[J-49-2023] IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA MIDDLE DISTRICT
TODD, C.J., DONOHUE, DOUGHERTY, WECHT, MUNDY, BROBSON, JJ.
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, : No. 110 MAP 2022 : Appellee : Appeal from the Order of the : Superior Court at No. 445 MDA : 2021 dated April 29, 2022 Affirming v. : the Judgment of Sentence of the : Huntingdon County Court of : Common Pleas, Criminal Division, MARCUS WOMACK, : at No. CP-31-CR-0000851-2018 : entered November 12, 2020. Appellant : : ARGUED: September 14, 2023
OPINION
JUSTICE MUNDY DECIDED: May 31, 2024 I. Introduction
In this discretionary appeal, we consider the computation of time for the purposes
of Pa.R.Crim.P. 600 where the Commonwealth files two different criminal complaints
against a defendant arising out of the same criminal episode. For the reasons that follow,
we affirm the Superior Court’s order denying relief.
II. Background
On October 6, 2017, law enforcement officers, including Pennsylvania State
Trooper Andrew Corl, executed a search warrant at the home of Tyler and Bobbi Martin
in Huntingdon County. The search followed a year-long investigation, which revealed
that Appellant, Marcus Womack, had been selling drugs from that location. During the
search, law enforcement officers recovered from Appellant’s person a large sum of money, drugs, and a stolen firearm. They also found an additional stolen firearm
elsewhere in the residence. Appellant was placed under arrest. That same day, Trooper
Corl filed a criminal complaint (“first complaint”), charging Appellant with nine offenses,
including possession with intent to deliver (“PWID”), conspiracy to commit PWID, and
possession of a firearm by a person prohibited. The trial court set Appellant’s bail at
$250,000.00. Unable to post bail, Appellant remained in custody.
Following the execution of the search warrant, Trooper Corl learned from the
Martins and other arrestees more information about the scope of Appellant’s drug
enterprise, which extended to both Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. Law enforcement officers
executed additional search warrants. Trooper Corl also reviewed data from Appellant’s
cell phone, which had been seized during the search that took place on October 6, 2017.
His preliminary review of this information revealed the possibility of a more sophisticated
operation than originally anticipated. Based on the foregoing, the Huntingdon County
District Attorney’s Office sought the assistance of the Office of the Attorney General
(“OAG”) in pursuing additional charges.
The OAG accepted jurisdiction and submitted the case to a statewide investigating
grand jury. During this time, at the request of the OAG, the Huntingdon County District
Attorney’s Office placed the first complaint on hold. The grand jury investigation
commenced in late 2017 and ended on October 23, 2018. 1 On October 31, 2018, the
Commonwealth filed another criminal complaint (“second complaint”), charging Appellant
with a total of twenty-eight offenses including four counts of PWID, conspiracy to commit
PWID, and two counts of corrupt organizations. The charges alleged in the second
complaint were not identical to the first complaint but were based upon evidence gathered
1 On April 10, 2018, Appellant, who remained incarcerated, moved for nominal bail pursuant to Pa.R.Crim.P. 600(D)(2). The trial court granted the motion, but Appellant remained in custody due to a parole detainer from a previous case in Philadelphia.
[J-49-2023] - 2 by law enforcement before, during, and shortly after Appellant’s arrest and the filing of
charges in the first complaint. The OAG’s grand jury investigation also led to the arrest
of over thirty other individuals for drug-related criminal activity.
On February 13, 2019, Appellant moved to dismiss the second complaint pursuant
to Pa.R.Crim.P. 600(D)(1). 2 After a hearing, the trial court denied the motion. On March
13, 2019, Appellant similarly moved to dismiss the first complaint on Rule 600 grounds.
The trial court granted this motion on May 9, 2019, and the Commonwealth did not appeal.
Soon thereafter, the OAG filed an amended second complaint, reducing the number of
charges from twenty-eight to thirteen and providing date ranges, some of which were after
the filing of the initial complaint for the remaining counts of PWID.
On September 6, 2019, at a pre-trial conference, Appellant rejected the
Commonwealth’s plea offer of 11½ to 23 years’ imprisonment, asserting the trial court
should have granted his motion to dismiss the second complaint under Rule 600. In light
of this, Appellant asked the trial court to certify the issue for an interlocutory appeal nunc
pro tunc. Though the trial court granted this request, Appellant failed to file such appeal
and instead filed another Rule 600 motion alleging the Commonwealth attempted to
2 Rule 600(D)(1) provides:
When a defendant has not been brought to trial within the time periods set forth in paragraph (A), at any time before trial, the defendant's attorney, or the defendant if unrepresented, may file a written motion requesting that the charges be dismissed with prejudice on the ground that this rule has been violated. A copy of the motion shall be served on the attorney for the Commonwealth concurrently with filing. The judge shall conduct a hearing on the motion. Pa.R.Crim.P. 600(D)(1).
[J-49-2023] - 3 circumvent Rule 600 by filing two criminal complaints based on the same criminal
conduct. The trial court similarly denied this motion on August 11, 2020. 3
On October 8, 2020, Appellant proceeded to a bench trial on the second complaint.
The trial court found Appellant guilty of the following offenses: three counts of PWID,
conspiracy to commit PWID, dealing in proceeds of unlawful activity, corrupt
organizations, possession of a firearm by a person prohibited, carrying a firearm without
a license, and criminal use of a communication facility. He was acquitted of the remaining
charges. On November 12, 2020, Appellant was sentenced to an aggregate term of 39
to 90 years’ imprisonment. He received 224 days of credit for time served from October
6, 2017 to April 10, 2018. This spanned the period of time between Appellant’s arrest on
the first complaint and the date the state parole detainer was lodged. He timely appealed
to the Superior Court, maintaining the trial court erred by denying his motion to dismiss
the second complaint and asserting that the computation of time for Rule 600 purposes
should have been based on the filing date of the first complaint.
The Superior Court affirmed in a unanimous, unpublished memorandum decision.
See Commonwealth v. Womack, 445 EDA 2021; 2022 WL 1284618 (Pa. Super. filed April
29, 2022). The court recognized that “Rule 600 does not specify which start date to use
when two complaints are filed against one defendant,” but explained that “the second
complaint generally provides the starting point for the calculation” where “the first
complaint was properly dismissed.” Id. at *6 (citing Commonwealth v. Genovese, 425
A.2d 367, 370 (Pa. 1981)). It noted, however, that if the Commonwealth attempts to
circumvent Rule 600, then the first complaint becomes the starting point for calculation
purposes. Id. (citing Commonwealth v. Whitaker, 359 A.2d 174, 177 (Pa. 1976);
3 Appellant, whose sentence on the Philadelphia case expired on August 7, 2020, was
released from custody on his own recognizance.
[J-49-2023] - 4 Commonwealth v. Lynn, 815 A.2d 1053, 1058 (Pa. Super. 2003)). The court also noted
that the Commonwealth “does not get the benefit of the filing date of an identical second
complaint” where it fails to exercise due diligence in “prosecuting its first complaint.” Id.
(citing Meadius, 870 A.2d at 808).
The court then discussed two cases it found particularly instructive. It first
recounted this Court’s decision in Commonwealth v. Earp, 382 A.2d 1215 (Pa. 1978). Id.
Earp was charged with murder, conspiracy, and other offenses. Both the murder and
conspiracy charges were dismissed after a preliminary hearing, while the remaining
offenses were held for court. The Commonwealth subsequently arrested Earp for the
same murder and conspiracy, which kept him confined between his first arrest and trial.
Id. (citing Earp, 382 A.2d at 1216). A plurality of this Court determined that the speedy
trial period “begins to run on all charges arising out of a criminal transaction upon the
initiation of criminal proceedings charging the defendant with any offense arising out of
that transaction.” Id. (quoting Earp, 382 A.2d at 1217). It also found instructive
Commonwealth v. Simms, 500 A.2d 801 (Pa. 1985), which involved a two-complaint
scenario with different charges. 4 Id. There, the Commonwealth initially filed a complaint
charging Simms with aggravated assault, but following the victim’s death, filed a second
complaint charging Simms with criminal homicide. Id. (citing Simms, 500 A.2d at 802).
In finding that the date of the second complaint controlled, this Court held that “[i]n cases
where an aggravated assault charge is filed, the victim later dies, and, thereafter, a
homicide complaint is filed, the [speedy trial] period for trial on the homicide charge should
4 It is unclear whether the first complaint in Simms was withdrawn, dismissed, or neither
prior to the filing of the second complaint. Simms, 500 A.2d at 803 (“[T]he record does not reveal what disposition was made of the complaint initially filed against [Simms] charging him with the offense of aggravated assault. It is not clear that the complaint was ever formally withdrawn or dismissed, and there is no evidence that any judicial review of the matter occurred.”).
[J-49-2023] - 5 be deemed to commence with the filing of the latter complaint. 5 Id. (citing Simms, 500
A.2d at 804).
Based on the foregoing, the court discerned no abuse of discretion or error of law
in the trial court’s decision denying Appellant’s motion to dismiss the second complaint.
In its view, based on Simms, “[t]he difference between the offenses charged in the
complaints demonstrates that the Commonwealth did not try to circumvent Rule 600.” Id.
at *7 (citing Simms, 500 A.2d at 803-04). As the second complaint was filed on October
31, 2018, the court used this as the starting point for its Rule 600 calculations. It explained
that approximately 230 days of pre-trial delay were caused by Appellant. The court also
recognized that Rule 600 was suspended from March 16, 2020 through October 8, 2020
due to the COVID-19 pandemic and thus time excludable. Even so, the court highlighted
its skepticism concerning “the Commonwealth’s tactics in leaving [the first complaint]
open despite not intending to prosecute it.” Id. at *8. It nevertheless concluded that the
Commonwealth’s lack of diligence in prosecuting the first complaint was “irrelevant [to]
the Rule 600 calculation of [the second complaint].” Id. The court therefore affirmed
Appellant’s judgment of sentence.
Appellant filed a petition for allowance of appeal, which this Court granted to
consider the following question:
Does Rule 600 run from the first or second criminal complaint when the first complaint is still pending against a defendant who is in pretrial detention and the second complaint is premised on grand jury proceedings that subsumed the case underlying the first complaint? Commonwealth v. Womack, 288 A.3d 865 (Pa. 2022) (per curiam).
III. Parties’ Arguments
5 Both Earp and Simms involved Pa.R.A.P. 1100, the predecessor to Rule 600. In contrast to the current version, Rule 1100 required the Commonwealth to bring a defendant to trial within 180 days of filing its complaint.
[J-49-2023] - 6 Appellant asks this Court to find that “Rule 600 runs from the filing date of a first
complaint unless the Commonwealth demonstrates that it exercised due diligence
throughout the prosecution of the two complaints, which also focuses on the period of
delay between the filing of the two complaints.” Appellant’s Brief at 29. Turning to the
plain language of Rule 600, Appellant argues the rule clearly establishes that due
diligence is required to obtain the benefit of prosecution. He then notes that the Comment
to Rule 600 states:
In cases in which the Commonwealth files a criminal complaint, withdraws that complaint, and files a second complaint, the Commonwealth will be afforded the benefit of the date of the filing of the second complaint for purposes of calculating the time for trial when . . . the Commonwealth has exercised due diligence . . . . Id. at 31 (quoting Pa.R.Crim.P. 600, Comment). 6 In light of this Comment, Appellant
asserts “there is no justifiable reason” that the due diligence standard does not also apply
here, where the Commonwealth filed two complaints involving different charges. Id. at
31. He then explains that this Comment, derived from our decision in Commonwealth v.
Meadius, 870 A.2d 802 (Pa. 2005), suggests that the Commonwealth must act with due
diligence as to the first complaint and demonstrate that its use of an investigating grand
jury was reasonable. Id. at 31-32.
With regard to investigating grand juries, Appellant notes the Commonwealth is
not required to submit its case to one in order to prosecute. Nor does any law prevent
the prosecutor from withdrawing from one where it is apparent investigation is no longer
necessary. He therefore concludes that requiring the Commonwealth to demonstrate the
reasonable necessity of an investigating grand jury would not disturb the prosecutor’s
authority and would advance the dual purposes of Rule 600, those being “more effectively
protect[ing] the right of criminal defendants to a speedy trial, and the efficient
6 This Comment is discussed infra, where it is reproduced in its entirety.
[J-49-2023] - 7 administration of justice.” Id. at 32-33 (quoting Commonwealth v. Harth, 252 A.3d 600,
615 (Pa. 2021) (additional quotations omitted)). Appellant asserts that due diligence here
would require the Commonwealth to present some evidence to justify his continued
detention and the lack of action on his first complaint. Id. at 33.
To the extent the Commonwealth asserts due diligence only applies to the second
complaint in this case, Appellant maintains we have declined to adopt such a
construction. Id. at 34 (citing Meadius, 870 A.2d at 808-810 (Eakin, J., dissenting)). He
argues this approach would allow the Commonwealth to “hide behind the sluggish
[investigating grand jury] process – a product of [its own] operation – when the process
may not be reasonably necessary to prosecute a particular defendant.” Id. at 34.
Applying this test, Appellant asserts the Commonwealth failed to exercise due
diligence. He maintains the first complaint served no purpose other than keeping him “on
ice,” knowing the initial complaint would never be pursued while continuing on with the
investigating grand jury. He avers the Commonwealth has failed to present any evidence
that the grand jury was necessary to shroud its investigation in secrecy or as a
prosecutorial tool to investigate him in particular. Id. at 37. Appellant recognizes that the
record demonstrates Trooper Corl compiled an extensive amount of evidence just prior
to and after Appellant’s arrest, which served as the “cornerstone of the Commonwealth’s
case.” Id. The Commonwealth therefore knew most of what it learned about his
involvement shortly after the first complaint was filed. Finally, Appellant suggests the
Commonwealth had several courses of action it could have taken that did not involve the
first complaint sitting in limbo while it pursued other options. Id. at 38. In conclusion,
Appellant asks this Court to reverse the Superior Court’s decision and find that Rule 600
began running when the first complaint was filed. Because Appellant’s trial commenced
[J-49-2023] - 8 more than 365 days after the first complaint was filed and the Commonwealth failed to
demonstrate due diligence, dismissal was warranted.
Conversely, the Commonwealth maintains the lower courts applied longstanding
speedy trial precedent concerning two complaint cases and reached the correct
conclusion that the clock began when it filed the second complaint. It similarly points out
that the Comment to Rule 600, which relies on Meadius, provides that the speedy trial
period begins with the second complaint where the Commonwealth’s new filing is
“necessitated by factors beyond its control, the Commonwealth has exercised due
diligence, and the refiling is not an attempt to circumvent the time limitation of Rule 600.”
Commonwealth’s Brief at 22 (quoting Pa.R.Crim.P. 600, Comment). In its view, these
considerations are especially compelling in cases like this one where the Commonwealth
files new charges based upon new evidence.
The Commonwealth then discusses Simms, which it purports involved a two-
complaint scenario similar to this case. As noted above, the Commonwealth charged
Simms with aggravated assault, but following the victim’s death, filed a second complaint
charging Simms with homicide. This Court concluded that the speedy trial period began
to run with the second complaint, considering “events beyond the control of the
prosecution [ ] operated to change the nature of the offense for which [the] defendant
[was] to be tried.” Id. (citing Simms, 500 A.2d at 802-04). The Commonwealth avers that
the difference in charges between the first and second complaint in Simms negated any
inference that the Commonwealth attempted to circumvent then-Rule 1100, now Rule
600. Id. at 22-23. In its view, the critical question instantly is “whether the Commonwealth
could have charged the crimes brought in the second complaint at the time of the filing of
the first complaint, but instead chose to delay the charges in order to circumvent Rule
600.” Id. at 23. The Commonwealth asserts that cannot be the case where the second
[J-49-2023] - 9 complaint involves new charges that could not have been filed at the time of the first
complaint. Id.
The Commonwealth rejects Appellant’s assertion “that the Commonwealth knew
enough at the time of the first complaint to charge him with all the crimes brought in the
second complaint” as factually incorrect, as determined by the trial court, and also
irrelevant. Id. at 23-24. The Commonwealth explains that any issue concerning delay in
bringing the first trial is a moot point because that case was dismissed under Rule 600,
and any delay in bringing the second case is a non-issue because Rule 600 does not
begin until charges are brought. It goes on to explain that much of what was charged in
the second complaint was not known when the first complaint was filed. Id. at 25-30
(citing Trial Ct. Op., 4/21/21, at 32-34).
The Commonwealth disagrees with Appellant’s claim that it “nefariously used the
first complaint as a ‘placeholder’ to keep him ‘on ice’ during the subsequent investigation.”
Id. at 30. It maintains it could not have known what evidence it would uncover from its
investigation, which is the point of investigations. The Commonwealth goes on to explain
that its investigation “produced over 20 new witnesses and revealed that [Appellant] was
not the bit player he appeared to be when the charges were filed. He was a leading
member of a sophisticated trafficking ring consisting of more than 30 other conspirators.”
Id. at 31. The Commonwealth acknowledges that it should have withdrawn the first
complaint sooner after realizing the subsequent investigation produced significant
evidence, but nonetheless points out that Appellant “received relief on those original
charges, and sentencing credit for all the time he served on them.” Id. In light of the
foregoing, the Commonwealth asks us to affirm the Superior Court’s order denying relief. 7
7 Appellant’s reply brief reiterates many of the same points addressed in his principal
brief. See generally Appellant’s Reply Brief.
[J-49-2023] - 10 IV. Analysis
Our standard of review in evaluating speedy trial issues is “whether the trial court
abused its discretion, and our scope of review is limited to the trial court's findings and
the evidence on the record, viewed in the light most favorable to the prevailing party.”
Commonwealth v. Wholaver, 989 A.2d 883, 899 (Pa. 2010) (citing Meadius, 870 A.2d at
805). “An abuse of discretion is not merely an error of judgment, but if in reaching a
conclusion the law is overridden or misapplied, or the judgment exercised is manifestly
unreasonable, or the result of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill-will . . . discretion is abused.”
Commonwealth v. Bradford, 46 A.3d 693, 700 (Pa. 2012) (citation omitted)).
This Court has previously explained that Rule 600 was adopted in order “to protect
defendants’ constitutional rights to a speedy trial under the Sixth Amendment of the
United States Constitution and Article I, Section 9 of the Pennsylvania Constitution, in
response to the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S.
514 (1972). Id. at 701 (citation omitted). We have also recognized that “Rule 600 has
the dual purpose of both protecting a defendant’s constitutional speedy trial rights and
protecting society’s right to effective prosecution in criminal cases.” Id. (citations omitted).
“In determining whether an accused’s right to a speedy trial has been violated,
consideration must be given to society’s right to effective prosecution of criminal cases,
both to restrain those guilty of crime and to deter those contemplating it.” Simms, 500
A.2d at 805 (quoting Commonwealth v. Johnson, 409 A.2d 308, 311 n.4 (Pa. 1979)).
Turning to its text, Rule 600 requires that “[t]rial in a court case in which a written
complaint is filed against the defendant shall commence within 365 days from the date
on which the complaint is filed.” Pa.R.Crim.P. 600(A)(2)(a). Rule 600 further provides:
(C) Computation of Time
(1) For purposes of paragraph (A), periods of delay at any stage of the proceedings caused by the Commonwealth when the Commonwealth has
[J-49-2023] - 11 failed to exercise due diligence shall be included in the computation of the time within which trial must commence. Any other periods of delay shall be excluded from the computation.
...
(D) Remedies
(1) When a defendant has not been brought to trial within the time periods set forth in paragraph (A), at any time before trial, the defendant's attorney, or the defendant if unrepresented, may file a written motion requesting that the charges be dismissed with prejudice on the ground that this rule has been violated. A copy of the motion shall be served on the attorney for the Commonwealth concurrently with filing. The judge shall conduct a hearing on the motion.
Pa.R.Crim.P. 600(C)(1)-(D)(1).
Rule 600 does not explicitly address the way in which two-complaint scenarios
should be handled, and this Court has had minimal opportunity to examine the rule in that
context. The most recent case addressing such a scenario is Meadius. There, the
Commonwealth filed a criminal complaint charging Meadius with several offenses,
including forgery and insurance fraud on January 16, 2001. Meadius, 870 A.2d at 803.
The Commonwealth was unable to proceed with the preliminary hearing on three
occasions for various reasons and ultimately withdrew the complaint. Id. On March 27,
2001, after receiving assurances from various witnesses concerning their ability to testify
at a future preliminary hearing, the Commonwealth filed a second complaint alleging the
identical offenses. Id. Meadius was scheduled to proceed to trial on February 4, 2002,
which would have been more than one year after the first complaint, but not the second
complaint, was filed. Id. Meadius moved to dismiss the charges with prejudice under
Rule 600, asserting the Commonwealth failed to bring him to trial within the period of time
required by law. Id. at 803-04.
The trial court granted Meadius’ motion to dismiss, reasoning the Commonwealth
failed to comply with Rule 600. Because the Commonwealth failed to bring Meadius to
[J-49-2023] - 12 trial within one year of filing the first complaint, it was not entitled to the benefit of the filing
date of the second identical complaint. Id. at 804. In doing so, the trial court rejected the
Commonwealth’s argument that the case was controlled by Commonwealth v. Whiting,
500 A.2d 806 (Pa. 1985). In Whiting, the Commonwealth sought dismissal of its case at
the preliminary hearing and filed an identical second complaint almost one year later.
This Court calculated the speedy trial period from the filing date of the second complaint,
finding the record did not demonstrate any effort by the Commonwealth to evade or
manipulate the speedy trial period. Id. (citing Whiting, 500 A.2d at 806-808). The trial
court in Meadius distinguished Whiting on the basis that Whiting involved “dismissal by
an impartial magistrate, not withdrawal of charges by executive action.” Id. at 804. It
instead found applicable the two-part test set forth in Commonwealth v. Sires, 424 A.2d
1386 (Pa. 1981). There, this Court found that the speedy trial period begins with the
second complaint where: “(1) the first complaint was properly dismissed by a competent
judicial authority; and (2) the record does not reveal any prosecutorial attempt to
circumvent or evade the rule’s mandate.” Id. at 804 (citing Sires, 424 A.2d at 1387).
Finding neither prong met, the trial court granted Meadius’ motion to dismiss. The
Superior Court reversed, applying Whiting. It viewed Whiting more broadly than the trial
court, emphasizing the fact that “the initial complaint in Whiting was dismissed on the
Commonwealth’s motion without independent review by the district magistrate, thus
prompting this Court to deem it ‘a voluntary withdrawal of the prosecution by the
Commonwealth.’” Id. at 804 (citation omitted). The Superior Court also found the
Commonwealth had not attempted to circumvent or manipulate Rule 600. Id. at 804-05.
On appeal, the Meadius Court first examined the text of Rule 600 and noted its
plain language makes clear that a trial court must grant a Rule 600 motion “unless it finds
the Commonwealth has exercised due diligence and that the circumstances occasioning
[J-49-2023] - 13 the postponement were beyond its control.” Id. at 805. We acknowledged that previous
case law, particularly Whiting, provided some support for the position that such Rule 600
matters should be disposed of based solely on whether the Commonwealth attempted to
evade or manipulate the speedy trial requirements. Id. at 806 (citing Whiting, 500 A.2d
at 808). We explained, however, that Whiting “did not consider a scenario where the
Commonwealth’s failure to act diligently precipitates a withdrawal of the complaint
followed by a re-filing of identical charges.” Id. at 807. In addition to considering the
Commonwealth’s intent to evade or manipulate Rule 600, the Meadius Court believed the
appropriate test should also consider the Commonwealth’s exercise of due diligence,
explaining:
The rule’s focus upon allowing the prosecution time extensions only where it has acted diligently and where the delays in question were caused by factors beyond its control supports an interpretation whereby it must forego the benefit of a second filing date when these conditions are not met. Indeed, a contrary result would undermine the rule’s own facial requirements directed to prosecutorial diligence, as well its objectives, which include advancing society’s interest in seeing those accused of crime prosecuted in a timely manner, as well as ensuring the efficient management of criminal cases as a means of avoiding substantial backlogs[.] Id. at 808 (internal citations omitted) (emphasis added). Applying this standard, in light
of the trial court’s findings, the Meadius Court found the Commonwealth failed to proceed
with due diligence in bringing Meadius to trial in the required time period. It therefore
reversed the Superior Court’s decision and reinstated that of the trial court. Id.
Though the specific provision of Rule 600 at issue in Meadius is no longer present
in the current version of the rule, Rule 600(C)(1) imposes a due diligence requirement on
the Commonwealth. Additionally, the test developed in Meadius appears in the
Comments of the current version of Rule 600 and continues to be applied to cases
involving two-complaint scenarios. That Comment states:
[J-49-2023] - 14 In cases in which the Commonwealth files a criminal complaint, withdraws that complaint, and files a second complaint, the Commonwealth will be afforded the benefit of the date of the filing of the second complaint for purposes of calculating the time for trial when the withdrawal and re-filing of charges are necessitated by factors beyond its control, the Commonwealth has exercised due diligence, and the refiling is not an attempt to circumvent the time limitation of Rule 600. See Commonwealth v. Meadius, 582 Pa. 174, 870 A.2d 802 (2005). See Pa.R.Crim.P. 600, Comment.
We find the Meadius test applicable herein, as it seeks to reach a balance between
the twin aims of Rule 600. We first address due diligence. This Court has explained that
it is the Commonwealth’s burden to demonstrate due diligence by a preponderance of the
evidence to avail itself of an exclusion under Rule 600. See Commonwealth v. Selenski,
994 A.2d 1083, 1089 (Pa. 2010). Perhaps most importantly, this Court has recognized
that “[d]ue diligence is fact-specific, to be determined case-by-case; it does not require
perfect vigilance and punctilious care, but merely a showing the Commonwealth has put
forth a reasonable effort.” Id. In the context of Meadius, and other similar two-complaint
cases, the due diligence inquiry relates to whether the Commonwealth’s basis for filing
the second complaint was precipitated by its lack of diligence in prosecuting the first
complaint. Meadius, 870 A.2d at 807. That is because, more often than not, two-
complaint cases involve a situation where the Commonwealth re-files an identical
complaint due to some barrier in prosecuting its initial complaint. When the
Commonwealth fails to exercise diligence with respect to the first complaint, it does not
receive the benefit of the filing date of the second identical complaint.
Here, the Commonwealth’s filing of the second complaint cannot be attributed to
a lack of diligence in prosecuting the first complaint, but is directly tied to its need for
further investigation after discovering that Appellant’s drug enterprise extended beyond
the jurisdiction of Huntingdon County. The relevant period of time for due diligence
purposes under the unique facts of this case therefore becomes the period of time
[J-49-2023] - 15 between the filing of the first and second complaint. Here, the Commonwealth’s
undertaking of grand jury proceedings can only be understood as an exercise of due
diligence. As mentioned previously, the OAG’s grand jury investigation was necessitated
by the revelation the Appellant’s criminal conduct extended beyond Huntington County
and throughout the Commonwealth. The OAG’s investigation began almost immediately
after learning additional information that grand jury proceedings would be necessary, and
the second complaint was filed promptly after the conclusion of those proceedings.
Although the Commonwealth concedes it could have withdrawn the first complaint while
the investigation occurred, Appellant’s Rule 600 challenge to the first complaint resulted
in dismissal of that complaint. Dismissal of the second complaint, however, is clearly not
the proper remedy. Appellant’s retrospective focus on the result of the grand jury
proceedings also misconstrues the due diligence inquiry, as due diligence is not outcome
based but rather an assessment of the Commonwealth’s affirmative actions. See
Selenski, 994 A.2d at 1089. Nevertheless, it is clear the Commonwealth’s grand jury
investigation bore fruit in the form of additional charges against Appellant that were not,
and could not have been, included in the Commonwealth’s initial complaint. See Trial Ct.
Op., 4/21/21, at 32-35. We reject Appellant’s argument to the contrary as unsupported
by the record. See Wholaver, 989 A.2d at 809; Bradford, 46 A.3d at 700. 8
8 In his concurring opinion, Justice Wecht initially expresses hesitation with our decision not to “engage independently in the close, record-based inspection of the charges that is required in a case like this[,]” but ultimately agrees with our decision to do so given the thoroughness of the trial court’s opinion. Wecht, J., Concurring at 12-13. To be clear, our reliance on the trial court’s analysis in this case rests not only on the fact that the trial court’s opinion was indeed extremely thorough, but also on the standard of review being an abuse of discretion. As such, the trial court’s determinations carry a degree of deference. In many cases involving Rule 600, this Court has stressed the consideration owed to the trial court’s factual findings and analysis, where supported by the record, in resolving motions for dismissal. See e.g., Meadius, 870 A.2d at 808.
[J-49-2023] - 16 We must now address the remaining Meadius factors, specifically, whether the
Commonwealth’s filing of the second complaint was necessitated by factors beyond its
control and whether its actions were an attempt to circumvent or manipulate the timing
requirements of Rule 600. Meadius, 870 A.2d at 808. As to the former, the
Commonwealth’s filing of the second complaint was the result of becoming aware of
additional information after the first complaint was filed. This information was made
available only after multiple arrestees came forward with additional information following
the execution of the October 6, 2017 search warrant, which ultimately led the
Commonwealth to conduct additional investigation through the grand jury process. As
such, we conclude the Commonwealth’s filing of the second complaint was necessitated
by factors beyond its control.
With respect to the final factor, the Commonwealth’s filing of the second complaint
was not an attempt to manipulate the speedy trial requirements. As noted above, many
two-complaint cases involve the re-filing of a second complaint with charges identical to
the first complaint. In these cases, the goal is to extend the speedy trial clock where
factors came in the way of a speedy prosecution the first time around. In contrast, the
second complaint in this case involved some of the same charges from the first complaint
but also included additional charges based on information discovered during the grand
jury process. The filing of additional charges based on additional information is hardly an
attempt to evade the speedy trial requirements, but rather an effort to hold Appellant
accountable to the full extent of his criminal activity. We therefore conclude the
Commonwealth’s filing of the second complaint was not an attempt to manipulate the
[J-49-2023] - 17 speedy trial requirements. As the Commonwealth has met each of the Meadius factors,
the Superior Court properly denied Appellant’s motion to dismiss. 9
V. Conclusion
Where the Commonwealth files two different criminal complaints against a
defendant, the Commonwealth receives the benefit of the filing date of the second
complaint for Rule 600 purposes where it demonstrates that it acted with due diligence
between the period in which the complaints were filed. The Commonwealth must also
establish that the filing of the second complaint was necessitated by factors beyond its
control and that its actions were not an attempt to circumvent or manipulate the speedy
trial requirements. Under the specific facts of this case, the Commonwealth has met
these requirements. 10 We therefore affirm the order of the Superior Court denying
Appellant’s motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 600.
9 Appellant’s argument focuses solely on which complaint controls the starting point of
the Rule 600 calculation. He does not contend that his trial was untimely from the date of the second complaint to the commencement of his trial. In any event, we agree with the Superior Court that, considering the delays attributable to Appellant and the trial court, Rule 600 was not violated. See Womack, 2022 WL 1284618 at *9. 10 Justice Donohue authors a concurring opinion disagreeing with our application of the
Meadius framework. She explains: “[I]t is only where the second set of charges is part of the same criminal episode as the first set of charges and where the evidentiary basis for those charges was available to the Commonwealth at the time the first complaint was filed that the Meadius test comes into play.” Donohue, J., Concurring at 3 (emphasis added). With respect to the former, it is difficult to deny that the charges in both criminal complaints arose from the same underlying drug trafficking incident in a general sense, though much of the information supporting the charges in the second complaint was unknown to the authorities when the first complaint was filed. We acknowledge that the discovery of new information necessitating the filing of a second complaint does not lend itself to a straightforward application of the Meadius test, but nonetheless find its due diligence approach of assessing whether the charges in the second complaint could have been brought with the first is appropriate under the circumstances. We are hesitant to inject compulsory joinder principles into our analysis here where there is clearly no such issue. Section 110 details when a subsequent prosecution is barred by a former prosecution for different offenses and only applies where, inter alia, the first prosecution resulted in an acquittal or conviction. See 18 Pa.C.S. § 110. That is not the case herein.
[J-49-2023] - 18 Chief Justice Todd and Justices Dougherty, Wecht and Brobson join the opinion.
Justice Donohue files a concurring opinion.
Justice Wecht files a concurring opinion.
Additionally, Section 109 explains when a prosecution is barred by a former prosecution for the same offense and none of the circumstances contained therein apply instantly. See 18 Pa.C.S. § 109 (explaining when prosecution barred by former prosecution for same offense). Thus, although the Commonwealth filed two complaints arising from the same conduct, Appellant was never prosecuted for the offenses in the first as contemplated by Sections 109 and 110.
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