MEMORANDUM
I.Appellants Are Exempt Administra
tive Employees
Appellants Cora Bucklin and Virginia Burton appeal the district court’s grant of summary judgment to appellee Zurich American Insurance Company (“Zurich”). The district court found that appellants were properly classified as exempt administrative employees. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and affirm.
“We review a district court’s decision to grant summary judgment de novo.”
Carver v. Holder,
606 F.3d 690, 695 (9th Cir.2010) (citation omitted). We therefore view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party and determine “whether there are any genuine issues of material fact and whether the district court correctly applied the relevant substantive law.”
Suzuki Motor Corp. v. Consumers Union of U.S., Inc.,
330 F.3d 1110, 1131-32 (9th Cir.2003) (citation omitted).
To classify an employee under the administrative exemption, an employer must establish the following five elements:
1. The employee performs work directly related to management policies or general business operations of either the employer or the employer’s clients;
2. The employee customarily and regularly exercises discretion and independent judgment;
3. The employee works under only general supervision while performing work along specialized or technical lines requiring special training, experience, or knowledge;
4. The employee is primarily engaged in exempt work meeting the above requirements; and
5. The employee meets a minimum salary requirement.
See Campbell v. PricewaterhouseCoopers, LLP,
642 F.3d 820, 831 (9th Cir.2011) (citing Cal. Code Regs. tit. 8, § 11040(1)(A)(2)).
Unlike the facts in
Campbell,
there are no genuine issues of material fact as to what appellants actually do and what Zurich expects them to do.
See id.
at 832. Thus, whether appellants’ duties satisfy
the elements of the exemption is a question of law properly decided by the district court.
See Cleveland v. City of L.A.,
420 F.3d 981, 988 (9th Cir.2005) (“A district court’s determinations regarding exemptions to the FLSA are questions of law that we review
de novo.”
(citation omitted)).
Undisputed facts demonstrate that appellants primarily performed work directly related to Zurich’s management policies or general business operations. CaLCode Regs. tit. 8, § 11040(l)(A)(2)(a)(I). Appellants developed a plan of action for resolving each claim and represented Zurich while investigating claims, setting reserves, directing litigation, and negotiating settlements. They also made recommendations to their supervisors when necessary, and those recommendations were frequently accepted. These duties qualify as servicing a business, 29 C.F.R. § 541.205(b) (2001),
and, were therefore qualitatively administrative.
Harris v. Superior Court,
53 Cal.4th 170, 135 Cal. Rptr.3d 247, 266 P.3d 953, 959 (2011).
Further, appellants’ authority to set reserves and to settle claims up to specified amounts indicates that their duties were substantially important to Zurich’s business operations.
See
29 C.F.R. § 541.205(a). Accordingly, appellants’ duties were quantitatively administrative as well.
Harris,
135 Cal.Rptr.3d 247, 266 P.3d at 959;
see also
29 C.F.R. § 541.205(c)(5) (identifying claim agents and adjusters as an example of the kind of employee who meets the quantitative component). The mere fact that appellants performed
some
clerical duties and described their duties as routine does not create a triable issue
on
the quantitative component of the directly related requirement.
Appellants customarily and regularly exercised discretion and independent judgment. CaLCode .Regs. tit. 8, § 11040(l)(A)(2)(b). In setting reserve amounts, appellants considered a number of factors such as the nature and extent of the injury and the likelihood of permanent disability. When litigation became necessary, appellants retained an attorney on behalf of Zurich, developed a litigation strategy, and, when appropriate, settled the case. Thus, appellants’ duties entailed “the comparison and the evaluation of possible courses of conduct and acting or making a decision after the various possibilities have been considered.” 29 C.F.R. § 541.207(a).
An obligation to utilize specific computer programs or to refer to reference manuals and guidelines does not necessarily prevent an employee from exercising independent discretion or judgment.
In re Farmers Ins. Exch., Claims Representatives’ Overtime Pay Litig.,
481 F.3d 1119, 1130-31 (9th Cir.2007). That appellants’ discretion was restricted by Zurich’s best practices manual does not negate the undisputed fact that appellants regularly exercised
discretion and independent judgment in setting reserves and directing litigation.
Appellants made recommendations to their supervisors that were frequently accepted, supporting the conclusion that appellants exercised discretion and judgment.
See
29 C.F.R. § 541.207(e)(1) (“The decisions made as a result of the exercise of discretion and independent judgment may consist of recommendations for action rather than the actual taking of action.”). And supervisory review of appellants’ discretionary decisions does not change the fact that appellants exercised independent judgment in the first instance. 'Indeed, appellants had substantial discretion when acting within their settlement authority.
Appellants performed under only general supervision work along specialized or technical lines requiring special training, experience, or knowledge. CaLCode Regs, tit. 8, § 11040(l)(A)(2)(d).
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MEMORANDUM
I.Appellants Are Exempt Administra
tive Employees
Appellants Cora Bucklin and Virginia Burton appeal the district court’s grant of summary judgment to appellee Zurich American Insurance Company (“Zurich”). The district court found that appellants were properly classified as exempt administrative employees. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and affirm.
“We review a district court’s decision to grant summary judgment de novo.”
Carver v. Holder,
606 F.3d 690, 695 (9th Cir.2010) (citation omitted). We therefore view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party and determine “whether there are any genuine issues of material fact and whether the district court correctly applied the relevant substantive law.”
Suzuki Motor Corp. v. Consumers Union of U.S., Inc.,
330 F.3d 1110, 1131-32 (9th Cir.2003) (citation omitted).
To classify an employee under the administrative exemption, an employer must establish the following five elements:
1. The employee performs work directly related to management policies or general business operations of either the employer or the employer’s clients;
2. The employee customarily and regularly exercises discretion and independent judgment;
3. The employee works under only general supervision while performing work along specialized or technical lines requiring special training, experience, or knowledge;
4. The employee is primarily engaged in exempt work meeting the above requirements; and
5. The employee meets a minimum salary requirement.
See Campbell v. PricewaterhouseCoopers, LLP,
642 F.3d 820, 831 (9th Cir.2011) (citing Cal. Code Regs. tit. 8, § 11040(1)(A)(2)).
Unlike the facts in
Campbell,
there are no genuine issues of material fact as to what appellants actually do and what Zurich expects them to do.
See id.
at 832. Thus, whether appellants’ duties satisfy
the elements of the exemption is a question of law properly decided by the district court.
See Cleveland v. City of L.A.,
420 F.3d 981, 988 (9th Cir.2005) (“A district court’s determinations regarding exemptions to the FLSA are questions of law that we review
de novo.”
(citation omitted)).
Undisputed facts demonstrate that appellants primarily performed work directly related to Zurich’s management policies or general business operations. CaLCode Regs. tit. 8, § 11040(l)(A)(2)(a)(I). Appellants developed a plan of action for resolving each claim and represented Zurich while investigating claims, setting reserves, directing litigation, and negotiating settlements. They also made recommendations to their supervisors when necessary, and those recommendations were frequently accepted. These duties qualify as servicing a business, 29 C.F.R. § 541.205(b) (2001),
and, were therefore qualitatively administrative.
Harris v. Superior Court,
53 Cal.4th 170, 135 Cal. Rptr.3d 247, 266 P.3d 953, 959 (2011).
Further, appellants’ authority to set reserves and to settle claims up to specified amounts indicates that their duties were substantially important to Zurich’s business operations.
See
29 C.F.R. § 541.205(a). Accordingly, appellants’ duties were quantitatively administrative as well.
Harris,
135 Cal.Rptr.3d 247, 266 P.3d at 959;
see also
29 C.F.R. § 541.205(c)(5) (identifying claim agents and adjusters as an example of the kind of employee who meets the quantitative component). The mere fact that appellants performed
some
clerical duties and described their duties as routine does not create a triable issue
on
the quantitative component of the directly related requirement.
Appellants customarily and regularly exercised discretion and independent judgment. CaLCode .Regs. tit. 8, § 11040(l)(A)(2)(b). In setting reserve amounts, appellants considered a number of factors such as the nature and extent of the injury and the likelihood of permanent disability. When litigation became necessary, appellants retained an attorney on behalf of Zurich, developed a litigation strategy, and, when appropriate, settled the case. Thus, appellants’ duties entailed “the comparison and the evaluation of possible courses of conduct and acting or making a decision after the various possibilities have been considered.” 29 C.F.R. § 541.207(a).
An obligation to utilize specific computer programs or to refer to reference manuals and guidelines does not necessarily prevent an employee from exercising independent discretion or judgment.
In re Farmers Ins. Exch., Claims Representatives’ Overtime Pay Litig.,
481 F.3d 1119, 1130-31 (9th Cir.2007). That appellants’ discretion was restricted by Zurich’s best practices manual does not negate the undisputed fact that appellants regularly exercised
discretion and independent judgment in setting reserves and directing litigation.
Appellants made recommendations to their supervisors that were frequently accepted, supporting the conclusion that appellants exercised discretion and judgment.
See
29 C.F.R. § 541.207(e)(1) (“The decisions made as a result of the exercise of discretion and independent judgment may consist of recommendations for action rather than the actual taking of action.”). And supervisory review of appellants’ discretionary decisions does not change the fact that appellants exercised independent judgment in the first instance. 'Indeed, appellants had substantial discretion when acting within their settlement authority.
Appellants performed under only general supervision work along specialized or technical lines requiring special training, experience, or knowledge. CaLCode Regs, tit. 8, § 11040(l)(A)(2)(d). Appellants acknowledge that they engaged in work along specialized or technical lines, and appellants rarely operated under direct supervision. At most, appellants’ supervisors reviewed their discretionary decisions after the fact. Thus, this case is readily distinguishable from our decision in
Campbell
where- the record contained “a wealth of ... extensive conflicting evidence” about the scope of PwC’s supervision over the plaintiffs. 642 F.3d at 832. Here, disputed facts do not bear heavily on whether appellants are exempt; instead, the undisputed facts establish that there is no triable issue on this element.
Finally, appellants do not dispute that they were primarily engaged in duties that meet the test of the exemption, CaLCode Regs. tit. 8, § 11040(l)(A)(2)(f), or that they earned more than twice the state minimum wage,
id.
§ 11040(1) (A) (2)(g). Because there are no genuine issues of material fact as to any elements of the administrative exemption, we affirm the grant of summary judgment to Zurich.
II. The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion in Striking Appellants’ Expert Report
We review the grant of a motion to strike for an abuse of discretion.
Hambleton Bros. Lumber Co. v. Balkin Enters., Inc.,
397 F.3d 1217, 1224 n. 4 (9th Cir.2005) (citations omitted). Although the schedule for expert witness disclosures postdated briefing on the motion for summary judgment, appellants did not request under Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(d) an order allowing expert discovery before responding to the motion, leaving Zurich without the opportunity to investigate or depose the witness. Moreover, a trial court can only consider admissible evidence in ruling on a motion for summary judgment.
Beyene v. Coleman Sec. Servs., Inc.,
854 F.2d 1179, 1181 (9th Cir.1988). Because appellants’ expert’s report was not sworn when filed, the district court did not abuse its discretion in declining to consider it.
See
Fed. R.Civ.P. 56(c)(4), (e); Fed.R.Evid. 901, 902. Finally, the report is merely the expert’s opinion as to the proper classification of appellants under governing law, which, as indicated, is a question of law reserved for the court.
AFFIRMED.