Rothrock, J.
The assessment of the bridge as the property of the corporation was authorized by law. Appeal of The Des Moines Water Company, 48 Iowa, 324. Whether the shares of stock can be legally assessed and taxed as the property of the stockholders for the same year for which the property of the corporation is assessed and taxed was not determined in that case. It was said, however, that “the statute provides that the stock of such corporations shall be assessed at its cash value. When assessed and taxed under the statute, stock must be taxed as the property of the respective owners, and there is no provision making the corporation liable therefor.”
We have then the question in this case whether the shares of stock may be taxed in addition to the taxation of the property of the corporation.
And we may say, once for all, at the outset, that our views, as expressed in the case just cited, that the statute provides that the stock shall be assessed and taxed, remains unchanged. This conclusion is not founded upon any doubtful construction of the statute, but upon its plain, certain and unequivo-' cál language and meaning. The statute imposing this burden upon the stock is found in section 813 of the Code, and is as follows: “Depreciated bank notes and the stock of corporations and companies shall be assessed at their cash value,' ‡ »
It is idle to contend in the face of this plain and explicit language that the legislature has not required that stock in corporations shall be assessed, and the only question now for determination is, does the legislature have the power to determine that the property of a corporatian and the stock shall both be taxed.
Counsel for-appellants contend that no such power exists, [253]*253because it is duplicate or double taxation of tbe same property, and it is insisted that “this court has over and over again declared that double taxation is forbidden by our Constitution.” If this statement were correct, and we should concede that the question here presented were one of duplicate taxation, the case could easily and speedily be disposed of by a prompt reversal. But, while it is true that this court •in Tallman v. Butler County, 12 Iowa, 534, said that it ‘‘is neither the policy nor the justice of the law to tolerate double taxation,” and in U. S. Express Co. v. Ellyson, 28 Id., 378, that “double taxation would be so unjust as to excite disfavor of both courts and legislature,” and in McGregor’s Executors v. Vanpel, 24 Id., 436, that mortgages upon real estate should be held to be taxable “unless this will lead'j to double taxation,” yet it never has been held in this State, that what is denominated duplicate taxation is in excess of the legislative power. The most that can be said of these utterances of this court is,- that it should be held in disfavor by courts and legislatures.
In Cooley on Taxation, 165, it is said: “It has properly and justly been held that a construction of the laws was not to be adopted that would subject the same property to be twice charged for the same tax, unless it was required by the express words of the statute or by necessary implication.”
Upon the question as to whether the imposition of taxes upon the property of a corporation and upon the shares of stock in the hands of stockholders, the general observations upon the subject of duplicate taxation found in Cooley.on Taxation, page 159, seem to us to be appropriate to be here quoted. It is there said: “A system of- indirect taxes, combined with a system of general taxation by value, must often have the effect to duplicate the burden upon some species of property or upon some persons, arid the taxation of stockholders of a corporation and also of the corporation itself, must sometimes produce a like result. There is also, sometimes, what seems to be double taxation of the same property to [254]*254two individuals, as where the purchaser of property on credit is taxed on its full value while the seller is taxed to the same amount on the debt. * * * *. Now, whether there is injustice in the taxation, in every instance in which it can be shown that one individual, who has been directly taxed his due proportion, is also compelled indirectly to contribute, is a question we have no occasion to discuss. It is sufficient for our purposes to show that the decisions are nearly, if not quite, unanimous in holding that taxation is not invalid because of any such unequal results.”
It must be conceded that the taxation of the property of the corporation and also of the stock bears no resemblance to taxing the same tract of land twice to the same person, nor once to A, and again to B. That would be a double taxation, which we suppose would not be allowable in any State in the Union. It would be a direct discrimination and inequality in the exercise of the taxing power, which would impose a greater burden upon one citizen than upon another upon the same kind of property. But the case at bar is quite different. The corporation is a person distinct from the stockholder. It is true, it is what is denominated an artificial, person, and may be said to be ideal and intangible. But that it is a person in law is the first principle learned by the student in opening any book on corporations. Its stockholders are distinct and different persons. They are usually not liable for its debts, and have no right to the enjoyment or possession of its property during the period of its duration or until it he dissolved hy some procedure known to the law. The stockholder is entitled to dividends upon his stock, if there be any dividends, and the value of his stock depends upon prospective dividends, and the dividends depend upon the net earnings of the corporation. If the bridge in this case be taxed, the tax must be paid from the income, and this reduces the value of the stock, so that there is no duplicate taxation, so far at least as the tax upon the bridge reduces the value of the stock.
[255]*255In McGregor's Exec'rs v. Vanpel, supra, this court held that a mortgage given to secure the payment of the purchase-money of the premises mortgaged is not exempt from taxation. In that case it is said that “a system of assessments operating with entire equality and with absolute justice is a desideratum in government yet unattained, and perhaps unattainable.” And in Finley v. Philadelphia, 32 Pa. St., 381, it is said: “There is nothing poetical about tax laws, whenever they find property they claim contribution for its protection without any special respect to the owner or his occupation.”
The best devised system of taxation based upon the values of property must, of necessity, produce unequal results, so long as the attempt is made to tax all property including real estate, personal chattels, and moneys and credits. One person will be taxed upon the real estate bought upon credit, and another upon the obligation which he holds for the purchase-money. And this must necessarily be so or there would be but little taxation upon credits, because, for the most part, they are either the representative of money or property of some kind held by another. If as is said in Cooley on Taxation, p.
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Rothrock, J.
The assessment of the bridge as the property of the corporation was authorized by law. Appeal of The Des Moines Water Company, 48 Iowa, 324. Whether the shares of stock can be legally assessed and taxed as the property of the stockholders for the same year for which the property of the corporation is assessed and taxed was not determined in that case. It was said, however, that “the statute provides that the stock of such corporations shall be assessed at its cash value. When assessed and taxed under the statute, stock must be taxed as the property of the respective owners, and there is no provision making the corporation liable therefor.”
We have then the question in this case whether the shares of stock may be taxed in addition to the taxation of the property of the corporation.
And we may say, once for all, at the outset, that our views, as expressed in the case just cited, that the statute provides that the stock shall be assessed and taxed, remains unchanged. This conclusion is not founded upon any doubtful construction of the statute, but upon its plain, certain and unequivo-' cál language and meaning. The statute imposing this burden upon the stock is found in section 813 of the Code, and is as follows: “Depreciated bank notes and the stock of corporations and companies shall be assessed at their cash value,' ‡ »
It is idle to contend in the face of this plain and explicit language that the legislature has not required that stock in corporations shall be assessed, and the only question now for determination is, does the legislature have the power to determine that the property of a corporatian and the stock shall both be taxed.
Counsel for-appellants contend that no such power exists, [253]*253because it is duplicate or double taxation of tbe same property, and it is insisted that “this court has over and over again declared that double taxation is forbidden by our Constitution.” If this statement were correct, and we should concede that the question here presented were one of duplicate taxation, the case could easily and speedily be disposed of by a prompt reversal. But, while it is true that this court •in Tallman v. Butler County, 12 Iowa, 534, said that it ‘‘is neither the policy nor the justice of the law to tolerate double taxation,” and in U. S. Express Co. v. Ellyson, 28 Id., 378, that “double taxation would be so unjust as to excite disfavor of both courts and legislature,” and in McGregor’s Executors v. Vanpel, 24 Id., 436, that mortgages upon real estate should be held to be taxable “unless this will lead'j to double taxation,” yet it never has been held in this State, that what is denominated duplicate taxation is in excess of the legislative power. The most that can be said of these utterances of this court is,- that it should be held in disfavor by courts and legislatures.
In Cooley on Taxation, 165, it is said: “It has properly and justly been held that a construction of the laws was not to be adopted that would subject the same property to be twice charged for the same tax, unless it was required by the express words of the statute or by necessary implication.”
Upon the question as to whether the imposition of taxes upon the property of a corporation and upon the shares of stock in the hands of stockholders, the general observations upon the subject of duplicate taxation found in Cooley.on Taxation, page 159, seem to us to be appropriate to be here quoted. It is there said: “A system of- indirect taxes, combined with a system of general taxation by value, must often have the effect to duplicate the burden upon some species of property or upon some persons, arid the taxation of stockholders of a corporation and also of the corporation itself, must sometimes produce a like result. There is also, sometimes, what seems to be double taxation of the same property to [254]*254two individuals, as where the purchaser of property on credit is taxed on its full value while the seller is taxed to the same amount on the debt. * * * *. Now, whether there is injustice in the taxation, in every instance in which it can be shown that one individual, who has been directly taxed his due proportion, is also compelled indirectly to contribute, is a question we have no occasion to discuss. It is sufficient for our purposes to show that the decisions are nearly, if not quite, unanimous in holding that taxation is not invalid because of any such unequal results.”
It must be conceded that the taxation of the property of the corporation and also of the stock bears no resemblance to taxing the same tract of land twice to the same person, nor once to A, and again to B. That would be a double taxation, which we suppose would not be allowable in any State in the Union. It would be a direct discrimination and inequality in the exercise of the taxing power, which would impose a greater burden upon one citizen than upon another upon the same kind of property. But the case at bar is quite different. The corporation is a person distinct from the stockholder. It is true, it is what is denominated an artificial, person, and may be said to be ideal and intangible. But that it is a person in law is the first principle learned by the student in opening any book on corporations. Its stockholders are distinct and different persons. They are usually not liable for its debts, and have no right to the enjoyment or possession of its property during the period of its duration or until it he dissolved hy some procedure known to the law. The stockholder is entitled to dividends upon his stock, if there be any dividends, and the value of his stock depends upon prospective dividends, and the dividends depend upon the net earnings of the corporation. If the bridge in this case be taxed, the tax must be paid from the income, and this reduces the value of the stock, so that there is no duplicate taxation, so far at least as the tax upon the bridge reduces the value of the stock.
[255]*255In McGregor's Exec'rs v. Vanpel, supra, this court held that a mortgage given to secure the payment of the purchase-money of the premises mortgaged is not exempt from taxation. In that case it is said that “a system of assessments operating with entire equality and with absolute justice is a desideratum in government yet unattained, and perhaps unattainable.” And in Finley v. Philadelphia, 32 Pa. St., 381, it is said: “There is nothing poetical about tax laws, whenever they find property they claim contribution for its protection without any special respect to the owner or his occupation.”
The best devised system of taxation based upon the values of property must, of necessity, produce unequal results, so long as the attempt is made to tax all property including real estate, personal chattels, and moneys and credits. One person will be taxed upon the real estate bought upon credit, and another upon the obligation which he holds for the purchase-money. And this must necessarily be so or there would be but little taxation upon credits, because, for the most part, they are either the representative of money or property of some kind held by another. If as is said in Cooley on Taxation, p. 100, “all the property in a town is sold on credit and the property is taxed to the purchasers, and the debts to sellers, it is manifest that the town taxes twice as much wealth as lies within its borders.” And yet under the system of taxation adopted by the State of Iowa, it cannot be claimed that the assessor must inquire of the owner of promissory notes, or mortgages, whether they are credits for taxable property which has been sold by the holder of these credits.
In the case at bar the stockholders paid to the corporation a certain sum of money. The corporation used this money in the construction of a toll-bridge from which the corporation derived an income. The agreement between the contracting parties is that the corporation is to manage and control the bridge, make the necessary repairs, and pay the taxes assessed against the bridge, and after deducting these legiti[256]*256mate and necessary expenses pay to the stockholder his proportionate share of the net earnings, and upon the dissolution of the corporation the stockholder is to be repaid his money advanced from the property belonging to the dead corporation. Now, suppose this very contract were made with a natural person instead of a corporation, and the stock'holder or creditor should make a claim that the obligation held by him was not taxable. There would be no more grounds for such claim under our system of .taxation than there would be for the claim that if A loans B $100, which is invested in merchandise, the debt is not taxable because the merchandise is taxable. .
These illustrations, it appears to us, demonstrate. that if we "were to determine that the legislature has no constitutional power to impose this tax upon the stockholder, it would open a door into a sea of trouble in the administration of the revenue laws of the State.
In disposing of this important question we have not reviewed the authorities cited by the respective counsel of the parties. It is sufficient to say that these views are supported by the very great majority of adjudged cases upon this subject. We think the Circuit Court correctly determined that the shares of stock are taxable. And if thé public interests of this State require that either the property of a corporation" of this character, or the stock therein be exempt from taxation, that relief must come from the law-making power. It will be understood that the decision in this case will have no1" application to capital stock in manufacturing companies. By chapter 57 of the laws of 1880 such stock is exempt from assessment and taxation.
Affirmed.