Shaw, C. J.
This case comes before the court by exceptions alleged by the three defendants, who were found guilty by the jury, to the rulings and instructions of the municipal court.
It appears by the bill of exceptions, that on the trial evidence was offered, to show that at the time of the alleged riot and attempt to rescue, on the night of the 20th of October, the said Jonas Stratton was a constable of Boston, duly appointed and qualified , that he had in his custody the said George Latimer, a colored man ; that on the 19th of October, a complaint had been made in the police court, charging the said Latimer with the crime of larceny in Boston, on which he was arrested ; but that on the afternoon of the 20th, the said complaint had been dismissed, and all proceedings thereon ended ; that in the forenoon of the same day, another complaint had been made in the police court, charging the said Latimer with a larceny in Norfolk, Virginia, and being a fugitive from justice ; upon which a warrant issued, to arrest the said Latimer, and upon which the said Stratton had arrested the said Latimer, and had him in custody, at. the time of the supposed riot and attempt to rescue.
It appears by the bill of exceptions, that another fact was given in evidence, though not stated in the indictment, which was this; that shortly before the said riot, in the evening of said 20th of October, a writ of habeas corpus was issued by the chief justice of the supreme judicial court, the court itself not being then in session, returnable before himself forthwith, in behalf of said Latimer. On a return of said writ, by said Stratton, be[545]*545fore the chief justice, the other judges being present, for other purposes, the case was heard by all the judges ; whereupon it was certified by the chief justice, acting in that respect, with the aid and advice of the other judges, as follows : “ It appearing that the said Latimer is in custody of Jonas Stratton, as the agent of James B. Gray of Norfolk, Virginia, claiming the services of the said Latimer as a fugitive from labor and service, and that at the time of the service of this writ,” (of habeas corpus) “ the said Gray was about proceeding to convey the said Latimer before the proper tribunal, to obtain a certificate, according to the law of the United States ; ordered that the said Latimer be remanded to the custody of said Stratton.”
1. The first exception taken is, that, there was a material variance between the complaint and warrant from the police court, as set out in the indictment, and the complaint and warrant offered in evidence in support of this averment.
The manner in which this complaint and warrant are described in the indictment is as follows ; — after referring to said Stratton as a constable, then in the discharge of the duties of his office — “ being in the service of a legal precept to him directed, and then having one George Latimer, otherwise called Albert Mason, in his custody as a prisoner, to be examined, on a charge of larceny, by the police court of said city, according to a certain lawful precept to him directed and issued by said police court, under its seal, upon a complaint, made and sworn to, according to law, the said police court having lawful jurisdiction in the premises.” The evidence, offered in support of this averment, was a warrant issued by the police court, in due form, under its seal, to answer to a complaint of E. G. Austin, Esq. for larceny by said Latimer in the State of Virginia, and being a fugitive from justice, in said city of Boston.
It is to be kept in mind, that this is not a question of jurisdiction. That is the subject of a separate exception, to be considered afterwards. But it is simply a question of variance between the indictment and the proof. And the court are of opinion that there was no such variance. The difference is between a description more or less particular. The description [546]*546does not embrace all the particulars ; but as far as it goes, the warrant offered in evidence conforms to the description. It was described as a warrant, on a complaint for larceny, to be examined before the police court. The complaint was technically a complaint for larceny, though committed in another State ; and the prisoner was to be examined thereon in the police court, in pursuance of a provision of a statute of the Commonwealth ; though not as having violated a law of this State, but as a fugitive from justice, from another State.
The case was argued, as if we were bound to presume that the grand jury, by the indictment returned, intended to describe the first warrant issued on the 19th of October, on a complaint of larceny in Boston ; and as all proceedings on that complaint had terminated before the time mentioned in the indictment, the averment was not supported by the proof. But we do not perceive, on what ground we are to presume that the grand jury intended a warrant on which all proceedings had terminated, and so was functus officio, and not a warrant in force at the time. The only question is one of description ; whether this last conforms to the description, in the indictment, of a warrant from the police court, on a complaint for larceny. The ground of this decision is, that it was a complaint for larceny, though the larceny is stated as having been committed in another State.
2. The second exception relied on is, that the police court had no jurisdiction of a felony committed in another State ; and as no requisition for the delivery of the offender had been made by the executive of Virginia, conformably to the constitution of the United States and the act of congress of 1793, c. 51, there was no authority, under which a warrant could issue, for the arrest of Latimer. This depends upon the constitutionality and validity of the Rev. Sts. c. 142, §§ 7-11, in regard to fugitives from justice. The case in question was precisely within the provisions of those statutes, which authorized a complaint against any person found in this Commonwealth and charged with having committed a crime in another State ; and that before any requsition from the executive of such State. But it is contended that this statute is unconstitutional and void, because [547]*547the sole purpose thereof is to aid in carrying into effect a duty devolving upon the citizens of the State, by the constitution of the United States, under which congress have legislated by the act of 1793 ; and as the authority of the government of the United States is paramount and exclusive, all state laws, designed to promote the same object, are void. Houston v. Moore, 5 Wheat. 1. Prigg v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 16 Pet. 539. The authority of the latter case was mainly relied on ; and there are passages in the opinion of the majority of the court, which would seem to warrant the proposition. It was intimated in that case, but not decided, that all state laws, on the subject of fugitives from justice, were void, because, by the constitution of the United States, jurisdiction over the whole subject is vested in the government of the United States, and the will of the government is as much to be discerned, in what they have omitted, as in what they have enacted ; and therefore that all state laws on the subject must be void.
But it is to be remembered in this case, that the only subject in judgment before the court was the validity of state laws, in regard to fugitive slaves ; and all that was said, in regard to state laws respecting fugitives from justice, was merely by way of analogy and illustration.
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Shaw, C. J.
This case comes before the court by exceptions alleged by the three defendants, who were found guilty by the jury, to the rulings and instructions of the municipal court.
It appears by the bill of exceptions, that on the trial evidence was offered, to show that at the time of the alleged riot and attempt to rescue, on the night of the 20th of October, the said Jonas Stratton was a constable of Boston, duly appointed and qualified , that he had in his custody the said George Latimer, a colored man ; that on the 19th of October, a complaint had been made in the police court, charging the said Latimer with the crime of larceny in Boston, on which he was arrested ; but that on the afternoon of the 20th, the said complaint had been dismissed, and all proceedings thereon ended ; that in the forenoon of the same day, another complaint had been made in the police court, charging the said Latimer with a larceny in Norfolk, Virginia, and being a fugitive from justice ; upon which a warrant issued, to arrest the said Latimer, and upon which the said Stratton had arrested the said Latimer, and had him in custody, at. the time of the supposed riot and attempt to rescue.
It appears by the bill of exceptions, that another fact was given in evidence, though not stated in the indictment, which was this; that shortly before the said riot, in the evening of said 20th of October, a writ of habeas corpus was issued by the chief justice of the supreme judicial court, the court itself not being then in session, returnable before himself forthwith, in behalf of said Latimer. On a return of said writ, by said Stratton, be[545]*545fore the chief justice, the other judges being present, for other purposes, the case was heard by all the judges ; whereupon it was certified by the chief justice, acting in that respect, with the aid and advice of the other judges, as follows : “ It appearing that the said Latimer is in custody of Jonas Stratton, as the agent of James B. Gray of Norfolk, Virginia, claiming the services of the said Latimer as a fugitive from labor and service, and that at the time of the service of this writ,” (of habeas corpus) “ the said Gray was about proceeding to convey the said Latimer before the proper tribunal, to obtain a certificate, according to the law of the United States ; ordered that the said Latimer be remanded to the custody of said Stratton.”
1. The first exception taken is, that, there was a material variance between the complaint and warrant from the police court, as set out in the indictment, and the complaint and warrant offered in evidence in support of this averment.
The manner in which this complaint and warrant are described in the indictment is as follows ; — after referring to said Stratton as a constable, then in the discharge of the duties of his office — “ being in the service of a legal precept to him directed, and then having one George Latimer, otherwise called Albert Mason, in his custody as a prisoner, to be examined, on a charge of larceny, by the police court of said city, according to a certain lawful precept to him directed and issued by said police court, under its seal, upon a complaint, made and sworn to, according to law, the said police court having lawful jurisdiction in the premises.” The evidence, offered in support of this averment, was a warrant issued by the police court, in due form, under its seal, to answer to a complaint of E. G. Austin, Esq. for larceny by said Latimer in the State of Virginia, and being a fugitive from justice, in said city of Boston.
It is to be kept in mind, that this is not a question of jurisdiction. That is the subject of a separate exception, to be considered afterwards. But it is simply a question of variance between the indictment and the proof. And the court are of opinion that there was no such variance. The difference is between a description more or less particular. The description [546]*546does not embrace all the particulars ; but as far as it goes, the warrant offered in evidence conforms to the description. It was described as a warrant, on a complaint for larceny, to be examined before the police court. The complaint was technically a complaint for larceny, though committed in another State ; and the prisoner was to be examined thereon in the police court, in pursuance of a provision of a statute of the Commonwealth ; though not as having violated a law of this State, but as a fugitive from justice, from another State.
The case was argued, as if we were bound to presume that the grand jury, by the indictment returned, intended to describe the first warrant issued on the 19th of October, on a complaint of larceny in Boston ; and as all proceedings on that complaint had terminated before the time mentioned in the indictment, the averment was not supported by the proof. But we do not perceive, on what ground we are to presume that the grand jury intended a warrant on which all proceedings had terminated, and so was functus officio, and not a warrant in force at the time. The only question is one of description ; whether this last conforms to the description, in the indictment, of a warrant from the police court, on a complaint for larceny. The ground of this decision is, that it was a complaint for larceny, though the larceny is stated as having been committed in another State.
2. The second exception relied on is, that the police court had no jurisdiction of a felony committed in another State ; and as no requisition for the delivery of the offender had been made by the executive of Virginia, conformably to the constitution of the United States and the act of congress of 1793, c. 51, there was no authority, under which a warrant could issue, for the arrest of Latimer. This depends upon the constitutionality and validity of the Rev. Sts. c. 142, §§ 7-11, in regard to fugitives from justice. The case in question was precisely within the provisions of those statutes, which authorized a complaint against any person found in this Commonwealth and charged with having committed a crime in another State ; and that before any requsition from the executive of such State. But it is contended that this statute is unconstitutional and void, because [547]*547the sole purpose thereof is to aid in carrying into effect a duty devolving upon the citizens of the State, by the constitution of the United States, under which congress have legislated by the act of 1793 ; and as the authority of the government of the United States is paramount and exclusive, all state laws, designed to promote the same object, are void. Houston v. Moore, 5 Wheat. 1. Prigg v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 16 Pet. 539. The authority of the latter case was mainly relied on ; and there are passages in the opinion of the majority of the court, which would seem to warrant the proposition. It was intimated in that case, but not decided, that all state laws, on the subject of fugitives from justice, were void, because, by the constitution of the United States, jurisdiction over the whole subject is vested in the government of the United States, and the will of the government is as much to be discerned, in what they have omitted, as in what they have enacted ; and therefore that all state laws on the subject must be void.
But it is to be remembered in this case, that the only subject in judgment before the court was the validity of state laws, in regard to fugitive slaves ; and all that was said, in regard to state laws respecting fugitives from justice, was merely by way of analogy and illustration. And there may be some grounds of distinction between the two cases. The ground, on which the majority of the court decided, was, that the owner of a slave, in the State where slavery is recognized, has a specific remedy for the loss of his slave, by the recaption of the slave, without the intervention of any legal process ; and that it was the purpose of the provision of the constitution, to secure to the owner of a slave the same right of recaption in the other States, which he has by the municipal law of his own State. The only aid, therefore, which he has need of, from any law, either of the United States or of the State, is to enable him to obtain the custody 'of the slave. This was the ground, on which the decision of the majority of the court, in that case, was placed. But it is obvious, that the right of one State to claim the delivery up of fugitives from its justice, who have escaped into another, is of a very different kind. It is founded.[548]*548it is true, upon an express provision of the constitution of the United States ; but it can be carried into effect, only through the medium of laws, and by the intervention of officers'and magistrates. Such is the distinction between the two cases, that it is not to be concluded, until the question arises, that principles, applicable to one of these cases, must necessarily apply, in all fheir extent, to the other.
Again ; although a majority of the supreme court of the United States were of opinion, that all state laws, on the subject of fugitive slaves, as well those in aid of the rights intended to be secured by the constitution of the United States, as all those which might in any manner obstruct, defeat or hinder them, were wholly void; yet several of the judges were of opinion, that laws of a State would be void only so far as they should tend to defeat or impair the rights intended to be secured, or so far as they should be repugnant to the constitution and laws of the United States.
But even this majority of the court, in deciding that the power of legislation on this subject is exclusively vested in congress, take care to insert a qualification, showing that this principle applies only to those state laws, the exclusive purpose of which is, to impede, or assist, or otherwise control masters in reclaiming their slaves ; that is, when the sole purpose is to regulate the practical assertion of this right. They are careful to declare it as their opinion, that States, under their general power to secure the peace, may cause fugitive slaves to be arrested and restrained, to remove them from their borders, for their own security; and although such regulations may indirectly aid the owners of slaves in recovering them, yet, that not being the object and purpose of the statute, it will not be void, if it do not interfere with or obstruct the owner in reclaiming his slave. With this view of the grounds, on which the case of Prigg v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania was decided, the court are of opinion that it is not decisive of the present case.
• The Rev. Sts. c. 142, § 7, provide for the course ol proceeding, when a demand shall be made upon the executive of this Commonwealth, in any case authorized by the constitution [549]*549and laws of the United States. If the provisions in this section were in any respect repugnant to the law of the United States, it must be held void. The general rule in regard to conflicting laws of the United States and of the State, where the United States have jurisdiction, is, not that the act of the State may not, in some respects, have the force of law; but that so far as it conflicts with that of the United States, which, in the case supposed, is the supreme law of the land, the state law is inoperative and void. If the section in question were the only provision on the subject, as it purports to provide for a subject placed within the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States, it might be held, on the authority of Prigg’s case, to be intended for the sole purpose of regulating such subject, and consequently void. But the succeeding sections go further, and provide, § 8, that whenever a person shall be found within this State, charged with any offence committed in another State, and liable, by the constitution and laws of the United States, to be delivered over, &c., upon complaint made, he may be arrested and brought before a magistrate. The following sections direct the manner of proceeding against him ; requiring him to give bail or be imprisoned, and providing for his discharge, and for the payment of expenses by the complainant.
It is competent for any State to make all such laws, as in the judgment of the legislature may be necessary to secure the peace, and promote good order, within its borders. The provisions in question are primarily intended, no doubt, to aid in the discharge of the important duty due to other States, of surrendering fugitives from justice, by taking precautionary measures to secure their persons. But we think it manifest, that this is not the sole object. The persons described are those who have recently committed known crimes in adjoining States, and fled into this. Being liable to be demanded and surrendered, as fugitives from justice, may be considered as descriptio personarum; and it significantly describes a class of persons dangerous to the security and peace of our own community Their presence is likely to cause disturbances. A wise government, bound to maintain peace and good order within ;ts terri [550]*550lories, and authorized to exercise a salutary vigilance and restraint over all persons within its jurisdiction, may well provide for arresting such persons, and subjecting them to a judicial examination, and requiring them to give bail for their appearance and good behavior, or be imprisoned, if they be found to have committed capital offences in other States, until due inquiry can be made, and all persons injured by them have an opportunity to institute such proceedings, criminal or civil, as justice may require. A government is not bound to wait till its own laws are violated. Reasonable apprehension of danger is sufficient to justify a preliminary interposition to prevent it. It is analogous to the case of persons, who by their language or conduct have shown themselves dangerous ; they may be secured by bail, or by actual imprisonment, to prevent mischief.
With this view of the power of the State, and the purposes of the law, the court are of opinion, that the provision of the Rev. Sts. c. 142, § 8, authorizing any court or magistrate, on complaint against any person found within this State, charged with an offence committed in any other State, and liable by the constitution and laws of the United States to be delivered over, &c., to issue a warrant and cause such person to be held for examination, and imprisoned or bailed for a limited time, is a wise law, and one which the legislature are competent to make and enforce, independently of their constitutional obligation to sur render such person to other States, for trial and punishment. It is a provision obviously not repugnant to the constitution and laws of the United States, nor tending to impair the rights, or relax the duties, intended to be secured by them. To this ex tent, therefore, the court are of opinion that this law is constitutional and valid; one that the legislature had authority to pass ; and therefore that the warrant issued under it, and pursuant to its provisions, by the police court, and under which Stratton was acting at the time of the alleged riot, was valid, and that the averment in the indictment, that the police court had jurisdiction in the premises, is well sustained by this proof. Whether in an indictment for riot, averring an attempt to rescue a prisoner from the lawful custody of an officer, it is necessary to [551]*551state the warrant under which such officer was acting, and the jurisdiction of the court from which it issued, or whether it would be sufficient to state, in general terms, that he was an officer, having a prisoner in custody by lawful authority, we give no opinion.
3. The next exception is, that as it appeared that the said Stratton was acting as the agent of the person claiming the custody of the prisoner as a slave, he could not avail himself of the protection derived from the warrant from the police court. The true question seems to be, whether an officer forfeits the protection which he has under a lawful warrant from the state authority, because he holds at the same time an authority, by power of attorney, from one claiming the custody of the same individual, as a fugitive slave, and proceeding before the courts of the United States to obtain a certificate, pursuant to the constitution and laws of the United States. Such was the character of the authority which Stratton then held ; and it appears from the bill of exceptions, that the alleged riot and attempt to rescue the prisoner took place immediately after he was remanded to the custody of said Stratton, on the hearing of the habeas corpus and return. There was nothing in this order inconsistent with the warrant under which the officer claimed to hold the prisoner in custody. Any one ground for remanding the prisoner to the custody of the officer was sufficient to dispose of the writ of habeas corpus, without deciding on any other. We think, therefore, that the averment in the indictment, that the officer was in the exercise of a lawful authority, under a warrant from the police court, is sustained by the evidence, and is not controlled nor falsified by the proof that he claimed to act and hold the prisoner under another authority in pais.
4. The next exception is founded on the rejection of evidence. The defendants called a witness to prove declarations made by James B. Gray, that Latimer had never committed any larceny ; that he was arrested on that charge merely to get him into custody, so that he might more easily be carried home ; and to prove that said Stratton had knowledge of that fact. This evidence was not admitted.
[552]*552It seems to us, that this evidence was rightly rejected. It is necessary, in order to judge of its relevancy, to consider by whom it is offered, and for what purpose. It is offered by persons charged with riotously and forcibly resisting an officer in the execution of a warrant issued by lawful authority. The objection assumes, that if the complaint on which the warrant issued is false and groundless, and' the officer is informed of it, he may not execute it. It would be to transfer the jurisdiction of hearing and inquiring into the merits of the complaint, from the court to the constable serving its process ; and it would compel him, at his peril, to decide right. Stating this proposition is sufficient to refute it.
5. The last exception is, that the holding of this warrant, by Stratton, at the same time that he held a power of attorney from Gray, claiming the custody of the prisoner as a slave, was an abuse of the process of the court. This is substantially the same point already considered. The question is, in what way it is to be considered as an abuse. May not an officer have several good detainers at the same time ? And in that case, will one defeat or avoid another ? In this case, the only inquiry is as to the validity of the complaint and warrant from the police court; because it is that complaint and warrant which were set out in the indictment, and therefore to be proved on the trial. Had it been charged in the indictment, that the said Stratton held said Latimer on a lawful authority, as the agent of said Gray, then it would have been material to inquire into the legality and validity of that authority. But as the indictment was framed, that became unnecessary. Suppose, however, that both had been set out and both proved ; would one defeat the other ? The instances of having several detainers, of different kinds, against the same person at the same time, are familiar. A per son may be arrested by the same officer as a criminal, a debtor, a deserting seaman, and the like, and all at the same time. It would not be the less true, that the prisoner was in lawful custody, under any one good warrant designated, because the officer claimed to hold him under other warrants, whether valid or not-
[553]*553The court are of opinion, that the decisions of the municipal court, and the instructions to the jury, were correct, and that the exceptions must be overruled, and the conviction held good.