D. F. Walsh, P.J.
Defendant appeals the June 30, 1978, order of the Kalamazoo County Circuit Court reversing a May 14, 1976, decision of the State Tenure Commission. By a 3-2 vote, the Tenure Commission had reversed the May 23, 1974, decision of the Comstock School Board to discharge defendant, a tenured elementary school teacher. The Tenure Commission ordered that defendant be reinstated with back pay.
We find merit in only one of the several issues raised on appeal. Our discussion is limited to resolution of that issue.
Defendant had more than 13 years of teaching experience when, on February 18, 1974, four charges were brought against her by the principal of Comstock North Elementary School. The school
board suspended defendant pending a hearing on the charges. In response to defendant’s motion for more definite statement, she received a list of 14 specifications. Extensive testimony was taken by the school board in April and May, 1974. In its unanimous decision, the board found that three of the four charges had been proven and that, based thereon, there was reasonable and just cause for the discharge of defendant. Specifically, the board found that the following charges had been proven:
"CHARGE I: Has failed to competently discharge her professional duties, which failure is demonstrated by the respondent’s failure or inability to have a positive effect on the emotional development of students.
"CHARGE II: Has failed to competently discharge her professional duties, which failure is demonstrated by the respondent’s failure or inability to understand the capabilities of students in terms of expectations for work output.
"CHARGE III: Has failed to competently discharge her professional duties, which failure is demonstrated by the respondent’s failure or inability to present lessons in such a manner that students are able to understand the primary purpose of the instruction.”
The board found that the evidence did not support Charge IV:
"Has failed to competently discharge her professional duties, which failure is demonstrated by the respondent’s failure or inability to establish rapport with students in an academic environment.”
Defendant appealed to the State Tenure Commission. MCL 38.121; MSA 15.2021. Two members of the five-member commission signed an opinion in which the evidence produced at the school board hearing was reviewed and it was concluded
that the board had failed to sustain its burden of proof and that, based on the evidence, there was no reasonable and just cause for dismissal of defendant. These two commissioners explained why they found the evidence against defendant unpersuasive. They noted, for example, discrepancies between satisfactory written evaluations of defendant’s classroom performance and the testimony offered on behalf of the charging party. Another illustration of the analysis of these commissioners is their finding of discrepancy between the board’s conclusions concerning charges I and IV. They found "basic contradictions” in the board’s finding that defendant had a negative effect on her students’ emotional development but that she did not fail to establish rapport with her students.
Two other members of the commission, in a written opinion, also reviewed the evidence. They found "compelling evidence” against defendant. They concluded that the school board had properly given substantial weight to the adverse testimony of the school superintendent and principal and that the board had given due weight to all other testimony.
Expressly declining to join in the reasoning of the two commissioners voting for reinstatement of defendant, the remaining commissioner filed an opinion in which he concurred in their result. Without expressly reviewing any of the evidence presented to the school board, this commissioner simply stated, "I concur in the result * * * as I feel that * * * the evidence does not support the conclusion of Appellee Board of Education that Appellant’s performance as a classroom teacher justifies her dismissal.”
On appeal to the Tenure Commission from the adverse decision of the controlling board, a ten
ured teacher is entitled to
de novo
review.
Luther v Board of Education of the Alpena Public Schools,
62 Mich App 32, 35; 233 NW2d 173 (1975),
Elgammal v Macomb County Intermediate School Dist Board of Education,
83 Mich App 444, 448; 268 NW2d 679 (1978). As "board of review”, the Tenure Commission is to review and consider the record made before the controlling board but may also take additional testimony. All questions of fact decided by the controlling board, as well as questions of law, are subject to review and
de novo
determination in an appeal to the Tenure Commission.
Long v Board of Education, Dist No 1, Fractional, Royal Oak Township and City of Oak Park,
350 Mich 324; 86 NW2d 275 (1957). The burden of proof remains with the school district; before both the board and the Tenure Commission, the school district bears the burden of showing reasonable and just cause for discharging the tenured teacher.
Luther v Alpena Board of Education, supra,
at 36-37,
Sutherby v Gobles Board of Education,
73 Mich App 506, 508; 252 NW2d 503 (1977),
remanded
401 Mich 833 (1977).
On appeal from decisions of the Tenure Commission, the power of reviewing courts is limited. Courts may not review and decide questions of fact decided by the commission.
Long v Board of Education, supra,
at 326,
Freiberg v Board of Education of Big Bay De Noc School Dist,
61 Mich App 404, 416; 232 NW2d 718 (1975). The sole function of reviewing courts is to determine from the record whether the proof received by the school board or the Tenure Commission, or both, supports the findings on which the Tenure Commission decided for or against the appealing teacher.
Long v Board of Education, supra,
at 326. The precise standard is one of competent, material and substantial evi
dence on the whole record. Const 1963, art 6, § 28; MCL 24.306(l)(d); MSA 3.560(206)(l)(d). The Supreme Court recently adopted the following interpretation of this standard of review:
"The scope of our review is that set forth in
Michigan Employment Relations Commission v Detroit Symphony Orchestra, Inc,
393 Mich 116, 124; 223 NW2d 283 (1974):
" 'The cross-fire of debate at the Constitutional Convention imports meaning to the 'substantial evidence’ standard in Michigan jurisprudence. What the drafters of the Constitution intended was a thorough judicial review of administrative decision, a review which considers the whole record—that is, both sides of the record—not just those portions of the record supporting the findings of the administrative agency. Although such a review does not attain the status of
de novo
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D. F. Walsh, P.J.
Defendant appeals the June 30, 1978, order of the Kalamazoo County Circuit Court reversing a May 14, 1976, decision of the State Tenure Commission. By a 3-2 vote, the Tenure Commission had reversed the May 23, 1974, decision of the Comstock School Board to discharge defendant, a tenured elementary school teacher. The Tenure Commission ordered that defendant be reinstated with back pay.
We find merit in only one of the several issues raised on appeal. Our discussion is limited to resolution of that issue.
Defendant had more than 13 years of teaching experience when, on February 18, 1974, four charges were brought against her by the principal of Comstock North Elementary School. The school
board suspended defendant pending a hearing on the charges. In response to defendant’s motion for more definite statement, she received a list of 14 specifications. Extensive testimony was taken by the school board in April and May, 1974. In its unanimous decision, the board found that three of the four charges had been proven and that, based thereon, there was reasonable and just cause for the discharge of defendant. Specifically, the board found that the following charges had been proven:
"CHARGE I: Has failed to competently discharge her professional duties, which failure is demonstrated by the respondent’s failure or inability to have a positive effect on the emotional development of students.
"CHARGE II: Has failed to competently discharge her professional duties, which failure is demonstrated by the respondent’s failure or inability to understand the capabilities of students in terms of expectations for work output.
"CHARGE III: Has failed to competently discharge her professional duties, which failure is demonstrated by the respondent’s failure or inability to present lessons in such a manner that students are able to understand the primary purpose of the instruction.”
The board found that the evidence did not support Charge IV:
"Has failed to competently discharge her professional duties, which failure is demonstrated by the respondent’s failure or inability to establish rapport with students in an academic environment.”
Defendant appealed to the State Tenure Commission. MCL 38.121; MSA 15.2021. Two members of the five-member commission signed an opinion in which the evidence produced at the school board hearing was reviewed and it was concluded
that the board had failed to sustain its burden of proof and that, based on the evidence, there was no reasonable and just cause for dismissal of defendant. These two commissioners explained why they found the evidence against defendant unpersuasive. They noted, for example, discrepancies between satisfactory written evaluations of defendant’s classroom performance and the testimony offered on behalf of the charging party. Another illustration of the analysis of these commissioners is their finding of discrepancy between the board’s conclusions concerning charges I and IV. They found "basic contradictions” in the board’s finding that defendant had a negative effect on her students’ emotional development but that she did not fail to establish rapport with her students.
Two other members of the commission, in a written opinion, also reviewed the evidence. They found "compelling evidence” against defendant. They concluded that the school board had properly given substantial weight to the adverse testimony of the school superintendent and principal and that the board had given due weight to all other testimony.
Expressly declining to join in the reasoning of the two commissioners voting for reinstatement of defendant, the remaining commissioner filed an opinion in which he concurred in their result. Without expressly reviewing any of the evidence presented to the school board, this commissioner simply stated, "I concur in the result * * * as I feel that * * * the evidence does not support the conclusion of Appellee Board of Education that Appellant’s performance as a classroom teacher justifies her dismissal.”
On appeal to the Tenure Commission from the adverse decision of the controlling board, a ten
ured teacher is entitled to
de novo
review.
Luther v Board of Education of the Alpena Public Schools,
62 Mich App 32, 35; 233 NW2d 173 (1975),
Elgammal v Macomb County Intermediate School Dist Board of Education,
83 Mich App 444, 448; 268 NW2d 679 (1978). As "board of review”, the Tenure Commission is to review and consider the record made before the controlling board but may also take additional testimony. All questions of fact decided by the controlling board, as well as questions of law, are subject to review and
de novo
determination in an appeal to the Tenure Commission.
Long v Board of Education, Dist No 1, Fractional, Royal Oak Township and City of Oak Park,
350 Mich 324; 86 NW2d 275 (1957). The burden of proof remains with the school district; before both the board and the Tenure Commission, the school district bears the burden of showing reasonable and just cause for discharging the tenured teacher.
Luther v Alpena Board of Education, supra,
at 36-37,
Sutherby v Gobles Board of Education,
73 Mich App 506, 508; 252 NW2d 503 (1977),
remanded
401 Mich 833 (1977).
On appeal from decisions of the Tenure Commission, the power of reviewing courts is limited. Courts may not review and decide questions of fact decided by the commission.
Long v Board of Education, supra,
at 326,
Freiberg v Board of Education of Big Bay De Noc School Dist,
61 Mich App 404, 416; 232 NW2d 718 (1975). The sole function of reviewing courts is to determine from the record whether the proof received by the school board or the Tenure Commission, or both, supports the findings on which the Tenure Commission decided for or against the appealing teacher.
Long v Board of Education, supra,
at 326. The precise standard is one of competent, material and substantial evi
dence on the whole record. Const 1963, art 6, § 28; MCL 24.306(l)(d); MSA 3.560(206)(l)(d). The Supreme Court recently adopted the following interpretation of this standard of review:
"The scope of our review is that set forth in
Michigan Employment Relations Commission v Detroit Symphony Orchestra, Inc,
393 Mich 116, 124; 223 NW2d 283 (1974):
" 'The cross-fire of debate at the Constitutional Convention imports meaning to the 'substantial evidence’ standard in Michigan jurisprudence. What the drafters of the Constitution intended was a thorough judicial review of administrative decision, a review which considers the whole record—that is, both sides of the record—not just those portions of the record supporting the findings of the administrative agency. Although such a review does not attain the status of
de novo
review, it necessarily entails a degree of qualitative and quantitative evaluation of evidence considered by an agency. Such review must be undertaken with considerable sensitivity in order that the courts accord due deference to administrative expertise and not invade the province of exclusive administrative fact-finding by displacing an agency’s choice between two reasonably differing views. Cognizant of these concerns, the courts must walk the tightrope of duty which requires judges to provide the prescribed meaningful review.’ ”
Beebee v Haslett Public Schools (Alter Remand),
406 Mich 224, 231; 278 NW2d 37 (1979).
We have attempted to walk the tightrope described by the Supreme Court. Mindful that we may determine only if the commissioners’ findings are supported by substantial evidence, we decline to substitute our judgment for theirs. We have carefully reviewed the entire record and considered the arguments of the parties, and conclude that the evidence supports "two reasonably differing views”. We have found substantial evidence to
support the findings of the two commissioners who voted, after written review of the evidence, to reinstate defendant. There was substantial evidence to support their assignment of relative weight to conflicting evidence. On the other hand, we have found that the findings of the two minority commissioners are likewise supported by substantial evidence. These commissioners, too, were well within their exclusive authority in viewing the evidence as balanced against defendant.
We find that, if the evidence presented on behalf of the charging party were accepted as true and were accorded significant weight, it would have been sufficient basis for dismissal of defendant. In light of the substantial impeaching evidence, however, the two commissioners who, in a comprehensive opinion, voted for reinstatement were justified in declining to attach significant weight to this evidence.
Because the "swing vote” commissioner did not indicate the basis for his conclusion regarding the board’s evidence, we must remand to the Tenure Commission for supplementation and clarification of his opinion. If his decision was that, even if accepted as true and given significant weight, the evidence against defendant was not sufficient to establish reasonable and just cause for dismissal, we would disagree and affirm the circuit court’s order reversing the Tenure Commission’s order of reinstatement. If, however, he did not believe the board’s evidence, for some reason(s) supported in the record, or did not give significant weight to the evidence, also for supportable reasons, we would reverse the circuit court’s order. This commissioner must state his reasons for choosing between the two "reasonably differing views” which are supported by the record.
The circuit court’s judgment is set aside. This matter is remanded to the State Tenure Commission for handling consistent with this opinion. We retain jurisdiction.