Gray, J.
The evidence in this case was given by one witness, called for the plaintiff, who was the cashier and accountant in the office of the general, agents, through whom this policy was issued, and the facts are not in dispute. It was thought by the learned trial judge, and it is the basis of the respondent’s contention here, that the facts proved warranted an inference either that the powers of general agents were such as to authorize them to extend the time for the payment of the premium ° or that there had been such knowledge and acqui
esconce on the part of their principal, the company, with respect to a general custom to extend the time for the payment of premiums, and frequently to accept notes for the amounts, and with respect to the particular extension of time in question, as to amount to a ratification of the acts of these agents in such respects. It is difficult to understand how the powers of agents could have been more restricted than they were by the provisions of this policy, or what other language could have been resorted to by the company in the endeavor to guard itself against unauthorized acts of all agents: The fact that these were general agents does not take the case out of the comprehensive language in the instrument, which denies to any agent or other person authority to alter, modify or waive any terms or conditions. Of this restriction upon the powers of all agents, the insured is deemed to have had knowledge when he accepted his policy. There is no reason for relaxing the rules of law with respect to the construction and enforcement of a contract of insurance, any more than there would be in the case of any other kind of contract, which parties have deliberately and formally executed for the purpose of defining their respective engagements and of securing the due and exact performance thereof. Whatever the disposition to strictly enforce the performance of an insurer’s obligation, it must, nevertheless, be controlled by what is a just and fair construction of the contract of insurance. Exceptional cases, in which recoveries have been permitted in the face of the contract, have been where it could be shown that there had been such a usage, or a course of business, or such consent, expressed or implied, as to justify the inference that the insurer had extended the agent’s authority and thus modified the restrictions contained in the policy. The insured is bound to know the measure of an agent’s authority from the terms in which power has been given him, or from the instructions under which he assumes to act. His right to believe that the limitations upon the agent’s authority to bind his principal have been removed is confined to such inferences as might reasonably be drawn from methods of doing business, which have,
either by their public and continuous nature, or by some particular course of dealing or conduct in his case, acquired the virtue of a usage, or the force of a consent. In the present case it appears to have been the custom in the office 01 these agents to accept payment of premiums after the date when they fell due. In many instances they had taken notes for their amount; but there is not the slightest evidence in this case that the company ever knew of a note being taken by their agents. There is evidence that the company knew of delays being granted to premium debtors. The practice of the agents was to enter in their report, and to remit to the company, only cash, and a premium paid in the month when due, or whenever subsequently paid, went into the report of the following month. By the form of these reports, the company might know, from the non-appearance of the item of payment of a premium, that it had not been made when due and, from its appearance in some subsequent report, that the delay in payment had been granted or condoned. With respect to the general course of business, undoubtedly, a custom had grown up in the office of these agents to accept payment of premiums after their due date. While it had the sanction of. their principal, the company, it was proved that the authority in such respects was expressly limited to cases where the individual was in good health. The evidence is that the agents were not to receive a payment where the party was out of health and the renewal past due, and had never done so. While there is no evidence to show that the deceased knew of such a custom, and as to him there had been no extraordinary course of dealings wdiatever, previous to October, 1891, to affect in any respect his contractual relations to the company, I think this custom, which had in fact existed, so far enured to the benefit of his contract as to justify the court in holding that the extension of time granted to him was not without the implied power of the agents. But in dealing with agents, whose powers were limited, the insured was bound by the limitations, and if he has the right to rely upon some enlargement of those powers, through the
existence of some usage, that fact is relied upon to enforce the company’s agreement, the limitations will merely be lifted to the extent that the evidence shows what the usage has been.
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Gray, J.
The evidence in this case was given by one witness, called for the plaintiff, who was the cashier and accountant in the office of the general, agents, through whom this policy was issued, and the facts are not in dispute. It was thought by the learned trial judge, and it is the basis of the respondent’s contention here, that the facts proved warranted an inference either that the powers of general agents were such as to authorize them to extend the time for the payment of the premium ° or that there had been such knowledge and acqui
esconce on the part of their principal, the company, with respect to a general custom to extend the time for the payment of premiums, and frequently to accept notes for the amounts, and with respect to the particular extension of time in question, as to amount to a ratification of the acts of these agents in such respects. It is difficult to understand how the powers of agents could have been more restricted than they were by the provisions of this policy, or what other language could have been resorted to by the company in the endeavor to guard itself against unauthorized acts of all agents: The fact that these were general agents does not take the case out of the comprehensive language in the instrument, which denies to any agent or other person authority to alter, modify or waive any terms or conditions. Of this restriction upon the powers of all agents, the insured is deemed to have had knowledge when he accepted his policy. There is no reason for relaxing the rules of law with respect to the construction and enforcement of a contract of insurance, any more than there would be in the case of any other kind of contract, which parties have deliberately and formally executed for the purpose of defining their respective engagements and of securing the due and exact performance thereof. Whatever the disposition to strictly enforce the performance of an insurer’s obligation, it must, nevertheless, be controlled by what is a just and fair construction of the contract of insurance. Exceptional cases, in which recoveries have been permitted in the face of the contract, have been where it could be shown that there had been such a usage, or a course of business, or such consent, expressed or implied, as to justify the inference that the insurer had extended the agent’s authority and thus modified the restrictions contained in the policy. The insured is bound to know the measure of an agent’s authority from the terms in which power has been given him, or from the instructions under which he assumes to act. His right to believe that the limitations upon the agent’s authority to bind his principal have been removed is confined to such inferences as might reasonably be drawn from methods of doing business, which have,
either by their public and continuous nature, or by some particular course of dealing or conduct in his case, acquired the virtue of a usage, or the force of a consent. In the present case it appears to have been the custom in the office 01 these agents to accept payment of premiums after the date when they fell due. In many instances they had taken notes for their amount; but there is not the slightest evidence in this case that the company ever knew of a note being taken by their agents. There is evidence that the company knew of delays being granted to premium debtors. The practice of the agents was to enter in their report, and to remit to the company, only cash, and a premium paid in the month when due, or whenever subsequently paid, went into the report of the following month. By the form of these reports, the company might know, from the non-appearance of the item of payment of a premium, that it had not been made when due and, from its appearance in some subsequent report, that the delay in payment had been granted or condoned. With respect to the general course of business, undoubtedly, a custom had grown up in the office of these agents to accept payment of premiums after their due date. While it had the sanction of. their principal, the company, it was proved that the authority in such respects was expressly limited to cases where the individual was in good health. The evidence is that the agents were not to receive a payment where the party was out of health and the renewal past due, and had never done so. While there is no evidence to show that the deceased knew of such a custom, and as to him there had been no extraordinary course of dealings wdiatever, previous to October, 1891, to affect in any respect his contractual relations to the company, I think this custom, which had in fact existed, so far enured to the benefit of his contract as to justify the court in holding that the extension of time granted to him was not without the implied power of the agents. But in dealing with agents, whose powers were limited, the insured was bound by the limitations, and if he has the right to rely upon some enlargement of those powers, through the
existence of some usage, that fact is relied upon to enforce the company’s agreement, the limitations will merely be lifted to the extent that the evidence shows what the usage has been.
It was, therefore, fairly inferable that the agents of the defendant were at liberty, not to make any new agreement as to the time for the payment by the insured of his premium, but to accept payment of it and thus waive the right to declare a forfeiture; provided, that at the time the conditions had not been changed by an alteration in the health of the insured. While the contract of insurance was in force, and up to the time when the insured had the right to renew it by payment of the premium in advance, the risk in the matter was on the company ; but upon failure to pay, after notice, upon the due date of the premium, the risk was on the insured .that, pending the delay permitted by the agents, he might change in health, if not die, and his insurance be lost. If we might assume that, by the agents’ acceptance of the note for six months, the company was bound, and that it was estopped from insisting upon a forfeiture —■ a proposition which I wholly doubt, in view of the lack of evidence to show that the company permitted or knew of such a practice — the assumption could not aid the plaintiff. The insured had been refused any renewal of his note by the agents, and when he thereafter failed to pay it and to take up the renewal receipt, which would continue the contract of insurance for another year, he acted upon his own risk, and it cannot possibly be said that he acted upon any contract of the company, or upon any course of dealing which would have the force of an implied agreement. When it became obligatory upon him, in order to be entitled to a renewal of the insurance agreement, to pay his premium, he knew that no agent had authority to make any new or other agreement affecting the terms of the existing policy. If he failed to make payment and elected to rely upon some custom which might operate to save the policy from forfeiture, what was the situation? Only this, that as there had become engrafted upon the authority of the agents, by force of the company’s sanction, a power to accept payment of past-due
premiums in those cases where the physical conditions of the assured were unchanged, they might subsequently be willing and able to deliver to him a renewal receipt upon his payment of the past-due premium. Assuming his knowledge of the existence of such a custom in the office, it was not a fact which so far changed the situation as to have entitled him to rest upon it with the same security as upon a new agreement with respect to the time of payment, validly made and enforcible against the company. He simply threw himself upon the chances of life and of the exercise by the agents of a conditional authority to act.
Ho further notice was required from the company to the deceased. The notice provided to be given by the statute as a condition of its right to declare a policy lapsed for non-payment of an annual premium was not necessary, inasmuch as it had duly given the notice before the premium became due, which the statute has - provided for. The statute does not apply to this case. (Chap. 341, Laws 1876, and chap. 321, Laws 1877.)
For the reasons given, the trial judge erred in directing a verdict for the full amount claimed to be due under the policy. Upon the evidence, the company was only liable for four-twentieths of its amount; or the sum of $1,000, and interest accrued thereon.
The judgment should be reversed and a new trial ordered, with costs to abide the event; or, if the plaintiff shall stipulate that the judgment shall be reduced to the sum of $1,040, the amount conceded to be due by the defendant company, and the costs of the action to and including the trial of the issues at Circuit, the judgment may be affirmed as so modified. In such event, costs are awarded to the appellant at General Term and in this court, and are to be deducted from the judgment.
All concur, except O’Brien and Maynard, JJ., dissenting.
Judgment reversed.