USCA11 Case: 22-12909 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 08/01/2024 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 22-12909 ____________________
COMPULIFE SOFTWARE INC., Garnishor-Appellant, versus ZURICH AMERICAN INSURANCE COMPANY, Garnishee-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 9:16-cv-81942-BER ____________________ USCA11 Case: 22-12909 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 08/01/2024 Page: 2 of 7
2 Opinion of the Court 22-12909
Before JORDAN, BRASHER, and ABUDU, Circuit Judges. BRASHER, Circuit Judge: Binyomin Rutstein, who holds a liability insurance policy with Zurich American Insurance Company, was found liable for misappropriating Compulife Software’s trade secret by improper means. Compulife served a writ of garnishment against Zurich. We must determine whether Zurich was properly granted summary judgment against Compulife’s writ of garnishment. Because Rutstein’s policy with Zurich covers only liability arising from neg- ligent acts and Rutstein was found liable for participating in an in- tentional tort, the policy does not cover Rutstein’s acts. And Com- pulife is judicially estopped from arguing that Rutstein’s acts were merely negligent when it earlier argued that he should be found jointly and severally liable for an intentional tort. So we affirm. I.
Compulife and Binyomin Rutstein have a complicated his- tory, which we deal with in more detail elsewhere. See Compulife v. Newman, Nos. 21-14071, 21-14074 (11th Cir. Aug. 1, 2024). The rel- evant part for our purposes here is that, at Compulife’s urging, the district court found Rutstein liable, along with his codefendants, for willfully and intentionally misappropriating Compulife’s trade se- crets. Compulife, of course, wants money now. And Rutstein has a liability insurer, Zurich, which has a duty to indemnify him in some cases. So Compulife served Zurich with a writ of garnishment. But the problem for Compulife is that Rutstein’s policy with Zurich co- vers only negligent acts. USCA11 Case: 22-12909 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 08/01/2024 Page: 3 of 7
22-12909 Opinion of the Court 3
Recognizing this problem, Zurich moved for summary judgment. And for similar reasons, the district court granted the motion. This appeal followed. II.
“We review a district court’s decision on summary judg- ment de novo and apply the same legal standard used by the district court, drawing all inferences in the light most favorable to the non- moving party and recognizing that summary judgment is appropri- ate only where there are no genuine issues of material fact.” Smith v. Owens, 848 F.3d 975, 978 (11th Cir. 2017). “On appeal following a bench trial, a district court’s conclusions of law are reviewed de novo, and its findings of fact are reviewed for clear error.” A.I.G. Uruguay Compania de Seguros, S.A. v. AAA Cooper Transp., 334 F.3d 997, 1003 (11th Cir. 2003). III.
The district court was right to grant summary judgment to Zurich for two reasons. First, Rutstein’s policy with Zurich does not cover Rutstein’s behavior. The policy covers only negligent acts. But Rutstein was found to have acted intentionally. Second, Compulife is judicially estopped from arguing that Rutstein acted negligently because it earlier argued the opposite and benefited from the district court accepting that position. USCA11 Case: 22-12909 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 08/01/2024 Page: 4 of 7
4 Opinion of the Court 22-12909
A.
We will start with the scope of the insurance policy. “Unlike the duty to defend, which generally is triggered by the allegations in the underlying complaint, an insurance company’s duty to in- demnify an insured party is narrower and is determined by the un- derlying facts adduced at trial or developed through discovery dur- ing the litigation.” Stephens v. Mid-Continent Cas. Co., 749 F.3d 1318, 1324 (11th Cir. 2014) (cleaned up). Rutstein’s policy with Zurich does not cover Rutstein here. Zurich’s policy covers only negligent acts. The liability policy says that “[t]he Company shall pay on behalf of the ‘Insured’ . . . pro- vided that: [t]he ‘Claim’ arises out of a negligent act, error or omis- sion of the ‘Insured’ in rendering or failing to render ‘Professional Services’ for others” as an insurance agent. But Rutstein was found to have acted intentionally. The facts adduced at the bench trial and reflected in the final judgment established that Rutstein was liable not for a negligent act but for an intentional tort—misappropriation of trade secrets. The district court found that “[e]ach Defendant played a critical role in the en- terprise to misappropriate Compulife’s trade secrets” and “all four Defendants were involved in either directly acquiring Compulife’s trade secrets or in using these trade secrets for economic gain and/or to the detriment of Compulife.” As for Rutstein in particu- lar, the district court determined that he “allowed his father to use [his company, AWD,] to collect fees from insurance sales leads gen- erated by Compulife’s stolen Transformative Database” and USCA11 Case: 22-12909 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 08/01/2024 Page: 5 of 7
22-12909 Opinion of the Court 5
“allowed his father to use his insurance license and name to estab- lish insurance-related businesses in violation of the consent decree barring [his father] from the insurance industry.” This was enough, the court concluded, to state that “Compulife has established that Defendants acted willfully and maliciously in misappropriating Compulife’s trade secrets” and that each is “liable for misappropri- ating Compulife’s trade secrets.” In other words, the district court held that Rutstein committed an intentional tort under Florida law. Because the insurance policy only covers negligent acts, but Rutstein was found to have acted intentionally, the policy does not cover the tort liability at issue. B.
Compulife argues that we should look behind the tort for which Rutstein was found liable and examine his actual conduct to determine whether that conduct was intentional or merely negli- gent. Assuming without deciding that coverage under the policy turns on that kind of fact-specific inquiry instead of the tort that underlies the judgment, we conclude that Compulife is judicially estopped from arguing that Rutstein’s tortious conduct was merely negligent. “Judicial estoppel generally prevents a party from prevailing in one phase of a case on an argument and then relying on a con- tradictory argument to prevail in another phase.” New Hampshire v. Maine, 532 U.S. 742, 749 (2001) (cleaned up). “[T]hree factors typi- cally inform the decision: (1) whether the present position is clearly inconsistent with the earlier position; (2) whether the party USCA11 Case: 22-12909 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 08/01/2024 Page: 6 of 7
6 Opinion of the Court 22-12909
succeeded in persuading a court to accept the earlier position, so that judicial acceptance of the inconsistent position in a later pro- ceeding would create the perception that either the first or second court was misled[;] and[] (3) whether the party advancing the in- consistent position would derive an unfair advantage.” Robinson v. Tyson Foods, Inc., 595 F.3d 1269, 1273 (11th Cir. 2010) (citing New Hampshire, 532 U.S. at 750–51).
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USCA11 Case: 22-12909 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 08/01/2024 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 22-12909 ____________________
COMPULIFE SOFTWARE INC., Garnishor-Appellant, versus ZURICH AMERICAN INSURANCE COMPANY, Garnishee-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 9:16-cv-81942-BER ____________________ USCA11 Case: 22-12909 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 08/01/2024 Page: 2 of 7
2 Opinion of the Court 22-12909
Before JORDAN, BRASHER, and ABUDU, Circuit Judges. BRASHER, Circuit Judge: Binyomin Rutstein, who holds a liability insurance policy with Zurich American Insurance Company, was found liable for misappropriating Compulife Software’s trade secret by improper means. Compulife served a writ of garnishment against Zurich. We must determine whether Zurich was properly granted summary judgment against Compulife’s writ of garnishment. Because Rutstein’s policy with Zurich covers only liability arising from neg- ligent acts and Rutstein was found liable for participating in an in- tentional tort, the policy does not cover Rutstein’s acts. And Com- pulife is judicially estopped from arguing that Rutstein’s acts were merely negligent when it earlier argued that he should be found jointly and severally liable for an intentional tort. So we affirm. I.
Compulife and Binyomin Rutstein have a complicated his- tory, which we deal with in more detail elsewhere. See Compulife v. Newman, Nos. 21-14071, 21-14074 (11th Cir. Aug. 1, 2024). The rel- evant part for our purposes here is that, at Compulife’s urging, the district court found Rutstein liable, along with his codefendants, for willfully and intentionally misappropriating Compulife’s trade se- crets. Compulife, of course, wants money now. And Rutstein has a liability insurer, Zurich, which has a duty to indemnify him in some cases. So Compulife served Zurich with a writ of garnishment. But the problem for Compulife is that Rutstein’s policy with Zurich co- vers only negligent acts. USCA11 Case: 22-12909 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 08/01/2024 Page: 3 of 7
22-12909 Opinion of the Court 3
Recognizing this problem, Zurich moved for summary judgment. And for similar reasons, the district court granted the motion. This appeal followed. II.
“We review a district court’s decision on summary judg- ment de novo and apply the same legal standard used by the district court, drawing all inferences in the light most favorable to the non- moving party and recognizing that summary judgment is appropri- ate only where there are no genuine issues of material fact.” Smith v. Owens, 848 F.3d 975, 978 (11th Cir. 2017). “On appeal following a bench trial, a district court’s conclusions of law are reviewed de novo, and its findings of fact are reviewed for clear error.” A.I.G. Uruguay Compania de Seguros, S.A. v. AAA Cooper Transp., 334 F.3d 997, 1003 (11th Cir. 2003). III.
The district court was right to grant summary judgment to Zurich for two reasons. First, Rutstein’s policy with Zurich does not cover Rutstein’s behavior. The policy covers only negligent acts. But Rutstein was found to have acted intentionally. Second, Compulife is judicially estopped from arguing that Rutstein acted negligently because it earlier argued the opposite and benefited from the district court accepting that position. USCA11 Case: 22-12909 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 08/01/2024 Page: 4 of 7
4 Opinion of the Court 22-12909
A.
We will start with the scope of the insurance policy. “Unlike the duty to defend, which generally is triggered by the allegations in the underlying complaint, an insurance company’s duty to in- demnify an insured party is narrower and is determined by the un- derlying facts adduced at trial or developed through discovery dur- ing the litigation.” Stephens v. Mid-Continent Cas. Co., 749 F.3d 1318, 1324 (11th Cir. 2014) (cleaned up). Rutstein’s policy with Zurich does not cover Rutstein here. Zurich’s policy covers only negligent acts. The liability policy says that “[t]he Company shall pay on behalf of the ‘Insured’ . . . pro- vided that: [t]he ‘Claim’ arises out of a negligent act, error or omis- sion of the ‘Insured’ in rendering or failing to render ‘Professional Services’ for others” as an insurance agent. But Rutstein was found to have acted intentionally. The facts adduced at the bench trial and reflected in the final judgment established that Rutstein was liable not for a negligent act but for an intentional tort—misappropriation of trade secrets. The district court found that “[e]ach Defendant played a critical role in the en- terprise to misappropriate Compulife’s trade secrets” and “all four Defendants were involved in either directly acquiring Compulife’s trade secrets or in using these trade secrets for economic gain and/or to the detriment of Compulife.” As for Rutstein in particu- lar, the district court determined that he “allowed his father to use [his company, AWD,] to collect fees from insurance sales leads gen- erated by Compulife’s stolen Transformative Database” and USCA11 Case: 22-12909 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 08/01/2024 Page: 5 of 7
22-12909 Opinion of the Court 5
“allowed his father to use his insurance license and name to estab- lish insurance-related businesses in violation of the consent decree barring [his father] from the insurance industry.” This was enough, the court concluded, to state that “Compulife has established that Defendants acted willfully and maliciously in misappropriating Compulife’s trade secrets” and that each is “liable for misappropri- ating Compulife’s trade secrets.” In other words, the district court held that Rutstein committed an intentional tort under Florida law. Because the insurance policy only covers negligent acts, but Rutstein was found to have acted intentionally, the policy does not cover the tort liability at issue. B.
Compulife argues that we should look behind the tort for which Rutstein was found liable and examine his actual conduct to determine whether that conduct was intentional or merely negli- gent. Assuming without deciding that coverage under the policy turns on that kind of fact-specific inquiry instead of the tort that underlies the judgment, we conclude that Compulife is judicially estopped from arguing that Rutstein’s tortious conduct was merely negligent. “Judicial estoppel generally prevents a party from prevailing in one phase of a case on an argument and then relying on a con- tradictory argument to prevail in another phase.” New Hampshire v. Maine, 532 U.S. 742, 749 (2001) (cleaned up). “[T]hree factors typi- cally inform the decision: (1) whether the present position is clearly inconsistent with the earlier position; (2) whether the party USCA11 Case: 22-12909 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 08/01/2024 Page: 6 of 7
6 Opinion of the Court 22-12909
succeeded in persuading a court to accept the earlier position, so that judicial acceptance of the inconsistent position in a later pro- ceeding would create the perception that either the first or second court was misled[;] and[] (3) whether the party advancing the in- consistent position would derive an unfair advantage.” Robinson v. Tyson Foods, Inc., 595 F.3d 1269, 1273 (11th Cir. 2010) (citing New Hampshire, 532 U.S. at 750–51). All three Robinson factors are present here. First, Com- pulife’s present position conflicts with its earlier one. Earlier, it ar- gued that all the defendants, including Rutstein, were jointly and severally liable for an intentional tort. But now it argues that Rutstein only acted negligently. There is no way to harmonize those two positions. Second, Compulife earlier persuaded the district court that Rutstein acted in a manner that made him liable for an intentional tort. Now, it argues that his acts were at most negligent. Ac- ceptance of the second position would create the perception that the court was misled concerning Rutstein’s liability. Third, Compulife derives an unfair advantage from advanc- ing these inconsistent positions. It extended tort liability to Rutstein by depicting his actions as willful. But now it wants to col- lect on that liability from his insurer by recasting his actions as neg- ligent. With consistent positions, Compulife would be unable to collect from Zurich because either: (1) Rutstein acted willfully, and so he is liable but not covered by the negligence-only policy, or (2) Rutstein acted negligently and so he is covered, but he is not USCA11 Case: 22-12909 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 08/01/2024 Page: 7 of 7
22-12909 Opinion of the Court 7
liable for an intentional tort. Only by advancing inconsistent posi- tions can Compulife have its cake and eat it too—holding Rutstein liable for an intentional tort and collecting on his negligence-only liability policy. This unfairness is the very consequence that the doctrine of judicial estoppel seeks to avoid. IV.
For the above reasons, the district court is AFFIRMED.