[713]*713Opinion
KEENAN, J.
Daniel Conway was convicted in a jury trial of second degree murder. He argues: (1) that the trial court erred in admitting into evidence a recorded statement he made which was not provided to him prior to its admission at trial; (2) that the seizure of a shirt and pants from his bedroom- violated his fourth amendment rights; and (3) that the trial court erred in failing to inquire into the mental state of a juror after being notified of a problem by the jury foreman.1 We hold that the Commonwealth’s failure to disclose the recording of Conway’s statement was error and therefore reverse his conviction. We hold that Conway’s shirt and pants were in plain view when Detective Harding obtained them, and, thus, that their seizure did not violate Conway’s fourth amendment rights. Since we reverse Conway’s conviction, we do not reach the issue of the juror’s mental state.
On November 9, 1987, Keith Madison found his girlfriend, Tina Harper, dead in her room at the Chamberlayne Motel. Harper had red marks around her neck and the police considered her death to be suspicious. Madison told Detective Harding that at the time he discovered Tina’s body he saw a man leaving the motel in a red car. The man was wearing a red shirt with a confederate flag on it and a pair of blue pants. Detective Harding determined that the person in the car was the last person to have been with the victim before she died. The car was registered to the defendant, Daniel Conway.
Approximately five hours later, Detective Harding and two other officers went to Conway’s home and spoke first to his father. Upon learning that Conway was in the home, they entered the living room when Conway’s father opened the door. Conway’s mother called Conway into the living room. In front of Conway’s parents, Detective Harding asked Conway whether he had been at the Chamberlayne Motel that day. Conway responded that he had not. Without Conway’s knowledge, Detective Harding recorded the entire conversation.
[714]*714Harding later testified that he did not believe that Conway was telling the truth when he denied having been at the motel. Detective Harding also testified that he believed he had probable cause to arrest Conway, although he did not do so at that time. Instead, Harding asked Conway to accompany him to the police station for an interview relating to the death of Tina Harper.
Conway left the living room and walked down a hall toward the back of the home. Detective Harding followed him. After using the bathroom, Conway asked Harding if he could change his clothes. Harding told him that he could get a coat. Conway walked to his bedroom, again followed by Harding. When Conway opened the door to the bedroom, Harding saw a red shirt lying beside the door. Harding picked up the shirt and saw that it had a confederate flag on the back. Harding also observed a pair of blue pants lying on the floor under the shirt. Harding seized the shirt and pants.
Conway was advised of his Miranda rights in the police car on the way to the station. Conway later admitted to Detective Harding that he had been at the motel earlier that day. He was placed under arrest at that time.
At Conway’s trial, the Commonwealth introduced the red shirt and the pants into evidence. In addition, on rebuttal, the Commonwealth introduced the tape recording of Conway’s conversation with Harding in the home. Although there was a written discovery order entered in this case, the recording was not provided to Conway prior to its use at trial.
The Commonwealth argues that Conway was aware of the substance of the statement and that the recording of Conway’s statement was provided to him as soon as the Commonwealth learned of its existence. Thus, the Commonwealth argues that it should not be penalized for its failure to make the tape available earlier. We disagree.
In the case before us, the trial court entered a written discovery order specifically requiring the Commonwealth to provide without restriction all written or recorded statements made by Conway.2 [715]*715The police possessed the tape recording of Conway’s statement and the prosecutor could have discovered its existence through the exercise of due diligence. The Commonwealth did not seek a protective order, as authorized by Rule 3A: 11(f). Thus, the Commonwealth’s introduction of the tape into evidence without first making it available to Conway violated the discovery order entered in this case.
Furthermore, Rule 3A: 11(b)(1) provides in pertinent part:
Upon written motion of an accused a court shall order the Commonwealth’s attorney to permit the accused to inspect and copy or photograph any relevant (i) written or recorded statements or confessions made by the accused, or copies thereof, or the substance of any oral statements or confessions made by the accused to any law enforcement officer, the existence of which is known to the attorney for the Commonwealth.
Unlike the discovery order entered in this case, Rule 3A: 11 treats written and oral statements equally. We nevertheless find that the Commonwealth’s failure to disclose the tape recording also violated Rule 3A:11.
Rule 3A:11 requires the Commonwealth to allow an accused to inspect and copy or photograph any written or recorded statements, the existence of which is known to the attorney for the Commonwealth. In Fitzgerald v. Bass, 6 Va. App. 38, 366 S.E.2d 615 (1988) (en banc), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 945 (1989), we held that constructive knowledge is attributed to the prosecutor where information is in the possession of the police, so long as the officer is not a law enforcement official of a different jurisdiction. Id. at 50, 366 S.E.2d at 621. Here, one of the investigating officers of [716]*716the Richmond Bureau of Police had possession of the tape. Therefore, constructive knowledge of the existence of the tape is attributable to the attorney for the Commonwealth and disclosure was required under Rule 3A:11.
Admission of relevant and material evidence at trial which was not previously disclosed as required by a discovery order, however, is not reversible error absent a showing of prejudice. Davis v. Commonwealth, 230 Va. 201, 204, 335 S.E.2d 375, 377-78 (1985); Stotler v. Commonwealth, 2 Va. App. 481, 484, 346 S.E.2d 39, 40 (1986). In this case, we find that the Commonwealth’s failure to produce the tape did prejudice Conway’s case. Conway had no opportunity to review the recording and refresh his own recollection of the conversation with Detective Harding prior to testifying at trial. He was impeached by the recording after his testimony was before the jury. While the credibility of both Conway and Detective Harding were before the jury, only Harding had the opportunity to listen to a recording of the conversation prior to testifying about its content.
Prior to trial, the Commonwealth informed Conway of the substance of his statement and Detective Harding’s proposed testimony regarding that conversation.
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[713]*713Opinion
KEENAN, J.
Daniel Conway was convicted in a jury trial of second degree murder. He argues: (1) that the trial court erred in admitting into evidence a recorded statement he made which was not provided to him prior to its admission at trial; (2) that the seizure of a shirt and pants from his bedroom- violated his fourth amendment rights; and (3) that the trial court erred in failing to inquire into the mental state of a juror after being notified of a problem by the jury foreman.1 We hold that the Commonwealth’s failure to disclose the recording of Conway’s statement was error and therefore reverse his conviction. We hold that Conway’s shirt and pants were in plain view when Detective Harding obtained them, and, thus, that their seizure did not violate Conway’s fourth amendment rights. Since we reverse Conway’s conviction, we do not reach the issue of the juror’s mental state.
On November 9, 1987, Keith Madison found his girlfriend, Tina Harper, dead in her room at the Chamberlayne Motel. Harper had red marks around her neck and the police considered her death to be suspicious. Madison told Detective Harding that at the time he discovered Tina’s body he saw a man leaving the motel in a red car. The man was wearing a red shirt with a confederate flag on it and a pair of blue pants. Detective Harding determined that the person in the car was the last person to have been with the victim before she died. The car was registered to the defendant, Daniel Conway.
Approximately five hours later, Detective Harding and two other officers went to Conway’s home and spoke first to his father. Upon learning that Conway was in the home, they entered the living room when Conway’s father opened the door. Conway’s mother called Conway into the living room. In front of Conway’s parents, Detective Harding asked Conway whether he had been at the Chamberlayne Motel that day. Conway responded that he had not. Without Conway’s knowledge, Detective Harding recorded the entire conversation.
[714]*714Harding later testified that he did not believe that Conway was telling the truth when he denied having been at the motel. Detective Harding also testified that he believed he had probable cause to arrest Conway, although he did not do so at that time. Instead, Harding asked Conway to accompany him to the police station for an interview relating to the death of Tina Harper.
Conway left the living room and walked down a hall toward the back of the home. Detective Harding followed him. After using the bathroom, Conway asked Harding if he could change his clothes. Harding told him that he could get a coat. Conway walked to his bedroom, again followed by Harding. When Conway opened the door to the bedroom, Harding saw a red shirt lying beside the door. Harding picked up the shirt and saw that it had a confederate flag on the back. Harding also observed a pair of blue pants lying on the floor under the shirt. Harding seized the shirt and pants.
Conway was advised of his Miranda rights in the police car on the way to the station. Conway later admitted to Detective Harding that he had been at the motel earlier that day. He was placed under arrest at that time.
At Conway’s trial, the Commonwealth introduced the red shirt and the pants into evidence. In addition, on rebuttal, the Commonwealth introduced the tape recording of Conway’s conversation with Harding in the home. Although there was a written discovery order entered in this case, the recording was not provided to Conway prior to its use at trial.
The Commonwealth argues that Conway was aware of the substance of the statement and that the recording of Conway’s statement was provided to him as soon as the Commonwealth learned of its existence. Thus, the Commonwealth argues that it should not be penalized for its failure to make the tape available earlier. We disagree.
In the case before us, the trial court entered a written discovery order specifically requiring the Commonwealth to provide without restriction all written or recorded statements made by Conway.2 [715]*715The police possessed the tape recording of Conway’s statement and the prosecutor could have discovered its existence through the exercise of due diligence. The Commonwealth did not seek a protective order, as authorized by Rule 3A: 11(f). Thus, the Commonwealth’s introduction of the tape into evidence without first making it available to Conway violated the discovery order entered in this case.
Furthermore, Rule 3A: 11(b)(1) provides in pertinent part:
Upon written motion of an accused a court shall order the Commonwealth’s attorney to permit the accused to inspect and copy or photograph any relevant (i) written or recorded statements or confessions made by the accused, or copies thereof, or the substance of any oral statements or confessions made by the accused to any law enforcement officer, the existence of which is known to the attorney for the Commonwealth.
Unlike the discovery order entered in this case, Rule 3A: 11 treats written and oral statements equally. We nevertheless find that the Commonwealth’s failure to disclose the tape recording also violated Rule 3A:11.
Rule 3A:11 requires the Commonwealth to allow an accused to inspect and copy or photograph any written or recorded statements, the existence of which is known to the attorney for the Commonwealth. In Fitzgerald v. Bass, 6 Va. App. 38, 366 S.E.2d 615 (1988) (en banc), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 945 (1989), we held that constructive knowledge is attributed to the prosecutor where information is in the possession of the police, so long as the officer is not a law enforcement official of a different jurisdiction. Id. at 50, 366 S.E.2d at 621. Here, one of the investigating officers of [716]*716the Richmond Bureau of Police had possession of the tape. Therefore, constructive knowledge of the existence of the tape is attributable to the attorney for the Commonwealth and disclosure was required under Rule 3A:11.
Admission of relevant and material evidence at trial which was not previously disclosed as required by a discovery order, however, is not reversible error absent a showing of prejudice. Davis v. Commonwealth, 230 Va. 201, 204, 335 S.E.2d 375, 377-78 (1985); Stotler v. Commonwealth, 2 Va. App. 481, 484, 346 S.E.2d 39, 40 (1986). In this case, we find that the Commonwealth’s failure to produce the tape did prejudice Conway’s case. Conway had no opportunity to review the recording and refresh his own recollection of the conversation with Detective Harding prior to testifying at trial. He was impeached by the recording after his testimony was before the jury. While the credibility of both Conway and Detective Harding were before the jury, only Harding had the opportunity to listen to a recording of the conversation prior to testifying about its content.
Prior to trial, the Commonwealth informed Conway of the substance of his statement and Detective Harding’s proposed testimony regarding that conversation. However, Conway was not told until after he testified that a recording existed which directly supported Harding’s recollection of the conversation and contradicted his own. Therefore, we find that the Commonwealth’s failure to disclose the existence of the tape prior to Conway’s testimony prejudiced Conway’s defense.
Furthermore, we find that the prejudice suffered by Conway was not so slight as to make admission of the tape recording harmless error. The evidence presented at trial was circumstantial and the Commonwealth’s case rested to a large extent on the credibility of witnesses. Use of the tape recording during rebuttal without prior disclosure undercut Conway’s credibility without the opportunity for explanation or rehabilitation. In closing argument, the Commonwealth repeatedly emphasized that the recording showed that Conway’s entire testimony was untruthful and the correct version of events was that presented by the Commonwealth’s witnesses. On this record, we cannot say that Conway had a fair trial on the merits of the case. Consequently, the admission of the tape recording was not harmless error and the conviction must be reversed. Code § 8.01-678.
[717]*717Judge Coleman’s dissenting panel opinion argues that the trial court did not err by allowing the Commonwealth to use the tape at trial since it was used only in rebuttal and for impeachment purposes. While we recognize that the United States Supreme Court has sanctioned the impeachment use of evidence obtained in violation of an accused’s fourth and fifth amendment rights, see, e.g., Harris v. New York, 401 U.S. 222 (1971); United States v. Havens, 446 U.S. 620 (1980); Oregon v. Hass, 420 U.S. 714 (1975); and other courts have sanctioned the impeachment use of evidence obtained in violation of a defendant’s sixth amendment rights, see, e.g., Martinez v. United States, 566 A.2d 1049 (D.C. Cir. 1989), cert. denied, 111 S. Ct. 685 (1991), we nevertheless find that the impeachment use of the tape constitutes reversible error.
This case is distinguished from the cases relied on by the dissent. In those cases, the court determined that the need to protect the truth-finding process outweighed any possible deterrent on police misconduct. In each of those cases, illegally obtained evidence was admitted for impeachment purposes, but was evidence the existence of which was known to the defendant. Here, however, the defendant learned of the tape recording only after he had testified before the jury. In addition, the tape recording expressly contradicted Conway’s testimony as to what was said at the trailer prior to his arrest. Thus, none of the remedies afforded by Code § 19.2-265.4, except exclusion of the evidence or a mistrial, would have afforded him a fair opportunity to respond to this evidence. Accordingly, we find that the trial court’s action was an abuse of discretion requiring the reversal of Conway’s conviction.
Conway further argues that the seizure of the red shirt and blue pants from his bedroom violated his fourth amendment rights. Conway maintains that the seizure of the clothing did not fall within the “plain view” exception to the warrant requirement since Detective Harding had no right to be in his bedroom and the items’ evidentiary significance were not immediately apparent to the officers.
The Commonwealth argues that the seizure of the items was permissible because the officer had probable cause to arrest Conway in the living room and thus the search was equivalent to a search incident to arrest. In the alternative, the Commonwealth argues that the seizure was permissible under the plain view ex[718]*718ception to the warrant requirement. We find that the items were in plain view and were, therefore, lawfully seized.3
The plain view exception to the warrant requirement was first set forth by the Supreme Court in a plurality opinion in Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443, 464-70 (1971). In Stokes v. Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 207, 355 S.E.2d 611 (1987), this Court applied the three-prong test set forth by the Coolidge plurality. Since our decision in Stokes, a majority of the Supreme Court has accepted the plurality holding in Coolidge as binding precedent with one exception: the inadvertance requirement is no longer a necessary condition for a seizure to be lawful under the plain view doctrine. Horton v. California, 496 U.S. 128 (1990). Accordingly, we hold that in order for a seizure to be permissible under the plain view doctrine, two requirements must be met: “(a) the officer must be lawfully in a position to view and seize the item, [and] (b) it must be immediately apparent to the officer that the item is evidence of a crime, contraband, or otherwise subject to seizure.” See Stokes, 4 Va. App. at 209, 355 S.E.2d at 612.
We find that Detective Harding was lawfully in Conway’s bedroom, satisfying the first prong of the plain view test. Conway conceded at the motion to suppress that Harding entered the living room portion of the trailer upon invitation and with consent. Thus, the only issue before us is whether the officer could follow Conway from the living room to the bedroom.
In Washington v. Chrisman, the United States Supreme Court held that once a police officer has arrested a suspect, he is entitled to accompany that person to any location, including into the person’s home. 455 U.S. 1, 7 (1982). The court explained:
[I]t is not “unreasonable” under the Fourth Amendment for a police officer, as a matter of routine, to monitor the movement of an arrested person, as his judgment dictates, following the arrest. The officer’s need to ensure his own safety — as well as the integrity of the arrest — is compelling. Such [719]*719surveillance is not an impermissible invasion of the privacy or personal liberty of a person who has been arrested.
Id.
In Servis v. Commonwealth, 6 Va. App. 507, 371 S.E.2d 156 (1988), this court applied the same rationale in the context of an investigative detention. There, the police had been called to a hotel to investigate a report by one of the occupants of an attempted break-in. Upon arriving at the hotel, the officers observed the room, but saw nothing unusual. They then knocked on the room door. The defendant answered the door after several knocks, told the officers that the room was registered to another individual and refused to allow the officers to enter the room. The officers testified that the defendant appeared nervous and under the influence of an intoxicant. The officers continued to watch the room. Later, one of the officers returned to the room and asked the defendant if he owned the car registered to the room. The defendant indicated that he did own the car. The officer asked him again to whom the room was registered and the defendant named a different individual than he had named previously. At that point the officer asked the defendant for identification. When the defendant turned and walked quickly into an adjoining room, the officer followed him into the room. Once in the room, the officer seized several items of drug paraphernalia.
The court concluded that the officer was lawfully in the room and that the items seized were in plain view. In reaching this conclusion, the court held:
[PJolice officers may, whenever they possess an articulable and objectively reasonable belief that a suspect is presently or potentially dangerous, conduct a protective search of the area within the suspect’s immediate control. If the suspect moves about, an officer is justified in staying with the individual during the course of the stop and conducting a protective search of the areas which come within the suspect’s immediate control, even if this action necessitates entry into the suspect’s home.
Id. at 519, 371 S.E.2d at 162 (citations omitted).
[720]*720In the case before us, Detective Harding’s entry into the trailer was consensual. Once inside, he was never told that he could not follow Conway to the back of the trailer, although Conway’s mother did tell Harding that Conway was not going anywhere. Harding was investigating a suspicious death in which drugs or manual strangulation were the suspected causes of death. Although Conway’s vehicle was seen leaving the scene at the same time the victim’s body was discovered, Conway denied having been at the motel. In addition, when asked by the detective to accompany him to the police station, Conway headed toward the rear of the house. Based on these facts, we find that Harding had an objectively reasonable belief that Conway was potentially dangerous. We further find, for the reasons articulated in Servís, that Harding lawfully followed Conway to the back of the house and into the bedroom. Accord Commonwealth v. Daniels, 280 Pa. Super. 278, 281, 421 A.2d 721, 723 (1980).
We are not persuaded, as argued by Judge Benton in his dissenting opinion, that this holding is inconsistent with the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Maryland v. Buie, 494 U.S. 325 (1990). In that case, the Court held:
[t]he Fourth Amendment permits a properly limited protective sweep in conjunction with an in home arrest when the searching officer possesses a reasonable belief based on specific and articulable facts that the area to be swept harbors an individual posing a danger to those on the arrest scene.
Id. at 337. The officers entered Buie’s home pursuant to an arrest warrant. Buie was arrested, searched and handcuffed as he emerged from the basement. Subsequently, a police officer entered the basement on the chance that someone else was down there. In concluding that such a protective sweep was permissible, the court reasoned:
In [Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968)] and [Michigan v. Long, 463 U.S. 1032 (1983)] we were concerned with the immediate interest of the police officers in taking steps to assure themselves that the persons with whom they were dealing were not armed with or able to gain immediate control of a weapon that could unexpectedly and fatally be used against them. In the instant case, there is an analogous interest of [721]*721the officers in taking steps to assure themselves that the house in which a suspect is being or has just been arrested is not harboring other persons who are dangerous and who could unexpectedly launch an attack. The risk of danger in the context of an arrest in the home is as great as, if not greater than, it is in an on-the-street or roadside investigatory encounter.
Id. at 333.
The officers entered Buie’s home pursuant to a warrant. Detective Harding entered Conway’s trailer pursuant to an invitation. In both circumstances, the officers were lawfully within the home. Although Detective Harding had not placed Conway under arrest, he had informed Conway that he wanted to speak with him about the death of Tina Harper and had asked Conway to accompany him to the police station. We find that the potential for danger to the officer under these circumstances was similar to that existing in Buie, and justified the limited intrusion which occurred in this case.
Conway also argues that the seizure was improper because it was not immediately apparent to Detective Harding that the items were actually evidence of a crime. Conway contends that since the red shirt was a common item, its significance did not become apparent until the officer had picked it up, revealing the confederate flag. We find, however, that the fact that the flag was not immediately apparent does not dispose of the issue. In Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321 (1987), the Supreme Court held that the standard for invoking the plain view doctrine is probable cause. Thus, to lawfully seize an item under the plain view exception to the warrant requirement, the officer must have probable cause to believe that the item in question is evidence of a crime or contraband. Id. at 323, 326-27.
In the case before us, we find that this standard was met. Although Detective Harding may not have had probable cause to arrest Conway in the living room, the circumstances which made Harding’s presence in Conway’s bedroom lawful, coupled with Harding’s knowledge that the man leaving the scene in Conway’s car was wearing a red shirt and blue pants and Harding’s discovery of a red shirt on Conway’s floor, suggesting recent use of the garment, were sufficient to give Harding probable cause to believe [722]*722that the shirt was evidence of a crime. The same analysis applies to the seizure of the pants, which also were in plain view. Therefore, we hold that the shirt and pants were lawfully seized and the trial court did not err in admitting them into evidence.
For the reasons stated, we reverse Conway’s conviction and remand this case to the trial court for a new trial if the Commonwealth be so advised.
Reversed and remanded.
Koontz, C.J., Barrow, J., Duff, J., Moon, J., and Willis, J., concurred.