ALD-072 NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT ___________
No. 22-2934 ___________
CONSTANCE WILSON ANDRESEN, Appellant
v.
GREGORY JACKSON; COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA; COUNTY OF HUNTINGDON; TROOPER JONATHAN THOMAS; ERICA SHOAF; DENISE WATKINS ____________________________________
On Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania (D.C. Civil Action No. 1-20-cv-00989) District Judge: Honorable Christopher C. Conner ____________________________________
Submitted for Possible Dismissal Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B) or Summary Action Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 27.4 and I.O.P. 10.6 January 19, 2023 Before: HARDIMAN, RESTREPO, and BIBAS, Circuit Judges
(Opinion filed: February 21, 2023) _________
OPINION * _________ PER CURIAM
* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not constitute binding precedent. Constance Wilson Andresen appeals the District Court’s order granting Appellee’s
motion for judgment on the pleadings. For the reasons that follow, we will summarily
affirm the District Court’s order.
The procedural history of this case and the details of Andresen’s claims are well
known to the parties and need not be discussed at length. Briefly, Andresen was involved
in litigation in state court over the ownership of a parcel of real estate. 1 One of the
opposing attorneys in that litigation believed that the notary’s signature on some papers
filed by Andresen with the Recorder of Deeds had been forged and contacted law
enforcement. After speaking with the notary who verified that the signatures were not
hers, Appellee Trooper Thomas obtained a warrant for Andresen’s arrest, charging her
with several felonies—theft by unlawful taking-immovable property and eight counts of
forgery—as well as four misdemeanor counts of tampering with records and one
misdemeanor count of barratry. She later pleaded nolo contendere to one count of
barratry, i.e., vexing others with unjust and vexatious lawsuits. See 18 Pa. Con. Stat.
Ann. § 5109.
1 The Court of Common Pleas of Huntingdon County granted judgment against Andresen and awarded attorney’s fees to three defendants. The Superior Court of Pennsylvania quashed her appeal and concluded that her pursuit of the appeal was “dilatory, obdurate or vexatious” and awarded additional attorney’s fees for the appeal. Andresen v. Ody, No. 1037 MDA 2020, 2021 WL 276172, *4 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2021).
2 Andresen filed a civil rights complaint in the United States District Court for the
Middle District of Pennsylvania against several defendants alleging, inter alia, claims of
false arrest, malicious prosecution, and excessive force. The defendants filed motions to
dismiss. The District Court granted the motions but gave her the opportunity to file an
amended complaint as to some defendants. After she filed an amended complaint, the
defendants again moved to dismiss. The District Court granted the motions, dismissing
all her claims except a claim of excessive force against Thomas, who later moved for
judgment on the pleadings pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c). The District Court adopted
a Magistrate Judge’s Report and Recommendation that the motion be granted. Andresen
filed a notice of appeal. She was advised that we would consider whether the District
Court’s order should be summarily affirmed. Andresen has filed argument in support of
her appeal.
We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We may summarily affirm a
District Court’s decision “on any basis supported by the record” if the appeal fails to
present a substantial question. See Murray v. Bledsoe, 650 F.3d 246, 247 (3d Cir. 2011)
(per curiam).
While Andresen complains that she was denied discovery, we agree with the
District Court that her claims fail as a matter of law and no additional factual
development is needed. Her claim of malicious prosecution fails because it would
necessarily imply the invalidity of her conviction. See Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477,
3 487 (1994) (civil action that would impugn a criminal conviction if successful cannot be
maintained until that conviction is invalidated); see also Thompson v. Clark, 142 S. Ct.
1332, 1335 (2022) (holding that plaintiff must show a favorable termination of the
criminal prosecution to bring a claim of malicious prosecution). 2 Her claims against
Erica Shoaf, Denise Watkins, and Gregory Jackson fail because they are not state actors
for purposes of § 1983. See Dennis v. Sparks, 449 U.S. 24, 28 (1980); Angelico v.
Lehigh Valley Hosp., Inc., 184 F.3d 268, 277 (3d Cir. 1999). Pennsylvania is immune
from suit, see Downey v. Pennsylvania Dep’t of Corr., 968 F.3d 299, 309 (3d Cir. 2020),
and Andresen failed to state a valid claim of municipal liability against Huntingdon
County, see generally Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 694 (1978).
We focus here mainly on Andresen’s excessive force claim. We exercise de novo
review over the District Court’s granting Thomas’s motion for judgment on the pleadings
pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c) and apply the same standards as those for a motion
made pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6). Bibbs v. Trans Union LLC, 43 F.4th 331, 339 (3d Cir.
2022). The District Court must accept the allegations of the non-pleading party,
2 Because Andresen was arrested pursuant to a warrant, her claim for false arrest was, in essence, a malicious prosecution claim, see Wallace v. Kato, 549 U.S. 384, 390 (2007) (explaining that once an individual is held pursuant to legal process, “unlawful detention forms part of the damages for the entirely distinct tort of malicious prosecution, which remedies detention accompanied, not by absence of legal process, but by wrongful institution of legal process”) (quotation marks and emphasis omitted), and was barred by Heck, see generally Myers v. Koopman, 738 F.3d 1190, 1194–95 (10th Cir. 2013).
4 Andresen, as true and draw all reasonable inferences in her favor. Id. It may grant the
motion if the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id. We need not address
the District Court’s conclusion that Thomas was entitled to qualified immunity because
we conclude that his alleged actions during the arrest were objectively reasonable as a
matter of law.
Claims that a police officer used excessive force in the course of an arrest are
analyzed under the Fourth Amendment’s reasonableness standard. Graham v. Connor,
490 U.S. 386, 395 (1989).
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ALD-072 NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT ___________
No. 22-2934 ___________
CONSTANCE WILSON ANDRESEN, Appellant
v.
GREGORY JACKSON; COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA; COUNTY OF HUNTINGDON; TROOPER JONATHAN THOMAS; ERICA SHOAF; DENISE WATKINS ____________________________________
On Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania (D.C. Civil Action No. 1-20-cv-00989) District Judge: Honorable Christopher C. Conner ____________________________________
Submitted for Possible Dismissal Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B) or Summary Action Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 27.4 and I.O.P. 10.6 January 19, 2023 Before: HARDIMAN, RESTREPO, and BIBAS, Circuit Judges
(Opinion filed: February 21, 2023) _________
OPINION * _________ PER CURIAM
* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not constitute binding precedent. Constance Wilson Andresen appeals the District Court’s order granting Appellee’s
motion for judgment on the pleadings. For the reasons that follow, we will summarily
affirm the District Court’s order.
The procedural history of this case and the details of Andresen’s claims are well
known to the parties and need not be discussed at length. Briefly, Andresen was involved
in litigation in state court over the ownership of a parcel of real estate. 1 One of the
opposing attorneys in that litigation believed that the notary’s signature on some papers
filed by Andresen with the Recorder of Deeds had been forged and contacted law
enforcement. After speaking with the notary who verified that the signatures were not
hers, Appellee Trooper Thomas obtained a warrant for Andresen’s arrest, charging her
with several felonies—theft by unlawful taking-immovable property and eight counts of
forgery—as well as four misdemeanor counts of tampering with records and one
misdemeanor count of barratry. She later pleaded nolo contendere to one count of
barratry, i.e., vexing others with unjust and vexatious lawsuits. See 18 Pa. Con. Stat.
Ann. § 5109.
1 The Court of Common Pleas of Huntingdon County granted judgment against Andresen and awarded attorney’s fees to three defendants. The Superior Court of Pennsylvania quashed her appeal and concluded that her pursuit of the appeal was “dilatory, obdurate or vexatious” and awarded additional attorney’s fees for the appeal. Andresen v. Ody, No. 1037 MDA 2020, 2021 WL 276172, *4 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2021).
2 Andresen filed a civil rights complaint in the United States District Court for the
Middle District of Pennsylvania against several defendants alleging, inter alia, claims of
false arrest, malicious prosecution, and excessive force. The defendants filed motions to
dismiss. The District Court granted the motions but gave her the opportunity to file an
amended complaint as to some defendants. After she filed an amended complaint, the
defendants again moved to dismiss. The District Court granted the motions, dismissing
all her claims except a claim of excessive force against Thomas, who later moved for
judgment on the pleadings pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c). The District Court adopted
a Magistrate Judge’s Report and Recommendation that the motion be granted. Andresen
filed a notice of appeal. She was advised that we would consider whether the District
Court’s order should be summarily affirmed. Andresen has filed argument in support of
her appeal.
We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We may summarily affirm a
District Court’s decision “on any basis supported by the record” if the appeal fails to
present a substantial question. See Murray v. Bledsoe, 650 F.3d 246, 247 (3d Cir. 2011)
(per curiam).
While Andresen complains that she was denied discovery, we agree with the
District Court that her claims fail as a matter of law and no additional factual
development is needed. Her claim of malicious prosecution fails because it would
necessarily imply the invalidity of her conviction. See Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477,
3 487 (1994) (civil action that would impugn a criminal conviction if successful cannot be
maintained until that conviction is invalidated); see also Thompson v. Clark, 142 S. Ct.
1332, 1335 (2022) (holding that plaintiff must show a favorable termination of the
criminal prosecution to bring a claim of malicious prosecution). 2 Her claims against
Erica Shoaf, Denise Watkins, and Gregory Jackson fail because they are not state actors
for purposes of § 1983. See Dennis v. Sparks, 449 U.S. 24, 28 (1980); Angelico v.
Lehigh Valley Hosp., Inc., 184 F.3d 268, 277 (3d Cir. 1999). Pennsylvania is immune
from suit, see Downey v. Pennsylvania Dep’t of Corr., 968 F.3d 299, 309 (3d Cir. 2020),
and Andresen failed to state a valid claim of municipal liability against Huntingdon
County, see generally Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 694 (1978).
We focus here mainly on Andresen’s excessive force claim. We exercise de novo
review over the District Court’s granting Thomas’s motion for judgment on the pleadings
pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c) and apply the same standards as those for a motion
made pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6). Bibbs v. Trans Union LLC, 43 F.4th 331, 339 (3d Cir.
2022). The District Court must accept the allegations of the non-pleading party,
2 Because Andresen was arrested pursuant to a warrant, her claim for false arrest was, in essence, a malicious prosecution claim, see Wallace v. Kato, 549 U.S. 384, 390 (2007) (explaining that once an individual is held pursuant to legal process, “unlawful detention forms part of the damages for the entirely distinct tort of malicious prosecution, which remedies detention accompanied, not by absence of legal process, but by wrongful institution of legal process”) (quotation marks and emphasis omitted), and was barred by Heck, see generally Myers v. Koopman, 738 F.3d 1190, 1194–95 (10th Cir. 2013).
4 Andresen, as true and draw all reasonable inferences in her favor. Id. It may grant the
motion if the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id. We need not address
the District Court’s conclusion that Thomas was entitled to qualified immunity because
we conclude that his alleged actions during the arrest were objectively reasonable as a
matter of law.
Claims that a police officer used excessive force in the course of an arrest are
analyzed under the Fourth Amendment’s reasonableness standard. Graham v. Connor,
490 U.S. 386, 395 (1989). The right to make an arrest includes the right to use some
degree of physical coercion or threat to effect it. Id. at 396. The question is whether the
officer’s actions were objectively reasonable without considering his intent or motivation.
Id. at 397.
Andresen alleged in her amended complaint that when Thomas and another
trooper arrived at her cousin’s home to arrest her, she had just gotten out of the shower
and was dressed in a robe. After waiting outside the room for a few minutes, Thomas
allegedly barged into the room and verbally abused her, repeatedly ordering her to get
dressed and informing her that she would go to jail if she did not see the magistrate
before 4 PM. Andresen stated that she was attempting to get dressed but admitted that
she was also making a phone call. 3 She asserted that “her robe fell off from the fear and
3 In a later filing, she stated that she was on the phone with her research assistant during the arrest. See ECF #175 at PDF page 6.
5 loud abusive, unreasonable excessive force.” Am. Compl. at ¶ 26. She fell and struck
her knee and jaw. Id. at ¶ 28.
In his motion for judgment on the pleadings, Thomas noted that Andresen did not
allege that he used any physical force against her. In her response, Andresen
acknowledged this but contended that his yelling at a naked woman was an assault on her
bodily integrity. However, she admits that she was initially wearing a robe and does not
allege that Thomas prevented her in any way from getting dressed. Rather, according to
her, he demanded that she get dressed. While Andresen alleges that Trooper Thomas was
“out of control with a weapon,” she does not allege that he brandished or brought
attention to his weapon at any time. It is not unreasonable for a police officer to be
armed during an arrest. His staying in the room as she got dressed and after her robe
allegedly fell off did not violate her constitutional rights. See Los Angeles v. Rettele, 550
U.S. 609, 615-16 (2007) (per curiam) (holding that police officers did not violate any
constitutional rights when they held an innocent naked couple at gunpoint for
approximately two minutes while executing a search warrant).
Nor was any alleged verbal abuse by Trooper Thomas unreasonable. Andresen
asserted that he told her that she would go to jail if she was not in front of a magistrate by
4 PM. Accepting as true Andresen’s allegations that Trooper Thomas yelled at her to get
dressed and that she would go to jail, we conclude that such actions during her arrest on
felony charges were objectively reasonable as a matter of law. See Graham, 490 U.S. at
6 396 (noting that the right to make an arrest includes the right to use some degree of
physical coercion or threat to effect it).
Summary action is appropriate if there is no substantial question presented in the
appeal. See 3d Cir. L.A.R. 27.4 (2011). As the District Court clearly did not err in
dismissing Andresen’s claims and granting judgment on the pleadings, the appeal does
not present a substantial question. Accordingly, we will summarily affirm the District
Court’s judgment.