J. JOSEPH SMITH, Circuit Judge.
This is an action, under 28 U.S.C. §§ 2284 and 2321-2325, to set aside a Decision and Order (Dando) of the defendant, Interstate Commerce Commission, entered on February 21, 1968, and served March 1, 1968, in Docket No. MC-126916, Connecticut-New York Airport Bus Co., Inc. — Common Carrier Application (Darien, Conn.). By that Dan-do the Commission, Division 1, granted the intervening defendant’s application for authority to provide regular-route bus service between New Haven, Connecticut and Kennedy Airport, serving specified Connecticut cities, LaGuardia Airport, and the Long Island Railroad’s Flushing and Jamaica Stations, as intermediate points.
On January 28, 1965, Connecticut-New York Airport Bus Co., Inc. of Darien, Connecticut (hereafter Bus Co.), intervening defendant herein, filed an application seeking a certificate of public convenience and necessity authorizing operation as a common carrier by motor vehicle of passengers and their baggage, between New Haven, Connecticut and Kennedy Airport, serving LaGuardia Airport, the Long Island Railroad’s Jamaica and Flushing Stations, and certain other intermediate points.
Protests in opposition to the granting of the application were filed by several parties, and extensive hearings were held before examiners of the Commis[1336] sion. In their report, the examiners recommended that the application be granted.
Thereafter, on February 21, 1968, the Commission, Division 1, adopted as its own (in its Dando) the examiners’ Report and Recommended Order, and granted the application. Plaintiff next filed a Petition Seeking Modification of the Dando’s effective date, which was denied. The Bus Co. received its certificate of public convenience and necessity on May 16,1968.
Connecticut Limousine, plaintiff here, has built up a successful operation between the Connecticut cities served by Connecticut-New York Airport Bus Co., Inc., intervening defendant, and the three major New York metropolitan airports, Kennedy, LaGuardia and Newark. Plaintiff is restricted to limousine service by an eleven passenger restriction in its operating authority. When it sought to remove the limitation the Commission refused, in the interest of preserving the existing rapid, luxury limousine type service under the authority theretofore granted. This court upheld the Commission’s action. Connecticut Limousine Service, Inc. v. United States, 281 F.Supp. 681 (D.C.1968).
Plaintiff is understandably disturbed by the possible effects of the competition to be offered its existing service by the successful applicant here. Plaintiff contends in this proceeding that the Commission acted on insufficient evidence of public need for the bus service, that the Commission gave too little heed to the disastrous effects the bus competition will have on its existing limousine service, and that the authority granted is too broad, since there is nothing limiting the successful applicant from running limousine service in direct competition in every respect with plaintiff’s existing service.
We find that the evidence was sufficient, that the Commission’s weighing of the probable effects of competition was well within its competence, and that the authority granted as interpreted herein is justified on the record taken as a whole.
In Connecticut Limousine Service, Inc. v. United States, supra, we referred to the limitations on our review of the Commission’s determinations: “The function of the Court in reviewing the Commission’s action in a case such as this is, of course, quite restricted. If there is warrant in the facts and the law for what the Commission has done, that is all that is necessary, for the Commission’s judgment is then to be controlling. United States v. Pierce Auto Freight Lines, Inc., 327 U.S. 515, 536, 66 S.Ct. 687, 90 L.Ed. 821 (1946); see also Bradley v. United States, 268 F.Supp. 871, 875-876 (D.Conn.1967).” See also Illinois Central RR. Co. v. Norfolk & W. Ry. Co., 385 U.S. 57, 66, 87 S.Ct. 255, 17 L.Ed.2d 162 (1966), and Consolo v. Federal Maritime Commission, 383 U.S. 607, 86 S.Ct. 1018, 16 L.Ed.2d 131 (1966).
Plaintiff’s contention as we understand it, is that as to some of the points to be served too few public witnesses were presented, as to other intermediate points none at all, so that the record does not measure up to the “substantial evidence” required to establish that additional motor service would serve public convenience and necessity. We find, however, that the quantum of evidence produced was quite sufficient to meet the standard. Some thirty-two witnesses were heard, including representatives of large employers such as Warner Bros. Company of Bridgeport, a ladies’ garment manufacturer with a substantial number of traveling employees, Bridgeport Brass, with plants at Bridgeport, Norwalk and Seymour, Edwards Company of Norwalk,manufacturer of electrical signals, Celanese Corporation, as well as students at universities served by the route and a number of individual travelers between some of the Connecticut points served and the New York Airports. There was testimony from which the Commission could find that the proposed bus service was quicker and more convenient than existing rail-bus, bus-bus or rail-taxi service [1337] via New York City terminals, and that the proposed service would be substantially cheaper than the faster, luxury-type limousine service of plaintiff.
Even if it be conceded that public witnesses were in this case necessary, their testimony here was in content and volume surely substantial support for the examiners’ conclusions, adopted by the Commission. So far as intermediate comparable points were concerned, the Commission could properly infer that conditions and needs were similar. Plaintiff belittles some of the testimony because of business or other relationships between witnesses and applicant. But credibility is primarily for the examiners who observed the witnesses, and we have no reason to question their determination in this regard.
Such direct bus service as here authorized is not provided by existing carriers. While plaintiff is willing to provide it, its application to do so by lifting the eleven-passenger limitation was rejected, a determination we upheld in Connecticut Limousine Service, Inc. v. United States, supra, because of the probable dilution or deterioration of the existing rapid luxury-type limousine service now provided, if plaintiff’s application had been granted.
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J. JOSEPH SMITH, Circuit Judge.
This is an action, under 28 U.S.C. §§ 2284 and 2321-2325, to set aside a Decision and Order (Dando) of the defendant, Interstate Commerce Commission, entered on February 21, 1968, and served March 1, 1968, in Docket No. MC-126916, Connecticut-New York Airport Bus Co., Inc. — Common Carrier Application (Darien, Conn.). By that Dan-do the Commission, Division 1, granted the intervening defendant’s application for authority to provide regular-route bus service between New Haven, Connecticut and Kennedy Airport, serving specified Connecticut cities, LaGuardia Airport, and the Long Island Railroad’s Flushing and Jamaica Stations, as intermediate points.
On January 28, 1965, Connecticut-New York Airport Bus Co., Inc. of Darien, Connecticut (hereafter Bus Co.), intervening defendant herein, filed an application seeking a certificate of public convenience and necessity authorizing operation as a common carrier by motor vehicle of passengers and their baggage, between New Haven, Connecticut and Kennedy Airport, serving LaGuardia Airport, the Long Island Railroad’s Jamaica and Flushing Stations, and certain other intermediate points.
Protests in opposition to the granting of the application were filed by several parties, and extensive hearings were held before examiners of the Commis[1336] sion. In their report, the examiners recommended that the application be granted.
Thereafter, on February 21, 1968, the Commission, Division 1, adopted as its own (in its Dando) the examiners’ Report and Recommended Order, and granted the application. Plaintiff next filed a Petition Seeking Modification of the Dando’s effective date, which was denied. The Bus Co. received its certificate of public convenience and necessity on May 16,1968.
Connecticut Limousine, plaintiff here, has built up a successful operation between the Connecticut cities served by Connecticut-New York Airport Bus Co., Inc., intervening defendant, and the three major New York metropolitan airports, Kennedy, LaGuardia and Newark. Plaintiff is restricted to limousine service by an eleven passenger restriction in its operating authority. When it sought to remove the limitation the Commission refused, in the interest of preserving the existing rapid, luxury limousine type service under the authority theretofore granted. This court upheld the Commission’s action. Connecticut Limousine Service, Inc. v. United States, 281 F.Supp. 681 (D.C.1968).
Plaintiff is understandably disturbed by the possible effects of the competition to be offered its existing service by the successful applicant here. Plaintiff contends in this proceeding that the Commission acted on insufficient evidence of public need for the bus service, that the Commission gave too little heed to the disastrous effects the bus competition will have on its existing limousine service, and that the authority granted is too broad, since there is nothing limiting the successful applicant from running limousine service in direct competition in every respect with plaintiff’s existing service.
We find that the evidence was sufficient, that the Commission’s weighing of the probable effects of competition was well within its competence, and that the authority granted as interpreted herein is justified on the record taken as a whole.
In Connecticut Limousine Service, Inc. v. United States, supra, we referred to the limitations on our review of the Commission’s determinations: “The function of the Court in reviewing the Commission’s action in a case such as this is, of course, quite restricted. If there is warrant in the facts and the law for what the Commission has done, that is all that is necessary, for the Commission’s judgment is then to be controlling. United States v. Pierce Auto Freight Lines, Inc., 327 U.S. 515, 536, 66 S.Ct. 687, 90 L.Ed. 821 (1946); see also Bradley v. United States, 268 F.Supp. 871, 875-876 (D.Conn.1967).” See also Illinois Central RR. Co. v. Norfolk & W. Ry. Co., 385 U.S. 57, 66, 87 S.Ct. 255, 17 L.Ed.2d 162 (1966), and Consolo v. Federal Maritime Commission, 383 U.S. 607, 86 S.Ct. 1018, 16 L.Ed.2d 131 (1966).
Plaintiff’s contention as we understand it, is that as to some of the points to be served too few public witnesses were presented, as to other intermediate points none at all, so that the record does not measure up to the “substantial evidence” required to establish that additional motor service would serve public convenience and necessity. We find, however, that the quantum of evidence produced was quite sufficient to meet the standard. Some thirty-two witnesses were heard, including representatives of large employers such as Warner Bros. Company of Bridgeport, a ladies’ garment manufacturer with a substantial number of traveling employees, Bridgeport Brass, with plants at Bridgeport, Norwalk and Seymour, Edwards Company of Norwalk,manufacturer of electrical signals, Celanese Corporation, as well as students at universities served by the route and a number of individual travelers between some of the Connecticut points served and the New York Airports. There was testimony from which the Commission could find that the proposed bus service was quicker and more convenient than existing rail-bus, bus-bus or rail-taxi service [1337] via New York City terminals, and that the proposed service would be substantially cheaper than the faster, luxury-type limousine service of plaintiff.
Even if it be conceded that public witnesses were in this case necessary, their testimony here was in content and volume surely substantial support for the examiners’ conclusions, adopted by the Commission. So far as intermediate comparable points were concerned, the Commission could properly infer that conditions and needs were similar. Plaintiff belittles some of the testimony because of business or other relationships between witnesses and applicant. But credibility is primarily for the examiners who observed the witnesses, and we have no reason to question their determination in this regard.
Such direct bus service as here authorized is not provided by existing carriers. While plaintiff is willing to provide it, its application to do so by lifting the eleven-passenger limitation was rejected, a determination we upheld in Connecticut Limousine Service, Inc. v. United States, supra, because of the probable dilution or deterioration of the existing rapid luxury-type limousine service now provided, if plaintiff’s application had been granted.
The evidence showed that plaintiff’s service had built up a large, growing and profitable business. Its prices are substantially higher than the proposed bus rates, but its service has advantages in speed and comfort. Some present passengers, according to the testimony, will continue to use it all or part of the time in spite of the greater cost, while some traffic will be attracted to the bus service which because of price is now using inconvenient existing rail or bus service or private automobile transportation, as well as some traffic which will be diverted from plaintiff. Whether the continuing increase in overall traffic between the Connecticut points served by plaintiff and the airports will enable plaintiff to maintain or improve its present volume of traffic and its financial return in spite of diversion of potential traffic to the bus is, of course, not certain.
A witness for plaintiff estimated that diversion of two passengers a trip from present levels would cause plaintiff to operate at a loss, but the examiners, unable from the record to measure the precise amount of the potential diversion, found no reason to believe that it would be so serious as to impair the ability of the limousine operators to continue their operations.
Plaintiff will undoubtedly be faced with some loss of potential passengers by the lower fare bus competition, but whether the two services can exist, side by side, filling successfully a wider public necessity and convenience than either alone is for the judgment of the Commission, cf. National Bus Traffic Ass’n, Inc. v. United States, 284 F.Supp. 270 (N.D.Ill.1967), aff’d 391 U.S. 468, 88 S.Ct. 1847, 20 L.Ed.2d 750, and we cannot say that the Commission has acted without substantial evidence on the record as a whole, or in disregard of the statutory mandates.1
[1338] In view of the concessions of the Bus Company at the hearing in this action, however, we read the grant of authority more narrowly than would ordinarily be justified by its literal terms. Operation is authorized by motor vehicle, which plaintiff contends may be taken to permit limousine as well as bus service, exactly duplicating the existing limousine service of plaintiff. We agree that the certificate may be so read. The Bus Company represented, however, that - it did not seek such authority, does not so understand its rights under the certificate, and will operate only a motor bus service. We consider therefore, and so hold, that for this ease and any other proceeding involving these parties or their successors the authority is so limited to a motor bus service.
The foregoing may be considered the court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law.
The complaint is dismissed.