(4)(A), however, the running of this 30–day period will be
tolled if a party files one of the enumerated motions, including a motion to alter or
3 USCA11 Case: 18-11913 Date Filed: 06/23/2021 Page: 4 of 6
amend the judgment under Rule 59 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Fed.
R. App. P. 4(a)(4)(A). “[T]he time for appeal is postponed only by an original
motion of the type specified. I.e., a motion to reconsider an order disposing of such
a motion will not further postpone the time to appeal.” Wright v. Preferred
Research, Inc., 891 F.2d 886, 889 (11th Cir. 1990). “Similarly, where the movant
pleads substantially the same grounds in a second motion to reconsider as he did in
his original pleading, . . . then the time limit is not tolled.” Id.
Further, our review is generally limited to the judgment, order, or part
thereof that an appellant designates in his notice of appeal. Osterneck v. E.T.
Barwick Indus., Inc., 825 F.2d 1521, 1528 (11th Cir. 1987); see also Fed. R. App.
P. 3(c)(1)(B). We generally construe an appellant’s notice of appeal liberally, but
we “will not expand it to include judgments and orders not specified unless the
overriding intent to appeal these orders is readily apparent on the face of the
notice.” White v. State Farm Fire and Cas. Co., 664 F.3d 860, 863–64 (11th Cir.
2011). Additionally, when the notice names a specific order to be appealed, we
infer a lack of intent to appeal unmentioned orders or judgments. Id. at 864.
Pro se pleadings are held to a less stringent standard than pleadings drafted
by attorneys and will be liberally construed. Campbell v. Air Jam. Ltd., 760 F.3d
1165, 1168 (11th Cir. 2014). However, a court may not “serve as de facto counsel
for a party [or] rewrite an otherwise deficient pleading in order to sustain an
4 USCA11 Case: 18-11913 Date Filed: 06/23/2021 Page: 5 of 6
action.” Id. at 1168–69. Moreover, all litigants in federal court—pro se or
counseled—are required to comply with the applicable procedural rules. See Albra
v. Advan, Inc., 490 F.3d 826, 829 (11th Cir. 2007). A litigant abandons an issue by
failing to challenge it on appeal. See Irwin v. Hawk, 40 F.3d 347, 347 n.1 (11th
Cir. 1994) (applying the same to a pro se litigant).
Here, we lack jurisdiction to entertain Davis’s appeal of the district court’s
February 2018 judgment of dismissal or its March 2018 denial of his first motion
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USCA11 Case: 18-11913 Date Filed: 06/23/2021 Page: 1 of 6
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 18-11913 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 0:16-cv-62499-JIC
COREY DAVIS,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
SHAMERE MCKENZIE, SUN GATE FOUNDATION, PUBLIC BROADCASTING SERVICE,
Defendants-Appellees.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida ________________________
(June 23, 2021)
Before NEWSOM, LAGOA, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: USCA11 Case: 18-11913 Date Filed: 06/23/2021 Page: 2 of 6
Corey Davis, an inmate proceeding pro se, appeals following the dismissal
with prejudice of his complaint, brought in diversity and alleging defamation and
various other Florida state law causes of action, for failure to state a claim, due to
res judicata, and as frivolous or malicious, under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i) and
(g). As explained below, Davis appeals from both the dismissal of his complaint
and the court’s subsequent denial of his motion for reconsideration of that
judgment, of which he filed two.1 The district court dismissed Davis’s complaint in
February 2018, after a magistrate judge discovered that he, without disclosure to
the court, had filed a nearly identical action, as to all defendants but the Public
Broadcasting Service (“PBS”), in the Northern District of Illinois in February 2017
(the “Illinois suit”), after he initiated the instant proceedings in 2016. The
magistrate judge thus issued three separate reports and recommendations
(“R&Rs”), which recommended, in pertinent part, dismissal of Davis’s complaint
on the preceding grounds.
Subsequently, Davis moved for reconsideration of the R&Rs, but he did not
file objections to them. Accordingly, the district court adopted all three R&Rs in
full and dismissed Davis’s complaint with prejudice on February 8, 2018. Less
1 Davis’s notice of appeal does not specify whether he only intended to appeal the denial of one, or both, of his two motions for reconsideration of the district court’s dismissal of his complaint. Because we construe liberally both pro se filings and notices of appeal generally, we will construe Davis’s notice as encompassing both motions. See Campbell v. Air Jam. Ltd., 760 F.3d 1165, 1168 (11th Cir. 2014) (pro se filings); White v. State Farm Fire and Cas. Co., 664 F.3d 860, 863–64 (11th Cir. 2011) (notices of appeal). 2 USCA11 Case: 18-11913 Date Filed: 06/23/2021 Page: 3 of 6
than 28 days later, Davis then moved for reconsideration of that judgment under
Rule 59(e), which the court denied on March 6, 2018. Then, on April 9, 2018, he
moved for reconsideration of that ruling, requested leave to file out-of-time
objections to the R&Rs, and attached objections he sought to raise as to the R&Rs.
After the court denied the latter two motions on April 11, 2018, and entered
judgment accordingly, Davis appealed on May 3, 2018.
On appeal, Davis argues that the district court’s res judicata determination
was incorrect, that the defendants’ defamatory statements were “not substantially
true,” and that the February 2018 dismissal of his complaint was erroneous. He
does not, however, expressly refer to the denial of his second post-judgment
motion for reconsideration or motion for leave to file out-of-time objections to the
R&Rs.
Before addressing Davis’s arguments, we must determine whether we have
jurisdiction over his appeal. A notice of appeal in a civil case must be filed within
30 days after the judgment or order appealed from is entered.
Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(1)(A). In civil cases, the timely filing of a notice of appeal is
a mandatory prerequisite to the exercise of appellate jurisdiction. Green v. Drug
Enforcement Admin., 606 F.3d 1296, 1300 (11th Cir. 2010).
Under Rule 4(a)(4)(A), however, the running of this 30–day period will be
tolled if a party files one of the enumerated motions, including a motion to alter or
3 USCA11 Case: 18-11913 Date Filed: 06/23/2021 Page: 4 of 6
amend the judgment under Rule 59 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Fed.
R. App. P. 4(a)(4)(A). “[T]he time for appeal is postponed only by an original
motion of the type specified. I.e., a motion to reconsider an order disposing of such
a motion will not further postpone the time to appeal.” Wright v. Preferred
Research, Inc., 891 F.2d 886, 889 (11th Cir. 1990). “Similarly, where the movant
pleads substantially the same grounds in a second motion to reconsider as he did in
his original pleading, . . . then the time limit is not tolled.” Id.
Further, our review is generally limited to the judgment, order, or part
thereof that an appellant designates in his notice of appeal. Osterneck v. E.T.
Barwick Indus., Inc., 825 F.2d 1521, 1528 (11th Cir. 1987); see also Fed. R. App.
P. 3(c)(1)(B). We generally construe an appellant’s notice of appeal liberally, but
we “will not expand it to include judgments and orders not specified unless the
overriding intent to appeal these orders is readily apparent on the face of the
notice.” White v. State Farm Fire and Cas. Co., 664 F.3d 860, 863–64 (11th Cir.
2011). Additionally, when the notice names a specific order to be appealed, we
infer a lack of intent to appeal unmentioned orders or judgments. Id. at 864.
Pro se pleadings are held to a less stringent standard than pleadings drafted
by attorneys and will be liberally construed. Campbell v. Air Jam. Ltd., 760 F.3d
1165, 1168 (11th Cir. 2014). However, a court may not “serve as de facto counsel
for a party [or] rewrite an otherwise deficient pleading in order to sustain an
4 USCA11 Case: 18-11913 Date Filed: 06/23/2021 Page: 5 of 6
action.” Id. at 1168–69. Moreover, all litigants in federal court—pro se or
counseled—are required to comply with the applicable procedural rules. See Albra
v. Advan, Inc., 490 F.3d 826, 829 (11th Cir. 2007). A litigant abandons an issue by
failing to challenge it on appeal. See Irwin v. Hawk, 40 F.3d 347, 347 n.1 (11th
Cir. 1994) (applying the same to a pro se litigant).
Here, we lack jurisdiction to entertain Davis’s appeal of the district court’s
February 2018 judgment of dismissal or its March 2018 denial of his first motion
for reconsideration, because he did not file his notice of appeal within 30 days of
the latter. Although his first motion for reconsideration tolled the time for
appealing the February 2018 judgment, the second such motion did not because it
did not assert new grounds. See Wright, 891 F.2d at 889. Accordingly, his appeal
is timely only as to the court’s April 2018 denial of his second motion for
reconsideration and his motion for leave to file out-of-time objections to the R&Rs.
Further, the objections Davis sought to raise to the R&Rs were not properly before
the district court, the court did not consider them, and they are thus outside of the
scope of Davis’s appeal. Finally, Davis makes no discrete argument as to the only
issue that is within the scope of his appeal—the denial of his second post-judgment
motion for reconsideration and his motion for leave to file out-of-time objections
to the R&Rs. He has thus abandoned any challenge to those rulings—and,
effectively, his entire appeal—by failing to raise any argument relevant to them.
5 USCA11 Case: 18-11913 Date Filed: 06/23/2021 Page: 6 of 6
See Irwin, 40 F.3d 347 n.1. Because we will not rewrite a deficient pleading to
sustain Davis’s appeal, we dismiss it. See Campbell, F.3d at 1168–69.
APPEAL DISMISSED.