Field, J.
The question here presented for decision is whether the votes cast for county commissioner at the election in Gay Head should be counted or rejected in determining who was elected county commissioner of the county of Dukes County at the annual election held November 4, 1879.
The alleged illegality in the election is the want of legal notice of the meeting for election. No objection is made that the meeting was not held at the" proper place, or opened at the proper hour, or kept open the requisite length of time, or that all the proceedings at the meeting were not according to law.
The Gen. Sts. e. 18, § 21, provide that “ every town meeting shall be held in pursuance of a warrant under the hands of the selectmen, directed to the constables or some other persons appointed by the selectmen for that purpose, who shall forthwith [292]*292notify such meeting in the manner prescribed by the by-laws or a vote of the town.”
Meetings for the election of national, state, district and county officers are not, strictly speaking, town meetings, but the St. of 1874, o. 376, § 21, provides that “such meetings in towns shall be called by the selectmen in the manner ordered by the towns, and the warrant for notifying such meetings shall specify the time when the polls for the choice of the several officers shall be opened, and the hour at which the polls may be closed.” The provisions in the General Statutes for calling town meetings are substantially the same as in the Rev. Sts. c. 15, §§ 19-22, which were taken from the St. of 1785, c. 75, § 5. The provisions of the St. of 1874, c. 376, §§ 19-21, 24, for calling meetings for the election of national, state, district and county officers, are similar to those contained in the Gen. Sts. c. 7, §§ 2, 3, and the Gen. Sts. e. 8, § 7, and these were taken in substance from the Sts. of 1857, c. 311, 1841, c. 70, 1839, c. 42, and the Revised Statutes.
The Rev. Sts. o. 5, § 5, provide that “ all town meetings, for the election of representatives in the General Court, shall be notified by the selectmen of each town, in the manner legally established in such town, for calling other town meetings,” and the Rev. Sts. e. 6, § 3, require the selectmen of the several towns “ in the manner directed by law for holding elections therein ” to cause the inhabitants to assemble and give in their votes for representatives in Congress; and § 14 of the same chapter requires the selectmen of the several towns “in the manner prescribed by law for notifying town meetings ” to cause the inhabitants to assemble and give in their votes for electors of President and Vice-President.
The St. of 1795, e. 55, § 1, in regulating the election of representatives in the Legislature of the Commonwealth, provides that “it shall be the duty of such selectmen to summon and notify such meeting in the manner there legally established for calling other town meetings,” and § 2 of the same act imposes a penalty upon selectmen “ who shall neglect to call meetings of the inhabitants and others privileged there to vote for the election of governor, lieutenant-governor, councillors and senators, and to give due warning of the time and place of such [293]*293meetings, as required by the Constitution of this Commonwealth,” &c. The Constitution of the Commonwealth as originally adopted, e. 1, § 2, art. 2, required that the meeting for the election of senators and councillors should “be called by the selectmen, and warned in due course of law, at least seven days before the first Monday in April,” &c.
The statutes we have cited, as well as other provisions, particularly those relating to elections to fill vacancies, all require or imply that a meeting for election must be called by a warrant issued by the selectmen, and tend to show that the provision in the St. of 1874, o. 376, § 21, that “such meetings shall be called by the selectmen in the manner ordered by the towns,” means that such meetings shall be called in the same manner as town meetings, namely, by “ a warrant under the hands of the selectmen, directed to the constables or some other persons appointed by the selectmen for that purpose, who shall forthwith notify such meeting in the manner prescribed by the by-laws or a vote of the town.”
It is not necessary to decide this; but, if it be assumed, it does not therefore necessarily follow that the notice in this case was fatally defective, or that the election held was void. The report finds that there were no “ by-laws of the town prescribing how warrants for meeting shall be served,” and it does not appear that there was any vote of the town on the subject; but the notice given was posted more than seven days before the day of election in a public place, which was according to the usual custom of the town. This would be a reasonable notice for a town meeting, in the absence of any by-law or vote of the town. Rand v. Wilder, 11 Cush. 294.
The notice was signed by only a majority of the selectmen, which is not a fatal objection. Reynolds v. New Salem, 6 Met. 340. The want of the addition of the name of their office to their signatures cannot be held necessarily to render the notice void.
The notice called upon the inhabitants “ to vote for government officers.” There is no express provision of the statute that the warrant shall .specify all the officers to be voted for. It has been held that an article in a warrant for a town meeting calling upon the inhabitants “ to choose all necessary town [294]*294officers ” is sufficient for the election of such officers as may lawfully be chosen by towns. Williams v. Lunenburg School District, 21 Pick. 75. Sherman v. Torrey, 99 Mass. 472.
The notice did not specify the number of representatives to be voted for, nor specifically call upon the voters to bring in their votes on one ballot for such representatives, (see St. 1874, e. 376, § 24,) but this does not concern the election of a county commissioner. The provision in the St. of 1874, c. 376, § 19, that “ the mayor and aldermen and selectmen shall decide whether such officers shall be voted for on one ballot or at the same time on separate ballots, and shall give notice thereof in the warrant calling the meeting,” we regard as directory.
The notice was not directed to “ constables or some other persons appointed by the selectmen for that purpose; ” it was not served by a constable or a person appointed by the selectmen to serve it, and there was no return of service. It is unnecessary to consider whether it might not be presumed that the inhabitants of Gay Head qualified to vote had the same actual notice of this election as they would have had if a constable had posted the notice in the manner it was posted by the selectmen, for the facts found leave no room for presumptions. It is found as a fact that but eight of the registered voters were absent from the meeting, and of those present all voted for county commissioner but one; and of the eight who were not present, five had actual notice of the time and place of the meeting and .that a county commissioner was to be voted for, and did not remain away from the meeting on account of any want of notice ; and of the remaining three, two were absent at sea and had been absent more than two weeks prior to the meeting, and one was confined to his bed by sickness and was unable to attend the meeting.
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Field, J.
The question here presented for decision is whether the votes cast for county commissioner at the election in Gay Head should be counted or rejected in determining who was elected county commissioner of the county of Dukes County at the annual election held November 4, 1879.
The alleged illegality in the election is the want of legal notice of the meeting for election. No objection is made that the meeting was not held at the" proper place, or opened at the proper hour, or kept open the requisite length of time, or that all the proceedings at the meeting were not according to law.
The Gen. Sts. e. 18, § 21, provide that “ every town meeting shall be held in pursuance of a warrant under the hands of the selectmen, directed to the constables or some other persons appointed by the selectmen for that purpose, who shall forthwith [292]*292notify such meeting in the manner prescribed by the by-laws or a vote of the town.”
Meetings for the election of national, state, district and county officers are not, strictly speaking, town meetings, but the St. of 1874, o. 376, § 21, provides that “such meetings in towns shall be called by the selectmen in the manner ordered by the towns, and the warrant for notifying such meetings shall specify the time when the polls for the choice of the several officers shall be opened, and the hour at which the polls may be closed.” The provisions in the General Statutes for calling town meetings are substantially the same as in the Rev. Sts. c. 15, §§ 19-22, which were taken from the St. of 1785, c. 75, § 5. The provisions of the St. of 1874, c. 376, §§ 19-21, 24, for calling meetings for the election of national, state, district and county officers, are similar to those contained in the Gen. Sts. c. 7, §§ 2, 3, and the Gen. Sts. e. 8, § 7, and these were taken in substance from the Sts. of 1857, c. 311, 1841, c. 70, 1839, c. 42, and the Revised Statutes.
The Rev. Sts. o. 5, § 5, provide that “ all town meetings, for the election of representatives in the General Court, shall be notified by the selectmen of each town, in the manner legally established in such town, for calling other town meetings,” and the Rev. Sts. e. 6, § 3, require the selectmen of the several towns “ in the manner directed by law for holding elections therein ” to cause the inhabitants to assemble and give in their votes for representatives in Congress; and § 14 of the same chapter requires the selectmen of the several towns “in the manner prescribed by law for notifying town meetings ” to cause the inhabitants to assemble and give in their votes for electors of President and Vice-President.
The St. of 1795, e. 55, § 1, in regulating the election of representatives in the Legislature of the Commonwealth, provides that “it shall be the duty of such selectmen to summon and notify such meeting in the manner there legally established for calling other town meetings,” and § 2 of the same act imposes a penalty upon selectmen “ who shall neglect to call meetings of the inhabitants and others privileged there to vote for the election of governor, lieutenant-governor, councillors and senators, and to give due warning of the time and place of such [293]*293meetings, as required by the Constitution of this Commonwealth,” &c. The Constitution of the Commonwealth as originally adopted, e. 1, § 2, art. 2, required that the meeting for the election of senators and councillors should “be called by the selectmen, and warned in due course of law, at least seven days before the first Monday in April,” &c.
The statutes we have cited, as well as other provisions, particularly those relating to elections to fill vacancies, all require or imply that a meeting for election must be called by a warrant issued by the selectmen, and tend to show that the provision in the St. of 1874, o. 376, § 21, that “such meetings shall be called by the selectmen in the manner ordered by the towns,” means that such meetings shall be called in the same manner as town meetings, namely, by “ a warrant under the hands of the selectmen, directed to the constables or some other persons appointed by the selectmen for that purpose, who shall forthwith notify such meeting in the manner prescribed by the by-laws or a vote of the town.”
It is not necessary to decide this; but, if it be assumed, it does not therefore necessarily follow that the notice in this case was fatally defective, or that the election held was void. The report finds that there were no “ by-laws of the town prescribing how warrants for meeting shall be served,” and it does not appear that there was any vote of the town on the subject; but the notice given was posted more than seven days before the day of election in a public place, which was according to the usual custom of the town. This would be a reasonable notice for a town meeting, in the absence of any by-law or vote of the town. Rand v. Wilder, 11 Cush. 294.
The notice was signed by only a majority of the selectmen, which is not a fatal objection. Reynolds v. New Salem, 6 Met. 340. The want of the addition of the name of their office to their signatures cannot be held necessarily to render the notice void.
The notice called upon the inhabitants “ to vote for government officers.” There is no express provision of the statute that the warrant shall .specify all the officers to be voted for. It has been held that an article in a warrant for a town meeting calling upon the inhabitants “ to choose all necessary town [294]*294officers ” is sufficient for the election of such officers as may lawfully be chosen by towns. Williams v. Lunenburg School District, 21 Pick. 75. Sherman v. Torrey, 99 Mass. 472.
The notice did not specify the number of representatives to be voted for, nor specifically call upon the voters to bring in their votes on one ballot for such representatives, (see St. 1874, e. 376, § 24,) but this does not concern the election of a county commissioner. The provision in the St. of 1874, c. 376, § 19, that “ the mayor and aldermen and selectmen shall decide whether such officers shall be voted for on one ballot or at the same time on separate ballots, and shall give notice thereof in the warrant calling the meeting,” we regard as directory.
The notice was not directed to “ constables or some other persons appointed by the selectmen for that purpose; ” it was not served by a constable or a person appointed by the selectmen to serve it, and there was no return of service. It is unnecessary to consider whether it might not be presumed that the inhabitants of Gay Head qualified to vote had the same actual notice of this election as they would have had if a constable had posted the notice in the manner it was posted by the selectmen, for the facts found leave no room for presumptions. It is found as a fact that but eight of the registered voters were absent from the meeting, and of those present all voted for county commissioner but one; and of the eight who were not present, five had actual notice of the time and place of the meeting and .that a county commissioner was to be voted for, and did not remain away from the meeting on account of any want of notice ; and of the remaining three, two were absent at sea and had been absent more than two weeks prior to the meeting, and one was confined to his bed by sickness and was unable to attend the meeting. The defendant had a plurality of eight votes in all the towns in the county.
If these facts are competent, it becomes apparent that the defects in the notice or warrant and in the mode of serving it worked no injury, and that the election was as fully attended as if all the provisions of the law in calling the meeting had been strictly followed. These facts are competent, unless the provisions of the statute which have been disregarded are strictly mandatory, and we are of opinion that they are not.
[295]*295It is not necessary to determine whether this notice, served as it was, would be a good warrant for a town meeting. There are many reasons why defects in the call of a meeting for the election of national, state, district and county officers should not always be followed by the same consequences as similar defects in the call for a town meeting. Town meetings are in a sense legislative assemblies, held at a time and for the transaction of business not definitely prescribed by law. The annual town meeting must indeed be held in February, March or April, but the day must be determined by the warrant, and other town meetings must be held at such time as the selectmen may order; they must be held in pursuance of a warrant; the warrant must express the time and place of the meeting and the subjects to be acted upon; the selectmen must insert in the warrant all subjects which ten or more voters shall in writing request to be inserted ; and if the selectmen unreasonably refuse to call a town meeting, any justice of the peace of the county, upon the application of ten or more legal voters of the town, may call such a meeting by a warrant under his hand. Gen. Sts. c. 18, §§ 20-23.
The warrant for a town meeting is, as its name imports, the warrant or authority under which the meeting is held. But the annual meeting for the election of national, state, district and county officers, is required by law to be held on a day fixed by statute, and the officers to be elected and the manner of holding the election are designated and defined by statute. The warrant for such meetings is expressly required to specify the time when the polls shall be opened and the hour at which they may be closed, and to contain the directions that the voters bring in their votes on one ballot or on separate ballots, which have been before recited; but there are no other express requirements of the statute in regard to what the warrant shall contain. The language of the statute is, that such meetings shall be called in the manner ordered by the towns, and not that every such meeting shall be held in pursuance of a warrant, as in the case of town meetings. The actual warrant.for holding an annual election for county commissioner at Gay Head, at the time this election was held, was the Gen. Sts. o. 10, §§ 1, 6.
The main purpose of a warrant for meetings for such elections is to remind legal voters of their right and duty to vote, and of [296]*296the officers to be elected, and at the same time to give them notice of the place where the election will be held, and of the hour when the polls will be opened and when they will be closed. If this election at Gay Head be declared void, there can be no new election for county commissioner at Gay Head, and the voters there will have been deprived of their votes without fault on their part, inconsequence of the negligence of the selectmen of the town.
If this negligence is such that there may not have been a full, free and fair vote, or such that the result of the election there cannot be accurately ascertained, this effect may be unavoidable; but such conclusion ought not to be reached unless the construction of the statutes clearly requires it, or the manner in which the election was called has possibly resulted in depriving some legal voter of his vote, or has influenced or rendered uncertain the result of the election ; for this is- an election, held at the time, in the place, and for the purposes prescribed by law, and by the officers authorized by law to hold such an election. The provisions of the statutes which have been disregarded in this case, we think, are not of the essence of the thing required to be done, by complying with which jurisdiction or authority to hold an election was obtained, but they regulate the form and manner in which the meeting for an election required by law then and there to be held should be called:
It is conceded by the defendant, that the returns and certificates of election, even when made in entire conformity to law, are but prima facie evidence of title to an elective office, when that title is tried on an information in the nature of a quo warranto, and that the inquiry goes back of them for the purpose of ascertaining whether in fact the defendant has been legally elected to the office which he assumes to hold.
There may indeed be facts which a court will not investigate or consider, on the ground that public policy or the laws forbid it; but the facts proved in this case are not of that character.
The case which perhaps most nearly resembles this is People v. Peck, 11 Wend. 604; but the following cases, decided under a variety of circumstances, establish the general principles which govern the case at bar. People v. Hartwell, 12 Mich. 508. Foster v. Scarff, 15 Ohio St. 532. State v. Goetze, 22 Wis. [297]*297363. State v. Jones, 19 Ind. 356. DuPage County v. People, 65 Ill. 360. Cleland v. Porter, 74 Ill. 76. People v. Cook, 4 Selden, 67. People v. Wilson, 62 N. Y. 186
The result is that the election at Gay Head is not void, and that this defendant was duly elected to the office he holds.
We have no occasion to consider whether it would have changed the result we have reached, if the conduct of the selectmen in not complying with the statutory requirements for calling the meeting had been fraudulent, although the fraud had produced no effect upon the election.
Information dismissed.