Armstrong, C.J.
The defendant was convicted of eight counts of indecent assault and battery on a child under fourteen; six involving a group of incidents occurring on a single day against one child, and the other two involving a separate incident allegedly occurring four or five months earlier with a different child. With some hesitation, borne principally of the infrequency of instances in our decisional law where convictions have been reversed for improper joinder, we have come to the conclusion that the judge erred in this case by allowing the Com[604]*604monwealth’s motion for joinder of the charges involving the different victims.
The general rule is that “related cases” should be joined for trial unless joinder is not in the best interests of justice. The Rules of Criminal Procedure define “related offenses” as those “based on the same criminal conduct or episode or [which] arise out of a course of criminal conduct or series of criminal episodes connected together or constituting parts of a single scheme or plan.” Mass.R.Crim.P. 9(a)(1), 378 Mass. 859 (1979). See discussion in Commonwealth v. Sullivan, 436 Mass. 799, 802-805 (2002). “[T]he propriety of join[der] . . . turns, in large measure, on whether evidence of the other . . . offenses would have been admissible at a separate trial on each indictment.” Commonwealth v. Mamay, 407 Mass. 412, 417 (1990), citing Commonwealth v. Gallison, 383 Mass. 659, 672 (1981). Such evidence is inadmissible to prove the propensity of the defendant to commit crimes of a type, ibid.-, but it can be used to “show a common scheme, pattern of operation, absence of accident or mistake, identity, intent, or motive.” Commonwealth v. Helfant, 398 Mass. 214, 224 (1986).
Prior reported decisions sanctioning joinder for trial of abuse charges involving different victims (or, alternatively, use of evidence of abuse against a different victim) have hewed to those guidelines. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Gallison, supra at 671-673 (parents of two young children abused both repeatedly over the same time period); Commonwealth v. King, 387 Mass. 464, 469-473 (1982) (deviant sexual abuse of young siblings during same time period); Commonwealth v. Pope, 392 Mass. 493, 502-503 (1984) (defendant assaulted four women attending convention during one four-hour period); Commonwealth v. Helfant, supra at 226-228 (evidence admissible of physician’s prior use of Valium injections to weaken female patients’ resistance to abuse); Commonwealth v. Mamay, supra at 416-417 (defendant, a gynecologist, employing unorthodox examination positions, fondled patients on the examination table); Commonwealth v. Feijoo, 419 Mass. 486, 494-495 (1995) (karate instructor teaching adolescent boys that part of becoming a Ninja warrior involves ritual of participation in intimate relations with instructor). Apart from the cases involving an unusual [605]*605or distinctive modus operandi (like Helfant, Mamay and Feijoo), the cases in which joinder was approved often emphasize proximity in time as a critical element. Thus, in Gallison, the court reasoned that the abuse of the younger brother of the victim named in the indictment a nine year old female was admissible because it was similar in pattern and occurred, over the same time period, thus “form[ing] a temporal and schematic nexus with the treatment of [the sister].” Commonwealth v. Gallison, supra at 673. The King decision, recognizing that it would be the first case in which that court permitted “evidence of a defendant’s sexual conduct with a child not named in the indictment [to be admitted] in an action charging a sexual offense against the named child” (Commonwealth v. King, supra at 471), emphasized that the evidence fit the “temporal and schematic nexus” formulation of Gallison; that is to say, “both children lived in the same house with the defendant, the sexual acts took place during the same time period, the victims were of similar age (both under ten), and the form of the sexual conduct (oral sex and use of the dog) was similar. These factors make this evidence distinguishable from the unconnected acts we excluded in [Commonwealth v.] Welcome, [348 Mass. 68, 70 (1964)].”1 Id. at 472. The King decision reiterated that “evidence of a separate sexual act with another person is inadmissible if it is unconnected in time, place, or other relevant circumstances to the particular sex offense for which the defendant is being tried,” id. at 470, citing Welcome, supra at 70.
As joined, the instant case involved thirteen year old classmates of the defendant’s daughter, Anne,2 who visited her and stayed overnight. The first to report improper activities to [606]*606authorities was Kathy,3 allegedly molested the night of December 23-24, 1999. Kathy reported that during the afternoon, the defendant, alone with her in a small room, first grabbed her breast, and after having her count money, touched her side and slid his hand to her buttocks, pulled her toward him, then held her briefly. Later he drove Kathy and Anne to a fast-food restaurant and during the drive reached into the backseat to grab Kathy’s legs. At some point he gave her twenty dollars. Back at home, he pulled her into the bathroom, touched her (through her clothing) on her breast, vaginal area, and buttocks, kissed her on the forehead, attempted to kiss her lips, then let her leave. That night, as Kathy was sleeping, fully clothed in the same bed with Anne, the defendant came in, woke her, and urged her without success to go downstairs with him. He then crawled on top of her three times, touching her breast and vaginal area. Kathy testified she could feel his penis through her clothing pressing against her buttocks. She disclosed these activities to her mother on December 24, but Kathy and her mother didn’t approach authorities (first a school counselor, then the police) for several weeks.
The second complaint involved Rose,4 a friend of Anne’s, who had slept over at the Pillai house often. Rose alleged that on one night in either July or August (i.e., four or five months prior to the incidents involving Kathy) she awoke around 2:30 a.m. to find the defendant, smelling of alcohol, hovering over her and feeling her breasts through a bra and T-shirt she was wearing. Even though she protested, the defendant persisted for a time in trying to lift her T-shirt. He then sat in the room and watched her for a while, even after she rolled over. Rose testified she told Anne several days later, who promptly changed the subject. (Anne denied being told.) Sometime after winter break, Rose learned from Anne that Kathy was making accusations against the defendant. Rose then talked to Kathy, who, although a schoolmate, was not previously an acquaintance. Rose volunteered that she too had been subject to the defendant’s advances. Kathy encouraged Rose to “come forward” and Rose [607]*607agreed.5 Rose had not previously reported the events alleged, even to her family.
These cases should not have been joined for trial. Evidence of the defendant’s conduct with Kathy would have been inadmissible in the case based on Rose’s allegations; so too, evidence of his conduct with Rose, in the case based on Kathy’s allegations. See Commonwealth v.
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Armstrong, C.J.
The defendant was convicted of eight counts of indecent assault and battery on a child under fourteen; six involving a group of incidents occurring on a single day against one child, and the other two involving a separate incident allegedly occurring four or five months earlier with a different child. With some hesitation, borne principally of the infrequency of instances in our decisional law where convictions have been reversed for improper joinder, we have come to the conclusion that the judge erred in this case by allowing the Com[604]*604monwealth’s motion for joinder of the charges involving the different victims.
The general rule is that “related cases” should be joined for trial unless joinder is not in the best interests of justice. The Rules of Criminal Procedure define “related offenses” as those “based on the same criminal conduct or episode or [which] arise out of a course of criminal conduct or series of criminal episodes connected together or constituting parts of a single scheme or plan.” Mass.R.Crim.P. 9(a)(1), 378 Mass. 859 (1979). See discussion in Commonwealth v. Sullivan, 436 Mass. 799, 802-805 (2002). “[T]he propriety of join[der] . . . turns, in large measure, on whether evidence of the other . . . offenses would have been admissible at a separate trial on each indictment.” Commonwealth v. Mamay, 407 Mass. 412, 417 (1990), citing Commonwealth v. Gallison, 383 Mass. 659, 672 (1981). Such evidence is inadmissible to prove the propensity of the defendant to commit crimes of a type, ibid.-, but it can be used to “show a common scheme, pattern of operation, absence of accident or mistake, identity, intent, or motive.” Commonwealth v. Helfant, 398 Mass. 214, 224 (1986).
Prior reported decisions sanctioning joinder for trial of abuse charges involving different victims (or, alternatively, use of evidence of abuse against a different victim) have hewed to those guidelines. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Gallison, supra at 671-673 (parents of two young children abused both repeatedly over the same time period); Commonwealth v. King, 387 Mass. 464, 469-473 (1982) (deviant sexual abuse of young siblings during same time period); Commonwealth v. Pope, 392 Mass. 493, 502-503 (1984) (defendant assaulted four women attending convention during one four-hour period); Commonwealth v. Helfant, supra at 226-228 (evidence admissible of physician’s prior use of Valium injections to weaken female patients’ resistance to abuse); Commonwealth v. Mamay, supra at 416-417 (defendant, a gynecologist, employing unorthodox examination positions, fondled patients on the examination table); Commonwealth v. Feijoo, 419 Mass. 486, 494-495 (1995) (karate instructor teaching adolescent boys that part of becoming a Ninja warrior involves ritual of participation in intimate relations with instructor). Apart from the cases involving an unusual [605]*605or distinctive modus operandi (like Helfant, Mamay and Feijoo), the cases in which joinder was approved often emphasize proximity in time as a critical element. Thus, in Gallison, the court reasoned that the abuse of the younger brother of the victim named in the indictment a nine year old female was admissible because it was similar in pattern and occurred, over the same time period, thus “form[ing] a temporal and schematic nexus with the treatment of [the sister].” Commonwealth v. Gallison, supra at 673. The King decision, recognizing that it would be the first case in which that court permitted “evidence of a defendant’s sexual conduct with a child not named in the indictment [to be admitted] in an action charging a sexual offense against the named child” (Commonwealth v. King, supra at 471), emphasized that the evidence fit the “temporal and schematic nexus” formulation of Gallison; that is to say, “both children lived in the same house with the defendant, the sexual acts took place during the same time period, the victims were of similar age (both under ten), and the form of the sexual conduct (oral sex and use of the dog) was similar. These factors make this evidence distinguishable from the unconnected acts we excluded in [Commonwealth v.] Welcome, [348 Mass. 68, 70 (1964)].”1 Id. at 472. The King decision reiterated that “evidence of a separate sexual act with another person is inadmissible if it is unconnected in time, place, or other relevant circumstances to the particular sex offense for which the defendant is being tried,” id. at 470, citing Welcome, supra at 70.
As joined, the instant case involved thirteen year old classmates of the defendant’s daughter, Anne,2 who visited her and stayed overnight. The first to report improper activities to [606]*606authorities was Kathy,3 allegedly molested the night of December 23-24, 1999. Kathy reported that during the afternoon, the defendant, alone with her in a small room, first grabbed her breast, and after having her count money, touched her side and slid his hand to her buttocks, pulled her toward him, then held her briefly. Later he drove Kathy and Anne to a fast-food restaurant and during the drive reached into the backseat to grab Kathy’s legs. At some point he gave her twenty dollars. Back at home, he pulled her into the bathroom, touched her (through her clothing) on her breast, vaginal area, and buttocks, kissed her on the forehead, attempted to kiss her lips, then let her leave. That night, as Kathy was sleeping, fully clothed in the same bed with Anne, the defendant came in, woke her, and urged her without success to go downstairs with him. He then crawled on top of her three times, touching her breast and vaginal area. Kathy testified she could feel his penis through her clothing pressing against her buttocks. She disclosed these activities to her mother on December 24, but Kathy and her mother didn’t approach authorities (first a school counselor, then the police) for several weeks.
The second complaint involved Rose,4 a friend of Anne’s, who had slept over at the Pillai house often. Rose alleged that on one night in either July or August (i.e., four or five months prior to the incidents involving Kathy) she awoke around 2:30 a.m. to find the defendant, smelling of alcohol, hovering over her and feeling her breasts through a bra and T-shirt she was wearing. Even though she protested, the defendant persisted for a time in trying to lift her T-shirt. He then sat in the room and watched her for a while, even after she rolled over. Rose testified she told Anne several days later, who promptly changed the subject. (Anne denied being told.) Sometime after winter break, Rose learned from Anne that Kathy was making accusations against the defendant. Rose then talked to Kathy, who, although a schoolmate, was not previously an acquaintance. Rose volunteered that she too had been subject to the defendant’s advances. Kathy encouraged Rose to “come forward” and Rose [607]*607agreed.5 Rose had not previously reported the events alleged, even to her family.
These cases should not have been joined for trial. Evidence of the defendant’s conduct with Kathy would have been inadmissible in the case based on Rose’s allegations; so too, evidence of his conduct with Rose, in the case based on Kathy’s allegations. See Commonwealth v. Barrett, 418 Mass. 788, 794 (1994); Commonwealth v. Jacobs, 52 Mass. App. Ct. 38, 42-43 (2001). In contrast to evidence of earlier bad acts involving the same parties, which is often “relevant to show the probable existence of the same passion or emotion at the time in issue,” Commonwealth v. King, 387 Mass, at 470, quoting Commonwealth v. Bemis, 242 Mass. 582, 585 (1922), evidence of bad acts “by the defendant toward a child other than the complainant . . . , to be admissible, must be closely related in time, place, and form of acts to show a common course of conduct by the defendant toward the two children so as to be logically probative.” Commonwealth v. Barrett, supra at 794, citing the King and Gallison cases. “In other words, the conduct towards the children must form a ‘temporal and schematic nexus’ which renders the evidence admissible to show a common course of conduct regarding the two children.” Ibid. See also Commonwealth v. Cogswell, 31 Mass. App. Ct. 691, 696 (1991) (defendant abusing stepdaughters repeatedly, inducing silence by identical threats); Commonwealth v. Lanning, 32 Mass. App. Ct. 279, 283 (1992) (defendant, close family friend, in continuing pattern of sexual abuse of daughters from age nine on).
As the trial judge observed, there were many similarities between the alleged assaults against Kathy and Rose. The victims were both schoolmates of the defendant’s daughter. Both were sleeping over at her house. Both were assaulted at roughly the same time at night, and the defendant’s alleged advances in both cases consisted of fondling breasts, vaginal areas, and buttocks. “The alleged offenses and their circumstances were thus undoubtedly similar. . . in major respects. [608]*608However, they were not ‘related’ within the meaning of Mass.R.Crim.P. 9(a)(1), unless the judge could conclude that they arose ‘out of a course of criminal conduct or series of criminal episodes connected together or constituting parts of a single scheme or plan.’ ” Commonwealth v. Sylvester, 388 Mass. 749, 755 (1983).
The judge could not properly so conclude. The acts were plainly not a part of a single course of criminal conduct but rather were separate acts involving different victims four or five months apart. The acts were not connected together and were not part of a single scheme or plan. Nor did the evidence bring the case within the mold of the modus operandi, or pattern of conduct line of cases, such as Helfant, supra; Mamay, supra; Feijoo, supra; Commonwealth v. Odell, 34 Mass. App. Ct. 100, 103 (1993) (defendant stupefying numerous women with drugs and alcohol), or Commonwealth v. Hanlon, 44 Mass. App. Ct. 810, 819-821 (1998) (priest taking altar boys to ski lodge).6 The defendant’s acts with respect to Kathy and Rose did not exhibit any distinctive, identifying qualities such as those that are characteristic of the modus operandi or common pattern line of cases. To the contrary, his groping of breasts, vaginal areas, and buttocks, and trying to reach under clothing, are common to most indecent assault and battery cases. Compare Commonwealth v. Brusgulis, 406 Mass. 501, 506-507 (1990). Trying these two cases together, or admitting evidence of one in the other, would furnish evidence with no probative force other than to show the defendant’s attraction to adolescent girls in others words, to show his propensity for committing the type of crime charged. This, all decisions agree, a court should not allow.
Judgments reversed.
Verdicts set aside.