Greaney, J.
A jury in the Superior Court convicted the defendant on two indictments charging murder in the first degree. On appeal, the defendant argues that a custodial statement obtained from him by the police was erroneously admitted in evidence at his trial. We agree, and conclude that, where Federal law requires the administration of Miranda warnings to a person in custody, the admissibility of incriminatory statements obtained in the circumstances that appear here will, as matter of State common law, be governed by principles stated in Commonwealth v. Haas, 373 Mass. 545 (1977), S.C., 398 Mass. 806 (1986). As a consequence, there must be a new trial. We also comment briefly on some issues that may arise at the retrial.
The relevant background to this case may be summarized as follows. The victims, Anna M. Duelos and Emile J. Duelos, lived in the town of Winchendon with their son, William, age nineteen. William Duelos had left high school after the eleventh grade and had started a business on the family property raising pigs and rabbits for sale; he frequently employed the defendant to do carpentry work and various odd jobs. The defendant was eighteen years of age and, like William Duelos, had left high school before graduating.
William Duelos had not been on friendly terms with his mother for several years, and relations between the defendant and Duclos’s mother were also poor.1 Several weeks [825] before the killings, a dispute arose between Duelos and his mother regarding the proceeds of an insurance policy, and relations between them consequently worsened. On the morning of May 22, 1989, Duelos testified, he and the defendant agreed on a plan to kill Anna and Emile Duelos that evening and “make it look like a robbery.” The defendant testified that it was Duelos alone who decided to kill his parents that evening, that he did not think Duelos was serious, but nevertheless told him that it was not a good idea.
At approximately midnight on May 22, 1989, William Duelos went from his home to the residence of his grandmother next door. Appearing to be shocked and anguished, he woke her and told her his parents had been shot. She immediately made a telephone call to the police. The officers who responded to the call found the bodies of Anna and Emile Duelos in their bedroom; Anna Duelos had been shot twice and Emile Duelos three times. William Duelos was asked to come to the Winchendon police station to give a statement. There, he admitted to the police that he had participated in the shootings, but asserted that the defendant had actually fired the shots. The defendant, who was also requested to come to the station, gave a statement admitting that he was on the Duelos property at the time of the shootings, that he took a purse and wallet from the Duelos home and scattered papers on the first floor in order to create the appearance of a burglary, and that he helped William Duelos dispose of the guns and other evidence, but stated that Duelos alone had shot his parents. At the defendant’s trial, his statement was read in evidence during the Commonwealth’s case-in-chief. The issue of its admissibility is the defendant’s primary ground of appeal.
The circumstances under which the defendant made the contested statement, as set forth in the hearing on his motion [826] to suppress, are as follows.2 When William Duelos was brought in for questioning, he initially told the interrogating officers that after he left his girl friend’s house that evening at about 9:30 p.m., he went to the defendant’s house and that the two went “four-wheeling” in Duclos’s truck for “quite a while.” He said that, after dropping the defendant off at his house, he arrived home at about 11:30 p.m. and found that his parents had been shot. After one of the officers questioned him about the blood spatterings on his socks, Duelos abandoned this alibi, admitted having participated in the killings, and told the police of the plan by which he and the defendant had killed his parents. According to Duclos’s statement, he and the defendant agreed that morning on a plan to kill his parents, and Duelos showed the defendant the rifles they would use and explained how to fire them. At about 10 p.m. that evening, he and the defendant drove to the Duelos home and Duelos went inside. The defendant waited outside for a little over an hour, until Duelos signalled to him that his parents had retired for the night and that he should come inside. Duelos then handed the defendant one of two rifles he had taken from the gun cabinet in his bedroom. He and the defendant, each with a rifle, then went upstairs, where the defendant shot Anna Duelos twice and Emile Duelos three times. Afterwards, Duelos changed his clothes, while the defendant scattered papers on the floor downstairs.
Police officers at the station made a telephone call to the defendant at his residence at about 2 a.m., after Duelos had [827] named him as an alibi witness.3 The defendant agreed to accept a ride to the station, ten miles away, and he arrived about one hour later, unaccompanied by either a family member or friend. The defendant waited at the station for about three hours before being interrogated; he spent much of this time in the “radio room” talking with Kathleen Whipple, Duclos’s girl friend (whom Duelos had also named as an alibi witness), and her father.
At 6:05 a.m., Sergeant Bradley Mullen of the State police and Officer Michael Young of the Winchendon police department began their interrogation of the defendant. They had already concluded their interview with William Duelos and, consequently, were aware of Duclos’s statement incriminating himself and the defendant. Before starting the questioning, they did not inform the defendant of his Miranda rights or his right under G. L. c. 276, § 33A (1990 ed.), to use the telephone.4 Instead, Sergeant Mullen began the interrogation by telling the defendant that he would “like to talk to him about his activities during the day.” The defendant replied that during the day, he had worked with William Duelos. In the evening, he told the officers, Duelos had picked him up at about 9:30 p.m. The two then “spent two hours or so 4 wheeling,” and Duelos dropped him off at his home at about 11:30 p.m. The defendant’s report of his activities during the evening thus duplicated the alibi that Duelos had ini[828] tially given. In response to further questioning, the defendant stated that Duclos’s relationship with his parents was “[f]ine,” and he denied that he or Duelos had ever discussed killing Duclos’s parents.. At this point, Sergeant Mullen advised the defendant of his Miranda rights.5 The defendant signed the Miranda card and told the officers that he was willing to talk to them; the interrogation continued. Mullen next inquired if the defendant had ever fired Duclos’s guns, or seen them, and the defendant responded that he had seen the guns the previous day and that Duelos had fired the guns in his presence, but that Duelos did not allow him to fire the guns. Sergeant Mullen then remarked that he did not believe that the defendant was telling the truth, and he informed the defendant that Duelos had implicated him in the murders.6 The defendant then repudiated the alibi he had originally offered and made the statement that was read at his trial, in which he admitted that he was on the Duelos property at the time of the shootings, that Duelos had told him to scatter papers around to create the appearance of a burglary on the first floor of the Duelos home and that he had done so, that he had taken Anna Duclos’s purse and Emile Duclos’s wallet to substantiate the appearance that a burglary had occurred, and that he had helped William Duelos to throw the guns, clothing, and other evidence into a “lake.” The defendant denied that he had shot Duclos’s parents and denied that he had been upstairs in the house that evening. The interrogation of the defendant began at 6:05 a.m., and concluded at 7:15 a.m., when the defendant signed the statement prepared by Sergeant Mullen. The defendant conceded that Sergeant Mullen had treated him like a “gentleman.”
[829] In ruling on the suppression motion, the judge ordered that the statements made by the defendant before being advised of his Miranda rights were to be excluded, but he ruled that the statements made after the defendant received his Miranda rights were voluntary and admissible.7
Under Federal constitutional law prior to the decision of the United States Supreme Court in Oregon v. Elstad, 470 U.S. 298 (1985), discussed below, an admission or confession of guilt obtained from an accused person in violation of the Miranda requirements was presumed to taint any subsequent confession made by the accused, and the taint could not be dissipated solely by giving Miranda warnings. Commonwealth v. Haas, 373 Mass. 545, 554 (1977). This principle was followed in both Federal and State courts. See, e.g., United States v. Lee, 699 F.2d 466, 468-469 (9th Cir. 1982); United States v. Nash, 563 F.2d 1166, 1169 (5th Cir. 1977); Randall v. Estelle, 492 F.2d 118, 120 (5th Cir. 1974); Fisher v. Scafati, 439 F.2d 307, 311 (1st Cir.), cert, denied, 403 U.S. 939 (1971); Gilpin v. United States, 415 F.2d 638, 641-642 (5th Cir. 1969); United States v. Pierce, 397 F.2d 128, 131 (4th Cir. 1968); People v. Jordan, 90 Ill. App. 3d 489, 495 (1980); State v. Elstad, 61 Or. App. 673, 676 (1983); Commonwealth v. Wideman, 460 Pa. 699, 708-709 (1975); State v. Badger, 141 Vt. 430, 439-440 (1982); State v. Lavaris, 99 Wash. 2d 851, 857-860 (1983). The presumption of taint was intended to deter law enforcement officials from circumventing the Miranda requirements by using the warnings strategically — first questioning the suspect without benefit of the warnings, and then, having obtained an incriminating response or having otherwise benefited from the coercive atmosphere, by giving the Miranda warnings and questioning the suspect again in order to obtain an admissible statement. The presumption of taint is also consistent with the constitutional principle that the government bears [830] the burden to show that a defendant’s custodial statement was freely willed. Jackson v. Denno, 378 U.S. 368, 376-377 (1964).
In order to determine whether the taint from an illegal interrogation has been eliminated, and, consequently, whether a subsequent statement is admissible, case law here has followed two lines of analysis “to order [ ] and evaluate] the necessary elements of the circumstances which bear on the voluntariness of the later statements.” Commonwealth v. Mahnke, 368 Mass. 662, 682 (1975), cert, denied, 425 U.S. 959 (1976).8 These two approaches were described, id. at 682-683, as follows: “In the first line of analysis, the court must look for a ‘break in the stream of events,’ the coercive circumstances which extracted earlier statements, ‘sufficient to insulate the [subsequent] statement from the effect of all that went before.’ Clewis v. Texas, [386 U.S. 707, 710 (1967)]. The focus of this line of analysis is on external constraints, continuing or new, which may have overborne the defendant’s will. When circumstances no longer coerce the defendant, a break in the stream has occurred. The second line of analysis looks more specifically to the effect of the previous confession on the defendant’s will. To be admissible, subsequent statements may not be ‘merely the product of the erroneous impression that the cat was already out of the bag’ (Darwin v. Connecticut, 391 U.S. 346, 351 [1968] [Harlan, J., concurring and dissenting]) because one coerced confes[831] sion has let the secret ‘out for good.’ United States v. Bayer, 331 U.S. 532, 540 (1947).”
Applying these principles in Commonwealth v. Haas, supra at 554, we ordered the suppression of a second custodial statement made by the defendant after police had obtained an admission from him in a situation where Federal law required that Miranda rights be given. Suppression was required despite the fact that the defendant’s second statement was found to have been made voluntarily after the knowing and intelligent waiver of his Miranda rights. Applying the “break in the stream of events” analysis, we held that “the proper police questioning followed so closely their illegal interrogation [that] we cannot discern a break in time or the stream of events sufficient to insulate the latter statement from the events which went before.” Id. We also concluded that the admission made by the defendant prior to receiving his Miranda warnings (that he had left his home for work that morning at 6:30), had let the cat out of the bag, and that “‘[a] belated adequate warning could not put the cat back in the bag.’ ” Id., quoting Gilpin v. United States, 415 F.2d 638, 642 (5th Cir. 1969).
In Commonwealth v. Watkins, 375 Mass. 472, 482 (1978), a case involving a suspect’s invocation of his right to counsel, we ruled that a second custodial statement made by the suspect was admissible. Applying the “break in the stream of events” analysis, we concluded that, because the defendant’s second statement was made after he was given the opportunity to communicate with an attorney and after he had a lengthy telephone conversation with his mother and his sister, “[t]he ‘temporal proximity’ of the prior illegally obtained statements to the subsequent statements [was] overshadowed by the presence of such ‘intervening circumstances’ ” (citations omitted). Id. The “cat out of the bag” theory was inapplicable in Watkins, we ruled, because the defendant’s first statement to the police was not inculpatory, and only his later statement described his involvement in the crimes.
[832] In the 1985 case of Oregon v. Elstad, supra, the United States Supreme Court rejected the rule of presumptive taint. The rule of Federal constitutional law enunciated in the Elstad case is that “absent deliberately coercive or improper tactics in obtaining the initial statement, the mere fact that a suspect has made an unwarned admission does not warrant a presumption of compulsion. A subsequent administration of Miranda warnings to a suspect who has given a voluntary but unwarned statement ordinarily should suffice to remove the conditions that precluded admission of the earlier statement.” Id. at 314.
The judge in the present case found that the defendant was not coerced or pressured into making his statements, that he was not under the influence of alcohol or drugs at the time of the interrogation, and that he exhibited self-control and was willing to talk to the pólice. This evidence supports the judge’s ultimate finding that the defendant’s statements were voluntary and, therefore, that his second statement would be admissible as a matter of present Federal constitutional law. Oregon v. Elstad, supra. See Commonwealth v. Rubio, 27 Mass. App. Ct. 506, 514-515 (1989); Bryant v. Vose, 785 F.2d 364, 366-368 (1st Cir.), cert, denied, 477 U.S. 907 (1986).
The defendant argues, however, as he did in the Superior Court, that we should continue to follow the requirements that we set out in Commonwealth v. Haas, supra. Under the principles of that case, we conclude, the suppression of the defendant’s subsequent statement would be required.
. In ruling on the defendant’s suppression motion, the judge made no findings on the issue whether a “break in the stream of events” had occurred to remove the taint of the first, illegally obtained, admission. The record demonstrates, however, that there was no evidence before the judge to have allowed him to conclude that such a break had taken place; both statements were the result of a single continuous interrogation. The judge did make findings with respect to the second line of analysis. He ruled that the “cat out of the bag” theory was inapplicable to this case because the defendant’s first [833] statement was “non-inculpatory” and because the “preMirandized statement . . . does not impact on the second statement. ... [I]t is different from the post-Miranda statement and does not qualify as a so-called cat-out-of-the-bag statement.”9
[834] We regard the judge’s finding that the defendant’s first statement was not inculpatory as clearly erroneous; if the judge’s statement is a conclusion of law, we consider it to be wrong. The defendant’s first statement, that he and Duelos were “4 wheeling” in Duclos’s truck at the time the killings occurred, put him in Duclos’s company at the time of the murders, and clearly amounted to an “incriminating” response. Commonwealth v. Tavares, 385 Mass. 140, 150, cert, denied, 457 U.S. 1137 (1982). Commonwealth v. Rubio, supra at 513 & n.8. Moreover, in view of what the police had already learned from Duelos, the defendant’s statement was particularly incriminating, because Duelos had offered the same alibi just before confessing to the crimes. The first statement, if available to the prosecution, would have constituted strong evidence of consciousness of guilt.
We also disagree with the judge’s conclusion that the first statement “does not impact on the second.” On this issue, the facts of the present case closely resemble those in Commonwealth v. Haas, supra.10 We concluded that the “cat was out of the bag” following the defendant’s admission that he had [835] left his home for work at 6:30 a.m., id. at 551, because the police knew from separate forensic evidence that the victims had been killed a few hours before that time. The inculpatory quality of the defendant’s statement was established conclusively by other evidence already known to the police — the defendant may have believed, mistakenly, that his statement was exculpatory. Having realized that the suspect had made an incriminating statement without benefit of the Miranda warnings, the police were then obligated not only to administer the warnings, but also to create a break in the stream of events to insulate any later statement from the taint of the prior illegality. Because they did not do so, the defendant’s subsequent statement was inadmissible.
Similarly here, the inculpatory quality of the defendant’s statement that he was “4 wheeling with Duelos” was established conclusively by the prior knowledge of the police that Duelos had offered a similar alibi just before confessing to the crimes. Because, as in Haas, the police did not afford the defendant a break in the stream of events, a similar result is required. Where the police have become aware that the suspect has incriminated himself during a custodial interrogation, and yet, after reciting the warnings, allow the interrogation to continue without affording the defendant a break in the stream of events, the law prior to Oregon v. Elstad, supra, required that subsequent statements be suppressed. Following the analysis in Commonwealth v. Haas, supra, therefore, we conclude that the Commonwealth has failed to meet its burden of dissipating the taint of the illegal interrogation, requiring suppression of the defendant’s post-Miranda statement.11
We therefore reject the Commonwealth’s argument that the case should be decided solely on the principles set forth [836] in Oregon v. Elstad, supra. The failure to administer the Miranda warnings as presently required by Federal law is itself an improper police tactic, and “any confession obtained in the absence of proper Miranda warnings is by definition ‘coerced’ —regardless of how ‘friendly’ the actual interrogation,” State v. Lavaris, supra at 857. The defendant in this case was eighteen years of age; he had a poor educational background; he was ten miles from his home and without transportation; he was not informed of his statutory right to use the telephone (see discussion at note 4, supra); he made an incriminating statement during a custodial interrogation; then, after receiving the Miranda warnings, he confessed his involvement in the crimes. To allow that statement to be used at his trial would countenance precisely the kind of police interrogation that the presumption of taint was intended to deter.12
The wiser course, we believe, is to presume that a statement made following the violation of a suspect’s Miranda rights is tainted, and to require the prosecution show more than the belated administration of Miranda warnings in order to dispel that taint.13 This presumption supports one of the purposes of the “bright-line” Miranda rule: to avoid fact-[837] bound inquiries into the voluntariness of confessions, where police officers are generally more credible witnesses than criminal defendants. It is also consistent with our “humane practice” holding that, “before any statement by a defendant to law enforcement officers or their agents may be placed before the jury, the Commonwealth must prove voluntariness beyond a reasonable doubt.” Commonwealth v. Tavares, supra at 152. See Commonwealth v. Mandile, 397 Mass. 410, 413 (1986). Compare Lego v. Twomey, 404 U.S. 477, 489 (1972) (standard for voluntariness under the Federal Constitution is by a preponderance of the evidence). Therefore, as a common law rule of evidence, see Commonwealth v. Tucceri, ante 401, 408-409 (1992), governing the admissibility of confessions and admissions, we shall, in a situation where Federal law requires Miranda protections, continue to follow the principles set forth in Commonwealth v. Haas.
Because we are requiring the suppression of the defendant’s statement on other grounds, we need not consider whether an independent basis for suppression is presented by the defendant’s claim that the police intentionally violated G. L. c. 276, § 33A, by failing to inform him on his arrival at the police station of his right to use a telephone.
Two other arguments made by the defendant are relevant to his retrial. The defendant argues that the prosecutor’s closing argument, in which he urged the jury to conclude that both Duelos and the defendant committed the crimes, contradicts Duclos’s own testimony, in which he contended that the defendant alone shot Duclos’s parents. Therefore, the defendant argues on appeal, the prosecutor knowingly presented false evidence in violation of Napue v. Illinois, 360 U.S. 264 (1959), in conducting his examination of Duelos as a witness for the Commonwealth. This argument is without merit. There is no evidence in the record that Duclos’s testimony was false or that the Commonwealth knew it to be so. In making his closing argument, the prosecutor was simply informing the jury that it was unnecessary for them to credit Duclos’s testimony completely in order to convict the defendant; this argument was proper.
[838] The defendant was not entitled to a jury instruction on the failure of the police to conduct certain tests. “The decision whether to instruct a jury regarding the inferences that may be drawn from the failure of the police to conduct forensic tests lies within the discretion of the trial judge.” Commonwealth v. Cordle, ante 172, 177 (1992), and cases cited. As in Commonwealth v. Andrews, 403 Mass. 441, 463 (1988), the defendant here was afforded the opportunity to conduct a thorough cross-examination of the police officers as to any investigative procedure not used. The decision not to give the requested jury instruction was well within the judge’s discretion.
The order denying suppression of the defendant’s signed statement to the police is reversed and that statement is ordered suppressed. The judgments are reversed, the verdicts set aside, and the case remanded for a new trial.
So ordered.