Smith, J.
On February 11, 1993, following their joint jury-waived trial, a Superior Court judge found the defendants guilty on fourteen indictments. Raymond Souza was found guilty on four indictments for rape of a child under the age of sixteen, [239]*239two indictments for indecent assault and battery on a child under the age of fourteen, and one indictment for assault and battery. He was found not guilty on one indictment for assault and battery. Shirley Souza was found guilty on three indictments for rape of a child under the age of sixteen, three indictments for indecent assault and battery on a child under the age of fourteen, and one indictment for assault and battery. She was found not guilty on one indictment for rape.
Prior to trial, the Commonwealth filed a motion to modify the seating arrangements in the courtroom to accommodate the needs of the child witnesses who were to testify against the defendants. The judge allowed the motion and there was no objection by the defendants; indeed, defense counsel made suggestions regarding the seating arrangements. As a result of the seating arrangements, the defendants were afforded, at best, a profile view of each child’s face while the child was testifying.
The defendants appealed their convictions and raised several issues, none of which claimed a denial of their right to confront the child witnesses who testified against them. On August 17, 1995, their convictions were affirmed on appeal. Commonwealth v. Souza, 39 Mass. App. Ct. 103, S.C., 421 Mass. 1103 (1995).
On April 12, 1994, while the defendants’ cases were on appeal to this court, the Supreme Judicial Court decided Commonwealth v. Johnson, 417 Mass. 498 (1994). In Johnson, the defendant was convicted of two indictments charging him with forcible rape of a child under the age of sixteen. On appeal, the defendant claimed that he was denied his right to confront witnesses against him as guaranteed by the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution and art. 12 of the Declaration of Rights of the Massachusetts Constitution.2 Over the defendant’s objection, the judge allowed the Commonwealth’s motion for special seating arrangements for the two child witnesses, who were ages eight and ten at the time of the trial. As a result of the seating arrangements, the defendant was unable to see the face of the particular child witness while the witness was testifying. The court reversed the defendant’s convictions, ruling that art. 12 of the Declaration of Rights requires that a criminal defendant be given the opportunity to observe the faces of all witnesses testifying against the defendant at trial. Id. at 499-505.
[240]*240On May 17, 1994, before the decision in their direct appeals had issued, the defendants filed a joint motion in the Superior Court seeking a new trial or, in the alternative, an evidentiary hearing. The basis of the motion was a claim that, at their trial, the special seating arrangements for the child witnesses violated the “newly-established rule” announced in Commonwealth v. Johnson, supra. Accompanying the motion were four affidavits, including one from each defendant, which set forth the seating arrangements at the trial. According to the affidavits, the defendants could see only the left ear and the back of the head of the child witnesses while they were testifying. The Commonwealth responded and claimed, among other things, that because the defendants did not object to the seating arrangements at their trial, the issue was waived.
The defendants’ motion for a new trial was decided by the judge who had presided at the defendants’ jury-waived trial. In her memorandum of decision, she denied the defendants’ request for an evidentiary hearing and also the defendants’ motion for a new trial. The judge concluded that “[bjased upon the physical seating arrangements at this trial and the right of the defendants to confrontation, I find no violation of their rights under Article 12 of the Declaration of Rights.”
The defendants appealed the judge’s denial of their motion, claiming that (1) the judge should have allowed their motion for a new trial because the seating arrangements for the testifying child witnesses violated the defendants’ right to confront the witnesses pursuant to art. 12 of the Declaration of Rights and Commonwealth v. Johnson, supra, and (2) the judge erred in failing to hold an evidentiary hearing on their motion to clarify precisely what angle of view the defendants had of the testifying child witnesses.
After the court heard arguments in this case, the panel learned that the same appellate counsel who brought this appeal was to argue the same confrontation issue raised here in a case pending before the Supreme Judicial Court. Therefore, we deferred our consideration of the defendants’ appeal until the Supreme Judicial Court decided the confrontation issue in the matter before it.
On March 24, 1997, the Supreme Judicial Court issued its decision. See Commonwealth v. Amirault, 424 Mass. 618 (1997). In Amirault, the defendants were accused of various sex crimes against children. The seating arrangements for the child [241]*241witnesses were similar to the seating arrangements in the Souzas’ matters in that, at best, the Amirault defendants could see only the profile of the particular child witness while that witness was testifying. Id. at 621-622. The court construed the language in art. 12 as requiring not only that a defendant be given an opportunity to observe the faces of all witnesses testifying against the defendant at trial, but also that the testifying witness “give his testimony to the accused’s face.” Commonwealth v. Amirault, 424 Mass. at 632. Therefore, the court concluded that because of the special seating arrangements, the defendants’ right to face-to-face confrontation guaranteed by art. 12 was violated. Id.
The court, however, did not stop its inquiry at that point. Because there was no objection at trial and the issue was not raised on the Amiraults’ direct appeal, the court considered the question whether the issue had been waived. “The test for waiver is whether ‘the theory on which his argument is premised has been sufficiently developed to put [the defendant] on notice that the issue is a live issue. Counsel need not be clairvoyant.’ ” Commonwealth v. Amirault, 424 Mass. at 639, quoting from Commonwealth v. Bowler, 407 Mass. 304, 307 (1990). The court concluded that the state of the law prior to the Amiraults’ appeals “provided sufficient guidance and, in light of those cases,
After the Amirault decision was released, we gave counsel in this matter time to file supplemental briefs in light of that decision.
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Smith, J.
On February 11, 1993, following their joint jury-waived trial, a Superior Court judge found the defendants guilty on fourteen indictments. Raymond Souza was found guilty on four indictments for rape of a child under the age of sixteen, [239]*239two indictments for indecent assault and battery on a child under the age of fourteen, and one indictment for assault and battery. He was found not guilty on one indictment for assault and battery. Shirley Souza was found guilty on three indictments for rape of a child under the age of sixteen, three indictments for indecent assault and battery on a child under the age of fourteen, and one indictment for assault and battery. She was found not guilty on one indictment for rape.
Prior to trial, the Commonwealth filed a motion to modify the seating arrangements in the courtroom to accommodate the needs of the child witnesses who were to testify against the defendants. The judge allowed the motion and there was no objection by the defendants; indeed, defense counsel made suggestions regarding the seating arrangements. As a result of the seating arrangements, the defendants were afforded, at best, a profile view of each child’s face while the child was testifying.
The defendants appealed their convictions and raised several issues, none of which claimed a denial of their right to confront the child witnesses who testified against them. On August 17, 1995, their convictions were affirmed on appeal. Commonwealth v. Souza, 39 Mass. App. Ct. 103, S.C., 421 Mass. 1103 (1995).
On April 12, 1994, while the defendants’ cases were on appeal to this court, the Supreme Judicial Court decided Commonwealth v. Johnson, 417 Mass. 498 (1994). In Johnson, the defendant was convicted of two indictments charging him with forcible rape of a child under the age of sixteen. On appeal, the defendant claimed that he was denied his right to confront witnesses against him as guaranteed by the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution and art. 12 of the Declaration of Rights of the Massachusetts Constitution.2 Over the defendant’s objection, the judge allowed the Commonwealth’s motion for special seating arrangements for the two child witnesses, who were ages eight and ten at the time of the trial. As a result of the seating arrangements, the defendant was unable to see the face of the particular child witness while the witness was testifying. The court reversed the defendant’s convictions, ruling that art. 12 of the Declaration of Rights requires that a criminal defendant be given the opportunity to observe the faces of all witnesses testifying against the defendant at trial. Id. at 499-505.
[240]*240On May 17, 1994, before the decision in their direct appeals had issued, the defendants filed a joint motion in the Superior Court seeking a new trial or, in the alternative, an evidentiary hearing. The basis of the motion was a claim that, at their trial, the special seating arrangements for the child witnesses violated the “newly-established rule” announced in Commonwealth v. Johnson, supra. Accompanying the motion were four affidavits, including one from each defendant, which set forth the seating arrangements at the trial. According to the affidavits, the defendants could see only the left ear and the back of the head of the child witnesses while they were testifying. The Commonwealth responded and claimed, among other things, that because the defendants did not object to the seating arrangements at their trial, the issue was waived.
The defendants’ motion for a new trial was decided by the judge who had presided at the defendants’ jury-waived trial. In her memorandum of decision, she denied the defendants’ request for an evidentiary hearing and also the defendants’ motion for a new trial. The judge concluded that “[bjased upon the physical seating arrangements at this trial and the right of the defendants to confrontation, I find no violation of their rights under Article 12 of the Declaration of Rights.”
The defendants appealed the judge’s denial of their motion, claiming that (1) the judge should have allowed their motion for a new trial because the seating arrangements for the testifying child witnesses violated the defendants’ right to confront the witnesses pursuant to art. 12 of the Declaration of Rights and Commonwealth v. Johnson, supra, and (2) the judge erred in failing to hold an evidentiary hearing on their motion to clarify precisely what angle of view the defendants had of the testifying child witnesses.
After the court heard arguments in this case, the panel learned that the same appellate counsel who brought this appeal was to argue the same confrontation issue raised here in a case pending before the Supreme Judicial Court. Therefore, we deferred our consideration of the defendants’ appeal until the Supreme Judicial Court decided the confrontation issue in the matter before it.
On March 24, 1997, the Supreme Judicial Court issued its decision. See Commonwealth v. Amirault, 424 Mass. 618 (1997). In Amirault, the defendants were accused of various sex crimes against children. The seating arrangements for the child [241]*241witnesses were similar to the seating arrangements in the Souzas’ matters in that, at best, the Amirault defendants could see only the profile of the particular child witness while that witness was testifying. Id. at 621-622. The court construed the language in art. 12 as requiring not only that a defendant be given an opportunity to observe the faces of all witnesses testifying against the defendant at trial, but also that the testifying witness “give his testimony to the accused’s face.” Commonwealth v. Amirault, 424 Mass. at 632. Therefore, the court concluded that because of the special seating arrangements, the defendants’ right to face-to-face confrontation guaranteed by art. 12 was violated. Id.
The court, however, did not stop its inquiry at that point. Because there was no objection at trial and the issue was not raised on the Amiraults’ direct appeal, the court considered the question whether the issue had been waived. “The test for waiver is whether ‘the theory on which his argument is premised has been sufficiently developed to put [the defendant] on notice that the issue is a live issue. Counsel need not be clairvoyant.’ ” Commonwealth v. Amirault, 424 Mass. at 639, quoting from Commonwealth v. Bowler, 407 Mass. 304, 307 (1990). The court concluded that the state of the law prior to the Amiraults’ appeals “provided sufficient guidance and, in light of those cases,
After the Amirault decision was released, we gave counsel in this matter time to file supplemental briefs in light of that decision. After review of the briefs and record, we hold that our decision is controlled by Amirault. Therefore, we hold that the special seating arrangements in this case violated the defendants’ right of confrontation as guaranteed by art. 12. However, we also rule that the defendants have waived this issue because there was no objection to the seating arrangements4 and the state of the law at the time of the trial and the defendants’ direct appeal was sufficient to notify them of the existence of the confrontation issue.
We are satisfied, for the following reasons, that there is no substantial risk of a miscarriage of justice and, therefore, we do not order a new trial. The trier of fact in this matter was an experienced Superior Court judge. In our mind, that fact eliminates any prejudice that the special seating arrangements might have had on a jury. Further, the judge made extensive and detailed findings of fact in support of her guilty verdicts. Those findings show that the error in allowing the special seating arrangements played no part in her decisions.
We affirm the denial of the defendants’ joint motion for a new trial.
So ordered.
3The court was referring to the decisions in Coy v. Iowa, 487 U.S. 1012 (1988), and Commonwealth v. Bergstrom, 402 Mass. 534 (1988).
In Coy, the Court held that a statute which allowed a screen to be placed between child witnesses and the defendant, preventing the defendant and the witnesses from seeing each other, violated the Sixth Amendment. 487 U.S. at 1020, 1022. In Bergstrom, the court ruled that a statute allowing child witnesses to testify outside of the physical presence of the defendant, even though the defendant could view the witnesses on closed circuit television, was unconstitutional. 402 Mass. at 541-548.
In Amirault, the court observed that Maryland v. Craig, 497 U.S. 836 (1990), “severely qualifie[d]” the Coy decision. See Amirault, supra at 643.
However, in Bergstrom, the court stated that “[t]o interpret the words of [art. 12] as requiring only that the defendant be able to see and hear the witness renders superfluous the words ‘to meet’ and ‘face to face.’ ” Commonwealth v. Bergstrom, supra at 542. Certainly, the Bergstrom decision, by itself, should have alerted trial counsel to the confrontation issue.