The opinion of the court was delivered by
Smith, J.:
In his brief the plaintiff practically admits the correctness of the ruling as to the first count of the petition, and counsel for both parties concede that the three-year statute of limitations is applicable to the second cause of action.
It may be said, by way of premise to the consideration of the authorities cited, that the receiver of an insolvent corporation acts in a fiduciary relation toward both the creditors and stockholders of the insolvent concern. The creditors justly expect him to endeavor to make the assets discharge their claims, and, if need be, and there be an obligation on the stockholders to pay any deficiency, that he will exercise diligence in collecting the amount of such liability, not exceeding the [562] deficiency. The stockholders also look to him to realize as much as possible from the assets to pay the indebtedness, and, if a surplus can be accumulated, to enlarge their dividends. If it becomes necessary in order to pay debts to make an assessment upon the stockholders, then each stockholder looks to the receiver to see that every other solvent stockholder is compelled to pay his share, to the end that no other assessment may become necessary. The receiver, then, was acting in the interest of, and in a sense for, the defendant in, prosecuting the claims for contribution against the national banks, which were presumably solvent. The banks refused payment of the assessment against them. The receiver promptly brought suits and obtained favorable judgments, and upon a reversal thereof by the supreme court of the United States promptly applied for and obtained from the court having jurisdiction of the case the order for the second assessment, and upon the refusal or neglect of the defendant to pay it brought this action. The defendant would have been aggrieved had the first assessment been for one hundred per cent, on the value, of his stock — nearly three times the amount apparently necessary to discharge the remaining obligations of the corporation.
If it be said that the receiver was bound to know the law and that he knew when the national banks refused to pay the assessment that they were not liable therefor, it must also be said that his mistake was the mistake of the defendant and other stockholders for whom he was then acting and whose interests were adverse to those of the national banks. The receiver, however, can not be held to this rule. He was but the arm of the court, and was obeying its direction. If the prosecution of the claims against the national banks occurred through ignorance of the law, it was the mistake of the court by whose order alone he was empowered to act, and is not attributable to him. The result of the action against the national banks to collect the first assess[563] ment must therefore be regarded as a contingency upon which depended the right of the Minnesota district court to order the second assessment. If, under the first assessment, sufficient money could be obtained to discharge the obligations of the insolvent corporation, there was no occasion for making a second assessment; otherwise, it was the duty of the court to make a second assessment.
“A contingent claim is where the liability depends upon some future event, which may or may not happen, and therefore makes it now wholly uncertain whether there ever will be a liability.” (Adm’r of Sargent v. Adm’r of Kimball, 37 Vt. 320, 321.)
(See, also, Stevens v. Stevens, 172 Mo. 28; Jorgenson v. Larson, 85 Minn. 134.)
The statute of Minnesota which was pleaded and made a part of the petition specifies many contingencies which may affect the amount to be raised by an assessment, and then provides that the court shall, after hearing the parties and the evidence offered, order such a ratable assessment upon all parties liable as stockholders as appears necessary, considering the probable solvency and responsibility of the stockholders and the probable expense of collecting such assessment. The statute further provides:
“Whenever, at any time after an assessment for an amount less than the maximum stockholder’s liability has been levied, it shall appear, by petition or otherwise, and after hearing as hereinbefore provided, that by reason of the insolvency of stockholders, or for any other cause, it is necessary, or for the interest of creditors, that a further assessment be levied, the court shall order the same for such amount, proportion or percentage as it may deem proper; and in the same-manner, and with like effect, at any time thereafter may levy additional assessments, not exceeding in the aggregate the maximum stockholders’ liability.” (Rev. Laws Minn. 1905, § 3188.)
It appears, then, that the Minnesota district court was expressly authorized by the law of the state to de[564] termine when the contingencies of the case made it necessary to order a second assessment. It also appears by the petition that that court exercised the power conferred by statute and judicially determined that the second assessment was necessary, and accordingly ordered it.
The defendant, contending that the action is barred on the second count, correctly says that the question is to be determined by the law of this state. (Rankin v. Barton, 69 Kan. 629.) He also relies upon the case cited and the case of A. T. & S. F. Rld. Co. v. Burlingame Township, 36 Kan. 628, as authority for the proposition that the cause of action is barred under the rule that where some preliminary action is essential to the bringing of a suit upon a claim, and such precedent action devolves upon the claimant, he can not prevent the operation of the statute of limitations by unnecessary delay in taking such action.
In Rankin v. Barton, supra, Rankin was the receiver of a national bank, and brought the suit against a stockholder of the bank upon an assessment made by the comptroller of the currency. The duty of taking an accounting, and making an assessment if necessary, devolved upon the comptroller, and, the right of action therein not arising until such action had been taken, the rule was laid down as above stated. That action was brought upon a second assessment, nine years after the insolvency of the bank and eight years after the first assessment had been made. No reason was given for the long delay, and in the absence of such reason it was held that the delay was unreasonable and the action was barred. It is apparent that that case was very different from this, and under the rule there promulgated the question in this case is whether the reason pleaded shows the delay to have been reasonable.
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The opinion of the court was delivered by
Smith, J.:
In his brief the plaintiff practically admits the correctness of the ruling as to the first count of the petition, and counsel for both parties concede that the three-year statute of limitations is applicable to the second cause of action.
It may be said, by way of premise to the consideration of the authorities cited, that the receiver of an insolvent corporation acts in a fiduciary relation toward both the creditors and stockholders of the insolvent concern. The creditors justly expect him to endeavor to make the assets discharge their claims, and, if need be, and there be an obligation on the stockholders to pay any deficiency, that he will exercise diligence in collecting the amount of such liability, not exceeding the [562] deficiency. The stockholders also look to him to realize as much as possible from the assets to pay the indebtedness, and, if a surplus can be accumulated, to enlarge their dividends. If it becomes necessary in order to pay debts to make an assessment upon the stockholders, then each stockholder looks to the receiver to see that every other solvent stockholder is compelled to pay his share, to the end that no other assessment may become necessary. The receiver, then, was acting in the interest of, and in a sense for, the defendant in, prosecuting the claims for contribution against the national banks, which were presumably solvent. The banks refused payment of the assessment against them. The receiver promptly brought suits and obtained favorable judgments, and upon a reversal thereof by the supreme court of the United States promptly applied for and obtained from the court having jurisdiction of the case the order for the second assessment, and upon the refusal or neglect of the defendant to pay it brought this action. The defendant would have been aggrieved had the first assessment been for one hundred per cent, on the value, of his stock — nearly three times the amount apparently necessary to discharge the remaining obligations of the corporation.
If it be said that the receiver was bound to know the law and that he knew when the national banks refused to pay the assessment that they were not liable therefor, it must also be said that his mistake was the mistake of the defendant and other stockholders for whom he was then acting and whose interests were adverse to those of the national banks. The receiver, however, can not be held to this rule. He was but the arm of the court, and was obeying its direction. If the prosecution of the claims against the national banks occurred through ignorance of the law, it was the mistake of the court by whose order alone he was empowered to act, and is not attributable to him. The result of the action against the national banks to collect the first assess[563] ment must therefore be regarded as a contingency upon which depended the right of the Minnesota district court to order the second assessment. If, under the first assessment, sufficient money could be obtained to discharge the obligations of the insolvent corporation, there was no occasion for making a second assessment; otherwise, it was the duty of the court to make a second assessment.
“A contingent claim is where the liability depends upon some future event, which may or may not happen, and therefore makes it now wholly uncertain whether there ever will be a liability.” (Adm’r of Sargent v. Adm’r of Kimball, 37 Vt. 320, 321.)
(See, also, Stevens v. Stevens, 172 Mo. 28; Jorgenson v. Larson, 85 Minn. 134.)
The statute of Minnesota which was pleaded and made a part of the petition specifies many contingencies which may affect the amount to be raised by an assessment, and then provides that the court shall, after hearing the parties and the evidence offered, order such a ratable assessment upon all parties liable as stockholders as appears necessary, considering the probable solvency and responsibility of the stockholders and the probable expense of collecting such assessment. The statute further provides:
“Whenever, at any time after an assessment for an amount less than the maximum stockholder’s liability has been levied, it shall appear, by petition or otherwise, and after hearing as hereinbefore provided, that by reason of the insolvency of stockholders, or for any other cause, it is necessary, or for the interest of creditors, that a further assessment be levied, the court shall order the same for such amount, proportion or percentage as it may deem proper; and in the same-manner, and with like effect, at any time thereafter may levy additional assessments, not exceeding in the aggregate the maximum stockholders’ liability.” (Rev. Laws Minn. 1905, § 3188.)
It appears, then, that the Minnesota district court was expressly authorized by the law of the state to de[564] termine when the contingencies of the case made it necessary to order a second assessment. It also appears by the petition that that court exercised the power conferred by statute and judicially determined that the second assessment was necessary, and accordingly ordered it.
The defendant, contending that the action is barred on the second count, correctly says that the question is to be determined by the law of this state. (Rankin v. Barton, 69 Kan. 629.) He also relies upon the case cited and the case of A. T. & S. F. Rld. Co. v. Burlingame Township, 36 Kan. 628, as authority for the proposition that the cause of action is barred under the rule that where some preliminary action is essential to the bringing of a suit upon a claim, and such precedent action devolves upon the claimant, he can not prevent the operation of the statute of limitations by unnecessary delay in taking such action.
In Rankin v. Barton, supra, Rankin was the receiver of a national bank, and brought the suit against a stockholder of the bank upon an assessment made by the comptroller of the currency. The duty of taking an accounting, and making an assessment if necessary, devolved upon the comptroller, and, the right of action therein not arising until such action had been taken, the rule was laid down as above stated. That action was brought upon a second assessment, nine years after the insolvency of the bank and eight years after the first assessment had been made. No reason was given for the long delay, and in the absence of such reason it was held that the delay was unreasonable and the action was barred. It is apparent that that case was very different from this, and under the rule there promulgated the question in this case is whether the reason pleaded shows the delay to have been reasonable.
In A. T. & S. F. Rld. Co. v. Burlingame Township, supra, which was an action by the township to recover damages against the railroad company resulting from [565] the manner of the building of its railroad across a public highway, a preliminary proceeding to have the damages appraised was necessary. The township trustee applied to the commissioners in June, 1884, for the appointment of appraisers of the damages, a report of the appraisers was made, and the action was brought by the township against the company within less than a year thereafter. To the petition of the plaintiff, which set forth no reason for the delay, the defendant answered that the railroad had been constructed in 1869, about fifteen years before the bringing of the action, and that the action was barred. ' The plaintiff demurred to the answer. The district court overruled the demurrer, and this court reversed the ruling. The second paragraph of the syllabus reads:
“Where preliminary action is essential to the bringing of an action upon a claim such as is required of the township trustee in chapter 105 of the Laws of 1876, and such precedent action rests with the claimant, he can not prevent the operation of the statute of limitations by long and unnecessary delay in taking such action; but the statute will begin to run in a reasonable time after he could by his own act have perfected his right of action; and such reasonable time will not in any event extend beyond the statutory period fixed for the bringing of such an action.” (36 Kan. 628.)
The defendant herein construes the last clause of that syllabus to mean that under no circumstances whatever could the time of bringing the precedent action be delayed beyond the statutory period. The language should be read and understood in connection with the context. We take its true meaning to be as follows: Where the duty to take the preliminary action rests upon the claimant he can not prevent the operation of the statute of limitations by long and unnecessary delay in taking such action, but in such case the statute of limitations will begin to run in a reasonable time after the claimant could have taken the preliminary action, 'and unnecessary inaction for the full [566] period of limitation always amounts to an unreasonable delay.
The rule leaves the question pending here to be, Did the bringing of the precedent action rest upon the receiver, and was the delay unnecessary? In the Burlingame case the precedent action was wholly within the control of the township trustee. In this case the precedent action was not wholly within the control of the receiver. In that case no reason whatever' was given for the delay. In this case a very tangible reason affecting the rights of the defendant and other stockholders is given. The making of the second assessment did not rest with the receiver. After his appointment he promptly applied to the district court to make the first assessment. The court decided the assessment was necessary, fixed the rate which appeared to it sufficient, and ordered the receiver to proceed to collect any amounts not paid within thirty days. The receiver proceeded to obey the order without apparent delay, and when the adverse decision was rendered promptly applied for another assessment. Although considerable time elapsed between the first and second assessments, we think it can not be said as a question of law that the delay was unreasonable or unnecessary. The statute of limitations, then, did not begin to run until the second assessment was made, and this action was commenced within three years thereafter.
It is urged that a statutory liability of a stockholder created by the laws of another state should not be enforced by the courts of this jurisdiction. The liability is not pleaded as statuory, but as arising from the contract of subscription for the stock. (Rankin v. Barton, 69 Kan. 629, 633.) Nor was this the ground of the demurrer or of the ruling of the court thereon. (Mentzer v. Burlingame, 71 Kan. 581.)
The order sustaining the demurrer to the second cause of action and the order of dismissal are reversed, and the case is remanded for further proceedings in accordance herewith.