Continental Casualty Company v. Heredia

• Court: District Court, W.D. Washington
• Decided: January 21, 2025
• Docket: 2:24-cv-00917
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

THE HONORABLE JOHN C. COUGHENOUR 1 2 3 4 5 6 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON 8 AT SEATTLE 9 CONTINENTAL CASUALTY COMPANY, CASE NO. C24-0917-JCC 10 Plaintiff, ORDER 11 v. 12 ROSALINDA HERRERA HEREDIA, et al. 13 Defendants. 14 15 16 This matter comes before the Court on Defendant VIP International Real Estate Group, 17 Inc’s (“VIP”) motion to dismiss itself from this action (Dkt. No. 29). Having thoroughly 18 considered the briefing and the relevant record, the Court hereby DENIES the motion for the 19 reasons explained herein. 20 I. BACKGROUND 21 A. The Underlying Lawsuit 22 This is an insurance coverage dispute between Plaintiff Continental Casualty Company 23 (“Continental”) and VIP. Continental seeks a judicial determination that it does not owe defense 24 or indemnity coverage to VIP with respect to a lawsuit pending in King County Superior Court, 25 for which VIP is (or at least was) a named defendant. (Dkt. No. 3 at 2.) That lawsuit is titled 26 Rosalinda Herrera Heredia, et. al. v. Quang Vuong and Ha Tu Huynh, et al., King County 1 Superior Court, No. 22-2-02836-0-KNT1 (hereinafter the “Underlying Lawsuit”). (See generally 2 Dkt. Nos. 39-1, 39-2.) 3 According to Continental, the Underlying Lawsuit involves a fire that started in 4 December 2021 outside of an apartment building in Renton, Washington (hereinafter the 5 “Apartment”). (Dkt. No. 3 at 4–5.) The fire quickly engulfed the entire building. (Id. at 5.) In 6 February 2022, the tenants of the Apartment, who are also named defendants in this action (but 7 hereinafter referred to as “Underlying Plaintiffs”), filed the Underlying Lawsuit. (Id.) In it, they 8 named as defendants the following: VIP, Kimberly Vuong, the owners of the Apartment, and 9 other individuals seemingly managing the Apartment (hereinafter the “Underlying Defendants”). 10 (See id.) The Underlying Plaintiffs alleged that the Underlying Defendants were negligent in 11 failing to keep the Apartment free of dangerous conditions, which caused the fire and resulted in 12 the Underlying Plaintiffs’ physical injury, property damage, and emotional damage. (Id.) At the 13 time, VIP maintained an insurance policy with Continental (hereinafter the “Policy”) for claims 14 and liability arising out of VIP’s provision of professional real estate services. (Id. at 6.) 15 Continental alleges that on April 8, 2022, VIP’s counsel tendered the Underlying Lawsuit 16 to Continental. (Id. at 9.) Ten days later, Continental acknowledged receipt and requested that 17 VIP provide a copy of the complaint. (Id. at 10.) VIP did not respond. (Id.) On May 23, 2022, 18 Continental again requested a copy of the complaint to determine coverage. (Id.) This time, VIP 19 provided the complaint and its answer. (Id.) That same day, Continental requested a copy of the 20 “property management agreement” applicable to VIP and the claim. (Id.) Again, VIP did not 21 respond. (Id.) Instead, Continental alleges that on December 30, 2022, VIP merely wrote to 22 Continental asserting that Continental was obligated to defend and indemnify VIP and demanded 23

24 1 According to the parties’ briefings, the Underlying Lawsuit was originally filed under case number 21-2-08-644-2-KNT. (See Dkt. Nos. 3 at 2, 29 at 3.) However, Continental’s 25 submissions from the Underlying Lawsuit demonstrate that the case number is now 22-2-02836- 0-KNT. (See generally Dkt. Nos. 39-1, 39-2.) And, as further described below, the Court takes 26 judicial notice of portions of these submissions, see infra Section II.A. The Court therefore refers to the latter case number. 1 that Continental confirm tender. (Id. at 15.) 2 B. VIP is Not Involved with the Apartment 3 Notably missing from the December 30th letter was its recognition that VIP had no 4 involvement whatsoever with the Apartment. (Dkt. No. 39-1 at 19.) In fact, throughout the course 5 of the Underlying Lawsuit, but certainly no later than August 30, 2022, it became clear that VIP 6 was not the Apartment’s property manager. (See id.) VIP’s own interrogatory responses stated as 7 much. (See id.) And, as it turned out, the Underlying Plaintiffs had only named VIP as a 8 defendant because VIP was a real estate company owned by Kimberly Vuong, and Kimberly 9 Vuong had acted as the Apartment’s informal property manager. (Id. at 4, 19.) After realizing the 10 discrepancy, the Underlying Plaintiffs moved to nonsuit VIP as a party to the Underlying 11 Lawsuit. (Id. at 19.) Yet VIP’s December 30th letter failed to mention this motion, as well as the 12 fact that it was unopposed. (Dkt. No. 3 at 15–16.) 13 As such, on January 4, 2023, Continental sent a reservation of rights (“ROR”) letter to 14 VIP, which stated in relevant part: “Based on the information you have provided . . . We 15 understand VIP International was the property management company for the complex at the 16 time of the incident.” (Id. at 16) (emphasis in original). Of course, Continental’s understanding 17 was mistaken, and VIP knew it was mistaken. (Dkt. No. 39-1 at 19.) Yet VIP did not attempt to 18 correct it. (Id.) 19 C. The Underlying Parties Commence Settlement Discussions 20 Continental alleges that in January 2023, VIP’s counsel initiated settlement discussions. 21 (Dkt. No. 3 at 17.) Continental further alleges that on February 2, 2023, VIP’s counsel e-mailed 22 the Underlying Plaintiffs’ counsel with a summary of insurance coverage, which included, for 23 the first time, the Policy’s limits of $1,000,000. (Id. at 18.) Then, on February 10, 2023, 24 following a phone call between VIP’s counsel and the Underlying Plaintiffs’ counsel (together, 25 the “Underlying Parties”), the Underlying Plaintiffs curiously withdrew their then-pending 26 motion to nonsuit VIP. (Id.) 1 On June 8, 2023, the Underlying Parties conducted a mediation, where they came up with 2 a plan for a covenant judgment. (Id. at 19.) Continental did not attend this mediation. (Id.) At 3 2:44 p.m. that day, VIP’s counsel e-mailed Continental, demanding immediate tender of the 4 $1,000,000 policy limit and gave Continental until 3:00 p.m. to respond. (Dkt. No. 39-1 at 19.) In 5 other words, Continental had only 16 minutes to respond. (Id.) Understandably, Continental did 6 not respond. (Id.) Nevertheless, the Underlying Parties continued to negotiate the specifics and 7 ultimately reached a covenant judgment settlement. (Id. at 20.) The covenant judgment included 8 $11,000,000 to be entered against VIP as a judgment debtor, despite VIP’s lack of involvement 9 with the Apartment. (Id.) VIP also assigned any rights and claims it had under the Policy to the 10 Underlying Plaintiffs. (Dkt. No. 3 at 20.) 11 The Underlying Parties allegedly signed the settlement agreement in or around December 12 2023. (Id.) But Continental was not provided notice of the agreement or covenant judgment until 13 late May 2024, when the Underlying Plaintiffs filed a motion for approval of the settlement 14 pursuant to RCW 4.22.060(1) and served Continental with a copy of the motion. (Id.) 15 D. The Instant Action and the Status of the Underlying Lawsuit 16 On August 23, 2024, Continental filed its amended complaint in this action. (Dkt. No. 3.) 17 In it, Continental seeks a judicial declaration (1) that it does not owe any defense or indemnity 18 obligations to VIP or the Underlying Plaintiffs for any of the claims asserted in the Underlying 19 Lawsuit (Count I), and (2) that the Policy is null and void due to VIP’s intentional 20 misrepresentations (Count II). (See Dkt. No. 3 at 21–23.) Meanwhile, on December 13, 2024, the 21 Honorable Nelson K. H. Lee, King County Superior Court Judge, rejected the Underlying 22 Plaintiffs’ petition for an order finding the settlement reasonable and, instead, deemed the entire 23 settlement and covenant judgment unreasonable. (See generally Dkt. Nos. 39-1, 39-2.) As such, 24 the Underlying Lawsuit remains pending. 25 26 1 II. DISCUSSION 2 A. Judicial Notice 3 As a threshold matter, Continental asks the Court to “take judicial notice of the 4 Underlying Lawsuit,” including Judge Lee’s Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law (Dkt. No. 5 39-1) and accompanying Order (Dkt. No. 39-2). (Dkt. No. 38 at 8 n. 1.) 6 A court may take judicial notice of facts that are “not subject to reasonable dispute.” Fed. 7 R. Evid. 201(b). That is, a court may take judicial notice of (1) undisputed matters of public 8 record, see Lee v. City of L.A., 250 F.3d 668, 689 (9th Cir. 2001); and (2) “proceedings in other 9 courts, both within and without the federal judicial system, if those proceedings have a direct 10 relation to matters at issue,” U.S. v. Black, 482 F.3d 1035, 1041 (9th Cir. 2007). As such, court 11 orders, pleadings, memoranda, and other filings are proper subjects of judicial notice. See id.; see 12 also Reyn’s Pasta Bella, LLC v. Visa USA, Inc., 442 F.3d 741, 746 n. 6 (9th Cir. 2006) and 13 Rutherford v. Cent. Bank of Kansas City, 2024 WL 4765254, slip op. at 3, (W.D. Wash. 2024) 14 (both taking judicial notice of various court filings). 15 There is no doubt that the Underlying Lawsuit is directly related to the matters at issue 16 here. Nevertheless, Continental’s request that the Court generally “take judicial notice of the 17 Underlying Lawsuit” is unduly expansive. (Dkt. No. 40-1 n.1.) As noted, a court may take 18 judicial notice of undisputed matters of public record. Lee, 250 F.3d at 689. The Court has yet to 19 see an example where a court took judicial notice of an entire case, rather than of the existence of 20 specific filings and undisputed facts contained therein. To take judicial notice of an entire case— 21 whatever that may entail—would likely lead the Court to accept as fact matters that are still 22 subject to dispute. See id. at 690 (district court had properly taken judicial notice of undisputed 23 facts yet also improperly took notice of disputed ones, both of which were matters of public 24 record). The Court therefore DECLINES to “take judicial notice of the Underlying Lawsuit.” 25 However, the Court GRANTS Continental’s request as to portions of Judge Lee’s 26 Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law Denying Approval of Covenant Settlement (Dkt. No. 1 39-1) and Order Denying Plaintiffs’ Petition for Order Finding Settlement Reasonable (Dkt. No. 2 39-2). Specifically, the Court takes judicial notice of Judge Lee’s undisputed factual findings, 3 (see Dkt. No. 39-1 at 19–20) and his conclusions of law, (see id. at 15–21).2 In particular, the 4 Court takes notice of the fact that Judge Lee deemed the entire covenant judgment settlement— 5 including the provision assigning VIP’s rights and claims under the Policy to the Underlying 6 Plaintiffs—to be unreasonable. (Id. at 15, 20; see also Dkt. No 39-2 at 3) (finding settlement and 7 covenant judgment unreasonable in their entirety and thus denying the petition for an order 8 finding the settlement reasonable). The Court also places particular emphasis on Judge Lee’s 9 finding that VIP’s behavior leading up to the purported covenant judgment settlement “strongly 10 suggest[ed] . . . collusive dealing.” (Dkt. No. 39-1 at 20.) It is against this backdrop that the 11 Court issues the below rulings. 12 B. Legal Standard for Motion to Dismiss 13 Dismissal is proper when a plaintiff “fails to state a claim upon which relief can be 14 granted.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must “contain 15 sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim for relief that is plausible on its face.” 16 Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 677–78 (2009). A claim is facially plausible when the “plaintiff 17 pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is 18 liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. at 678. “Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of 19 action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Id. As such, a plaintiff must 20 provide grounds for their entitlement to relief that amount to more than labels and conclusions or 21 a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action. Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 22 544, 545 (2007). However, when considering a motion to dismiss, the Court accepts factual 23 allegations pled in the complaint as true and construes them in the light most favorable to the 24 plaintiff. Lund v. Cowan, 5 F.4th 964, 968 (9th Cir. 2021). 25

26 2 And, to that end, the Court DENIES VIP’s request to strike Continental’s references to the aforementioned materials. (See Dkt. No. 44 at 2.) 1 C. Validity of VIP’s Assignment of Rights to the Underlying Plaintiffs 2 VIP first argues that Continental fails to state a legally cognizable claim against it 3 because the requested relief simply does not implicate VIP. (See Dkt. No. 29 at 8.) That is, VIP 4 argues that under the covenant judgment settlement, any rights to defense or indemnity as 5 provided in the Policy have been assigned to the Underlying Plaintiffs. (Id.) Yet given the 6 Court’s taking of judicial notice,3 this argument is easily refuted. To its credit, VIP moved to 7 dismiss itself from this action prior to Judge Lee’s reasonableness determination. Nevertheless, 8 Judge Lee has since deemed the entire covenant judgment settlement—including the assignment 9 provision—to be unreasonable. (See generally Dkt. Nos. 39-1, 39-2.) VIP’s purported 10 assignment therefore has no legally binding effect. In turn, Continental’s declaratory judgment 11 action directly implicates VIP and thus states a legally cognizable claim against VIP. 12 D. Sufficiency of Continental’s Declaratory Judgment Claims 13 The Declaratory Judgment Act provides that “[i]n a case of actual controversy within its 14 jurisdiction . . . any court of the United States . . . may declare the rights and other legal relations 15 of any interested party seeking such declaration, whether or not further relief is or could be 16 sought.” 28 U.S.C. § 2201(a). “Congress created this remedy, in part, to allow [a] potential 17 [party] to file preemptive litigation to determine whether they have any legal obligation[] to their 18 potential adversar[y].” Shell Gulf of Mexico Inc. v. Ctr. for Biological Diversity, Inc., 771 F.3d 19 632, 635 (9th Cir. 2014) (citing Seattle Audubon Soc’y v. Moseley, 80 F.3d 1401, 1405 (9th Cir. 20 1996)). In the insurance context, insurers “may sue for a declaratory judgment before they 21 undertake a defense, to determine their liability.” Globe Indem. Co. v. First Am. State Bank, 720 22 F. Supp. 853, 858 (W.D. Wash. 1989), aff'd, 904 F.2d 710 (9th Cir. 1990) (quoting Tank v. State 23 Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 715 P.2d 1133, 1139 (Wash. 1986)). The Court then has discretion to 24 grant or deny declaratory relief. Countrywide Home Loans, Inc. v. Mortgage Guar. Ins. Corp., 25 642 F.3d 849, 852 (9th Cir. 2011). However, where “the critical issue for purposes of coverage 26 3 See supra Section II.A. 1 will not be decided in the [underlying] tort action, . . . it is an abuse of discretion for a District 2 Court to dismiss declaratory judgment actions brought by insurance carriers.” Globe Indem. Co., 3 720 F. Supp. at 858 (citations omitted).4 4 VIP puts forth a host of reasons for why Continental fails to state its claims. Most of them 5 misconstrue the standard at the motion to dismiss stage.5 None are convincing. 6 1. Count I 7 With respect to Count I, VIP argues that dismissal is proper because Continental fails to 8 establish what provision of the Policy precludes it from defending and/or indemnifying VIP in 9 the Underlying Lawsuit. (Dkt. No. 29 at 10.) But Continental need not establish that it is 10 precluded from providing coverage. It need only plead that such is the case. And it has done so 11 here. Indeed, Continental alleges that it is only required to defend or indemnify claims that arise 12 out of the “rendering of professional real estate services by the insured.” (Dkt. No. 3 at 6–8.) 13 Continental then alleges that VIP was not the Apartment’s property manager (in fact, Continental 14 alleges that VIP had no relationship whatsoever with the Apartment), and thus could not have 15 rendered any “professional real estate services” that would give rise to coverage under the 16 Policy. (See id. at 11–14.) Continental has therefore sufficiently pled that it does not owe defense 17 or indemnity coverage to VIP. 18 2. Count II 19 With respect to Count II, VIP makes a series of convoluted arguments for why dismissal 20 is proper. It contends (1) that the provision upon which Continental’s voidance claim relies 21 applies only to an intentional misrepresentation in the Policy’s application process rather than a 22 misrepresentation post-dating the Policy’s issuance (as Continental alleges), (see Dkt. No. 29 at 23 11–13); (2) that none of Continental’s alleged misrepresentations are material, (see id. at 13–16); 24 (3) that the Policy is merely “voidable,” not void, and thus Continental failed to comply with 25 4 So far neither party disputes that the issue of coverage will not be decided in the Underlying 26 Lawsuit. 5 That is, they improperly test the merits of the claims rather than their sufficiency as pled. 1 certain notice requirements and other conditions precedent in the Policy prior to attempting to 2 “void” it, (see id. at 16–18); and (4) that Continental fails to meet the heightened pleading 3 standard for intentional misrepresentation, (see id. at 17–18). The first three arguments require 4 the Court to reach the merits of the case rather than simply test the sufficiency of the complaint. 5 As this is a motion to dismiss based on a failure to state a claim, the Court need not entertain 6 such arguments. See, e.g., Crum & Forster Specialty Ins. Co. v. Sierra Pac. Indus., Inc., 2023 7 WL 5716885, slip op. at 3 (W.D. Wash. 2023) (denying motion to dismiss declaratory judgment 8 action where the defendant’s arguments tested the legal merits of the claims rather than the 9 sufficiency of the complaint). 10 However, the Court may properly consider VIP’s fourth argument: that Continental fails 11 to meet the heightened pleading standard for fraud. A claim of intentional misrepresentation is a 12 claim of fraud, see W. Coast, Inc., v. Snohomish Cnty., 48 P.3d 997, 1000 (Wash. Ct. App. 13 2002), and thus is subject to Rule 9’s particularity standard, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b). To meet this 14 standard, the complaint must state “the time, place, and specific content of the false 15 representations as well as the identities of the parties to the misrepresentation.” Schreiber 16 Distrib. Co. v. Serv-Well Furniture Co., 806 F.2d 1393, 1401 (9th Cir. 1986). However, 17 “[m]alice, intent, knowledge, and other conditions of a person’s mind may be alleged generally.” 18 Id. 19 Under Washington law, fraud requires: “(1) representation of an existing fact; (2) 20 materiality; (3) falsity; (4) the speaker’s knowledge of its falsity; (5) intent of the speaker that it 21 should be acted upon by the plaintiff; (6) plaintiff’s ignorance of its falsity; (7) plaintiff’s 22 reliance on the truth of the representation; (8) plaintiff’s right to rely upon it; and (9) damages 23 suffered by the plaintiff.” Stiley v. Block, 925 P.2d 194, 204 (Wash. 1996). Continental alleges 24 the following pertinent facts: VIP’s counsel mailed Continental a letter purportedly tendering the 25 Underlying Lawsuit. (Dkt. No. 3 at 9.) In so “tendering,” VIP failed to disclose to Continental 26 that it did not perform any property management services for the Apartment, despite 1 Continental’s repeated requests for confirmation. (Id. at 10–11.) Hearing nothing from VIP, 2 Continental sent a ROR letter stating, in particular, that it relied “on the information you have 3 provided,” including an “understand[ing that] VIP International was the property management 4 company for the complex at the time of the incident.” (Id. at 16.) VIP acknowledged receipt of 5 the ROR letter yet never notified Continental that its understanding was incorrect. (Id. at 16–17.) 6 This was a material omission. (Id. at 22.) VIP then used its $1,000,000 Policy limit as leverage 7 for settlement. (See id. at 18.) Together, these allegations satisfy all but the damages element. 8 As for damages, the Court observes that a declaratory judgment action is specifically 9 intended to prevent “avoidable damages from being incurred by a person uncertain of his rights 10 and threatened with damage by delayed adjudication.” Brooks Mfg. Co. v. Dis-Tran Wood 11 Prods., LLC, 2012 WL 1099760, slip op. at 4 (W.D. Wash. 2012) (internal quotations omitted). 12 As such, Continental essentially seeks to avoid any damages through a judicial determination 13 that it does not owe anything (defense, indemnity, or otherwise) to VIP. (See id. at 23.) This is 14 sufficient for purposes of a declaratory judgment claim. See Multiscan Tech. USA, LLC v. Cohn, 15 2024 WL 4839359, slip op. at 8 (W.D. Wash. 2024) (“A declaratory judgment claim is generally 16 proper where it rests upon, and will be determinative in resolving an underlying cause of action 17 involving claims for damages.” (citations omitted)). 18 Finally, Continental alleges that VIP’s intentional misrepresentations resulted in its 19 breach of various terms of the Policy, including the Assistance and Cooperation Clause and the 20 Entire Contract Clause. (Dkt. No. 3 at 22.) Continental thus has sufficiently pled Count II—that 21 VIP breached the Policy through its intentional misrepresentations, which rendered the Policy 22 null and void. 23 E. Applicability of Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 15, 19, and 21 24 Aside from failure to state a claim, VIP also argues that dismissal is proper because 25 Continental failed to request the Court’s leave to add VIP as a party. (Dkt. No. 29 at 18.) In 26 response, Continental contends that Rule 15 applies in this scenario, and that it amended its 1 complaint as of right pursuant to Rule 15(a). (Dkt. No. 40-1 at 28.) Both parties miss the mark. 2 VIP ostensibly moves to dismiss itself from this action as an improper party under Rule 3 21. (Dkt. No. 29 at 18) (citing Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 21). It argues that Rule 21, which 4 governs misjoinder, requires parties to seek the court’s leave to add a party—which Continental 5 did not do here. (Dkt. No. 29 at 18.) But Rule 21 does not state such a requirement. See Fed. R. 6 Civ. P. 21 (lacking such language). Moreover, federal courts have only ever applied Rule 21 to 7 improper permissive joinders, not required joinders. A.B. v. Hilton Worldwide Holdings Inc., 484 8 F. Supp. 3d 921, 944 (D. Or. 2020) (“‘federal courts have uniformly held that misjoinder [under 9 Rule 21] occurs when a single party or multiple parties fail to satisfy the conditions for 10 permissive joinder set forth in [Rule 20].’” (citation omitted)). Here, “[d]eclaratory relief would 11 be incomplete without both the insurer and the insured.” Burns v. Scottsdale Ins. Co., 2009 WL 12 86549, slip op. at 1 (W.D. Wash. 2009). VIP, as the insured, is thus a required party under Rule 13 19. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 19(a)(1). And as such, this is not a permissive joinder, so Rule 21 simply 14 does not apply.6 The Court therefore DENIES VIP’s request to dismiss itself as a party.7 15 III. CONCLUSION 16 For the foregoing reasons, the Court DENIES VIP’s motion to dismiss (Dkt. No. 29). 17 // 18 6 Even if this were a permissive joinder, “[m]isjoinder of parties is not a ground for dismissing an 19 action.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 21. Moreover, district courts have broad discretion under Rule 21 to dismiss an improper party, and the Court declines to exercise that discretion here for the reasons 20 stated. See U.S. v. Testa, 548 F.2d 847, 856 (9th Cir. 1977). 21 7 As for Continental’s argument that Rule 15 (and not Rule 21) applies in this scenario, this argument is certainly closer to the mark, but still misses it slightly. Rule 15 allows a party to 22 amend its pleading without seeking the court’s leave no later than 21 days after serving it, or, if the pleading is one to which a responsive pleading is required, no later than 21 days after service 23 of the responsive pleading or Rule 12 motion. Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(1)(A)–(B). Yet here, neither 24 of the aforementioned conditions apply. Indeed, no defendant had even been served, let alone appeared or filed a responsive pleading, when Continental amended its complaint. (See Dkt. No. 25 40-1 at 29; see also generally Dkt. Nos. 1–5) (initial summons and service of process was not issued until after Continental amended its complaint). In other words, Rule 15’s governance had 26 not even been triggered when Continental amended its complaint to add VIP as a party. Thus, just as with Rule 21, Rule 15 simply does not apply. 1 DATED this 21st day of January 2025. A 2 3 4 John C. Coughenour 5 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26