Eussell, J.
The plaintiff, by his .complaint, seeks to invalidate and declare void a decree of the Surrogate’s Court of St.' Lawrence county appointing the defendant.Wright trustee, as successor to Isaac L. Seymour, and directing payment of commissions to the executors of a deceased trustee; to compel the payment to the' plaintiff by the defendants, of a sum so paid as commissions and to enjoin the defendant Wright from accounting as testamentary trustee.
The creator of the trust by will, George N. Seymour, died in 1859, leaving his children surviving, George D. Seymour, Isaac L. Seymour and Sophia M. Oonant. He left his widow and the two sons executors and also appointed them as trustees of a fund •of $22,000 to be held in trust for the daughter, Sophia M. Oonant, the income thereof to be paid to her use and' the principal sum to'vest in her children or heirs, the plaintiff being her sole surviving heir, Mrs. Oonant having died after the proceedings in Surrogate’s Court complained of were taken. At the beginning of those proceedings "Isaac L. Seymour was the only surviving executor or trustee and his effort to resign his trust and obtain his discharge produced the events out of which this cause of action arises.
Attached to' the complaint are copies of the proceedings taken In Surrogate’s Court. On the 7th day of December, 1892, Isaac L. Seymour petitioned the Surrogate’s Court, stating in his petition that Sophia M. Oonant was willing he should be relieved from [323]*323his duties and another trustee substituted; that the executors of his former cotrustee, George D. Seymour, account for the trust estate coming to their hands and that the petitioner’s account, as trustee, be judicially settled and a decree made allowing him to resign his trust and discharging him, and for a citation to all persons interested, with a general prayer for relief.
Hpon that petition a citation was issued, served upon all the parties in interest, including Mrs. Conant and the plaintiff. On the return day of the citation all the parties in interest appeared except Mrs. Conant and the plaintiff. On the 13th day of February, 1893,' a decree was made by the surrogate embodying the account of Isaac L. Seymour, as sole surviving trustee, and of the executors of the deceased trustee, George D. Seymour, reciting that the trustee and executors have fully accounted and adjudging that the account was thereby finally and' judicially settled' and allowed, and also ordering and adjudging that sufficient reasons exist for allowing Isaac L. Seymour to resign his trust and discharging him accordingly. His account was thereby accepted and allowed and, it being necessary to appoint another trustee to complete the execution of the trust, the defendant George A. Wright was appointed sole trustee and Isaac L. Seymour, and the executors of George D. Seymour, were required forthwith to pay over all moneys and other property belonging to their trust to the new trustee to the end that a final decree be made discharging them accordingly, and accepting the resignation of the said Isaac L. Seymour. The decree further .provided that as the executors of the deceased trustee claimed commissions upon the trust estate, and it being stipulated in open court that such contest be settled by allowing commissions on the income account only, with annual rests, such commissions were allowed, one-third to Isaac L. Seymour and two-thirds to the executors of George D. Seymour, they waiving all claims to commissions on the principal of the trust estate. And it was further provided that the expenses, of the accounting be taken from the- principal of the estate. Isaac L. Seymour was directed to retain the amount of the commissions, being $2,214.59, and the amount of expenses, dr if he and the exécutors chose they might turn over to the new trustee the whole of the trust estate, in which case he should repay them the aforesaid commissions and expenses.
On the 8th day of March, 1893, the new trustee,' Wright, receipted the property as delivered to him by Isaac L. Seymour [324]*324and the executors, and on the 2d day of March, 189é, an order was made discharging Isaac L. Seymour as such trustee and also discharging the-executors. It was stated, however, in the receipt and the. order1 that, in place of the-gas stock to the amount of $275, the note of one Findlay was taken, indorsed personally by the said, Isaac L.'Seymour. "
It is further alleged that in March and April, 1893, the new trustee, Wright, paid to the executors of the deceased trustee their two-thirds of the commissions and to the counsel for the parties who appeared the expenses allowed by the surrogate, obtaining ' the money by selling Hnited States and West Shore bonds belonging to the trust estate, the former trustee, Isaac L. Seymour,, having refused, tó accept any commissions, and .he is -not made a party to this suit.
It is also alleged that shortly after the death of Mrs. Oonant, Wright, the new trustee, while evading a delivery of the trust fund.to the plaintiff,-in May, 1896, filed a petition for -the settlement o'f his. account as -trustee, and procured the same to be served ' upon the plaintiff, but has delivered only' a portion of the personal estate and has sold some of the real estate. The persons to whom he has sold-the. real estate have not. been ina.de parties to this litigation, and, therefore, this suit cannot be an adjudication finally affecting the right of those parties to hold the lands conveyed: As now "claimed, the real object of the action is to have set aside the proceedings of the surrogate discharging Isaac L. Seymour, appointing Wright trustee, allowing commissions and expenses and obtain the payment by Wright and the executors of the deceased trustee of-the amount owing plaintiff for the sums paid for commissions and expenses and to procure an injunction against an accounting by Wright in the Surrogated Court..
The. right to maintain this action depends upon the solution of the fundamental question on which the claim of the plaintiff' is based, that the Surrogate’s Court had no jurisdiction to appoint a- new trustee until the surviving trustee was fully discharged,, and had not' only ceased to have any power as a trustee but had also ceased to be in any way responsible for any. of the assets belonging to the . trust. For if the surrogate had jurisdiction in a. proceeding' in-which the-life beneficiary and the plaintiff'were duly .served- with process, any errors committed by him, if there were errors, cannot be attacked collaterally, and can only be reviewed by motion before •him or by appeal’.
[325]*325If the statutes of the state have so enlarged the jurisdiction of the surrogate as to permit him to decide when a trustee should be relieved of his duties and a successor appointed, it would seem at first glance that, on the question of pow;er, the surrogate should have the right to stop a trustee from further exercising the duties of his trust where the circumstances indicate either an improper administration. of his duty 'or a failure of mental, physical or financial ability to continue the active performance .of his trust obligations. In that event, necessarily, he could not be discharged from all responsibility to the estate insta/nter with his deprivation of power voluntarily or involuntarily made, for, until an accounting, his pecuniary obligations to the estate should remain. We must then inquire whether, incidentally or expressly, the letter and spirit of the statutes for this emergency clothe the surrogate with the proper authority.
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Eussell, J.
The plaintiff, by his .complaint, seeks to invalidate and declare void a decree of the Surrogate’s Court of St.' Lawrence county appointing the defendant.Wright trustee, as successor to Isaac L. Seymour, and directing payment of commissions to the executors of a deceased trustee; to compel the payment to the' plaintiff by the defendants, of a sum so paid as commissions and to enjoin the defendant Wright from accounting as testamentary trustee.
The creator of the trust by will, George N. Seymour, died in 1859, leaving his children surviving, George D. Seymour, Isaac L. Seymour and Sophia M. Oonant. He left his widow and the two sons executors and also appointed them as trustees of a fund •of $22,000 to be held in trust for the daughter, Sophia M. Oonant, the income thereof to be paid to her use and' the principal sum to'vest in her children or heirs, the plaintiff being her sole surviving heir, Mrs. Oonant having died after the proceedings in Surrogate’s Court complained of were taken. At the beginning of those proceedings "Isaac L. Seymour was the only surviving executor or trustee and his effort to resign his trust and obtain his discharge produced the events out of which this cause of action arises.
Attached to' the complaint are copies of the proceedings taken In Surrogate’s Court. On the 7th day of December, 1892, Isaac L. Seymour petitioned the Surrogate’s Court, stating in his petition that Sophia M. Oonant was willing he should be relieved from [323]*323his duties and another trustee substituted; that the executors of his former cotrustee, George D. Seymour, account for the trust estate coming to their hands and that the petitioner’s account, as trustee, be judicially settled and a decree made allowing him to resign his trust and discharging him, and for a citation to all persons interested, with a general prayer for relief.
Hpon that petition a citation was issued, served upon all the parties in interest, including Mrs. Conant and the plaintiff. On the return day of the citation all the parties in interest appeared except Mrs. Conant and the plaintiff. On the 13th day of February, 1893,' a decree was made by the surrogate embodying the account of Isaac L. Seymour, as sole surviving trustee, and of the executors of the deceased trustee, George D. Seymour, reciting that the trustee and executors have fully accounted and adjudging that the account was thereby finally and' judicially settled' and allowed, and also ordering and adjudging that sufficient reasons exist for allowing Isaac L. Seymour to resign his trust and discharging him accordingly. His account was thereby accepted and allowed and, it being necessary to appoint another trustee to complete the execution of the trust, the defendant George A. Wright was appointed sole trustee and Isaac L. Seymour, and the executors of George D. Seymour, were required forthwith to pay over all moneys and other property belonging to their trust to the new trustee to the end that a final decree be made discharging them accordingly, and accepting the resignation of the said Isaac L. Seymour. The decree further .provided that as the executors of the deceased trustee claimed commissions upon the trust estate, and it being stipulated in open court that such contest be settled by allowing commissions on the income account only, with annual rests, such commissions were allowed, one-third to Isaac L. Seymour and two-thirds to the executors of George D. Seymour, they waiving all claims to commissions on the principal of the trust estate. And it was further provided that the expenses, of the accounting be taken from the- principal of the estate. Isaac L. Seymour was directed to retain the amount of the commissions, being $2,214.59, and the amount of expenses, dr if he and the exécutors chose they might turn over to the new trustee the whole of the trust estate, in which case he should repay them the aforesaid commissions and expenses.
On the 8th day of March, 1893, the new trustee,' Wright, receipted the property as delivered to him by Isaac L. Seymour [324]*324and the executors, and on the 2d day of March, 189é, an order was made discharging Isaac L. Seymour as such trustee and also discharging the-executors. It was stated, however, in the receipt and the. order1 that, in place of the-gas stock to the amount of $275, the note of one Findlay was taken, indorsed personally by the said, Isaac L.'Seymour. "
It is further alleged that in March and April, 1893, the new trustee, Wright, paid to the executors of the deceased trustee their two-thirds of the commissions and to the counsel for the parties who appeared the expenses allowed by the surrogate, obtaining ' the money by selling Hnited States and West Shore bonds belonging to the trust estate, the former trustee, Isaac L. Seymour,, having refused, tó accept any commissions, and .he is -not made a party to this suit.
It is also alleged that shortly after the death of Mrs. Oonant, Wright, the new trustee, while evading a delivery of the trust fund.to the plaintiff,-in May, 1896, filed a petition for -the settlement o'f his. account as -trustee, and procured the same to be served ' upon the plaintiff, but has delivered only' a portion of the personal estate and has sold some of the real estate. The persons to whom he has sold-the. real estate have not. been ina.de parties to this litigation, and, therefore, this suit cannot be an adjudication finally affecting the right of those parties to hold the lands conveyed: As now "claimed, the real object of the action is to have set aside the proceedings of the surrogate discharging Isaac L. Seymour, appointing Wright trustee, allowing commissions and expenses and obtain the payment by Wright and the executors of the deceased trustee of-the amount owing plaintiff for the sums paid for commissions and expenses and to procure an injunction against an accounting by Wright in the Surrogated Court..
The. right to maintain this action depends upon the solution of the fundamental question on which the claim of the plaintiff' is based, that the Surrogate’s Court had no jurisdiction to appoint a- new trustee until the surviving trustee was fully discharged,, and had not' only ceased to have any power as a trustee but had also ceased to be in any way responsible for any. of the assets belonging to the . trust. For if the surrogate had jurisdiction in a. proceeding' in-which the-life beneficiary and the plaintiff'were duly .served- with process, any errors committed by him, if there were errors, cannot be attacked collaterally, and can only be reviewed by motion before •him or by appeal’.
[325]*325If the statutes of the state have so enlarged the jurisdiction of the surrogate as to permit him to decide when a trustee should be relieved of his duties and a successor appointed, it would seem at first glance that, on the question of pow;er, the surrogate should have the right to stop a trustee from further exercising the duties of his trust where the circumstances indicate either an improper administration. of his duty 'or a failure of mental, physical or financial ability to continue the active performance .of his trust obligations. In that event, necessarily, he could not be discharged from all responsibility to the estate insta/nter with his deprivation of power voluntarily or involuntarily made, for, until an accounting, his pecuniary obligations to the estate should remain. We must then inquire whether, incidentally or expressly, the letter and spirit of the statutes for this emergency clothe the surrogate with the proper authority.
By section 2472 of the Code of Civil Procedure a surrogate has authority to compel. the payment by testamentary trustees of money or other property in their possession belonging to the estate; to direct and control the conduct and settle the accounts of the testamentary trustees; to remove*testamentary trustees and to appoint a successor in place of a testamentary trustee so removed.
By section 2473 the determination of the Surrogate’s Court, when questioned collaterally, in the absence of fraud or collusion, and where the necessary parties were duly cited or appeared, is conclusively established by the allegation of the jurisdictional facts contained in the written petition used in the Surrogate’s Court.
By section 2474 the Surrogated Court obtains jurisdiction in every case where there is the existence of the jurisdictional facts prescribed by the statute, and by the citation and appearance of the necessary parties, and is also given power of amendment for the recital or proof of facts necessary to jurisdiction.
By paragraph 2 of section 2481 the Surrogate’s Court is given common-law jurisdiction of all matters subject to the cognizance of his court, according to the course and practice of a court having common-law jurisdiction, and to exercise such incidental powers as are necessary to carry into effect the powers expressly conferred.
By section 2814 a testamentary trustee may petition the Surrogate’s Court to judicially settle his accounts and a decree may be thereupon' made allowing him to resign his trust and discharg[326]*326ing him accordingly. And all persons absolutely, or contingently interested may be cited upon such proceedings. The same section has the following paragraph: “ Upon the petitioners .fully accounting and paying all money belonging to the trust, and delivering all books, papers and other property of. the trust in his hands, either into the Surrogate’s Court or as the surrogate directs, a decree may be made accepting his resignation and discharging him accordingly.”
By section' 2818 it is provided that when a sole testamentary trustee dies or becomes a lunatic, or is by decree of the Surrogate’s Court removed or allowed to resign, and the trust has not been fully -executed, the same court may appoint his successor unless such an appointment would contravene the express terms of the will.
- It will be observed that by the filing of the petition and the service of the citation on the necessary parties, that the Surrogate’s Court obtained full jurisdiction to act in the premises, and I am of the opinion that, even if the appointment of the new • trustee was prematurely made in the place of-the surviving trustee;, under the. will, such action'did not deprive the surrogate of jurisdiction so as to enable the new trustee to claim, -upon his acceptance of the trust, a freedom of responsibility for "his acts done in performance of the trust, or allow the old trustee to continue his power of management as though no such proceedings had been taken. The provisions giving the power to allow the trustee, to resign are additional to those allowing the surrogate to remove, and are designed to confer upon the surrogate the authority, in Ms discretion, to . allow a resignation conditional upon a full accounting, It must be inevitably held that, with the general power of the surrogate to remove or allow a resignation, he has the power, in a proper case, to stop the action of the trustee when the circumstances require it, which circumstances are thus within his judicial discretion, and his action cannot be attacked collaterally.
The decree of the 13th of February, 1893, recites the accounting by the surviving trustee and the executors- of the deceased ■trustee. The recitation of "the fact that all the parties,had acr Counted fully is" of itself" sufficient to show that there was ño further obligation on the part of the surviving trustee to the estate, and proof aliunde that among. the assets was a note of $275 indorsed by the surviving trustee is not sufficient to destroy the effect of such recitation on the question of jurisdiction. The [327]*327same decree directs that the account is thereby finally and judicially settled and allowed, and recites that sufficient reasons existing for the prayer of the petitioner allowing him to resign his trust and discharging him accordingly, he was allowed to account and ‘his account accepted and allowed “for that purpose.” The surviving trustee and the executors are ordered to “ forthwith pay over and deliver all money and property, with the books and papers, to the end that a final decree be made discharging them and accepting the resignation of the sole surviving trustee.” By the same decree Wright is appointed the successor, as the trust has not been fully executed, upon his filing a bond in the penalty of $50,000.
This decree of the surrogate reserves only from the effect of the judicial acceptance of the resignation the proof of the delivery of the money, property, books and papers to the new trustee, who has authority to receive them upon qualifying, and such delivery is ordered to be forthwith made. The whole tenor and theory of the decree is upon the rule, well known and recognized in equity, that things are presumed to be done when they ought to have been done constructively, and, therefore, the delivery by the old trustee is forthwith to be made. Assuming, therefore, that the surrogate has power to remove and appoint a successor, and that the question of the time and manner of such removal and appointment is within his judicial discretion, subject to the main object of the statute that there shall be no release of personal responsibility, or money, or property until final delivery to the new trustee, there can be no available method of effecting the transition of responsibility from the old to the new trustee, so that the duty of the one ceases and that of the other begins, save by the provisions of the decree designating the new trustee and placing him in a position that his receipt for the property of the trust will be lawful.
By the decree of March 2, 1894, a recitation is made that proof' has been given of the turning over of the property, books and papers of the trust estate to the new trustee, and the old trustee and executors of the deceased trustee were fully discharged from all liability. This decree was in the nature of a confirmatory decree, if one was needed, recognizing Wright as the new trustee of the estate and adjudging the delivery of the property, to him as lawfully made. Were there any need of a more specific appointment of Wright as trustee in that decree confirming the [328]*328receipt of the trust fund, that could be easily done by amendment under the statutory provisions and incidental powers of the Surrogate’s Court, and certainly what could be rectified, if irregular, by amendment, cannot be attacked collaterally as an error — ousting jurisdiction.' *
I am, therefore, of the opinion that the decree of the Surrogate’s Court cannot be collaterally attacked, and the question as to the propriety or nonallowance of the commissions being within the judicial grasp of the Surrogate’s Court, is also not available in this action.
Judgment is, therefore, rendered in favor of the defendants sustaining the demurrer, with costs. ■
Demurrer'sustained,' with costs.