Gray, J.
The testimony of accomplices is competent, and often necessary, to prove the commission of a crime. But, as it involves a confession of participation by the witness in the guilt charged, and is liable to be exaggerated from hope of pardon or fear of punishment, the law views it with peculiar suspicion; and it is usual to instruct the jury, as was done in this case, that it is unsafe to convict upon such evidence, unless corroborated in some material particular. This is said in some of the English cases to be rather a rule of practice than a rule of" law; but the statement of Lord Abinger in Regina v. Farler, 8 C. & P. 107, that “ it is a practice which deserves all the rever-r ence of law,” has been often quoted with approval. Still, as' the law, while holding such evidence to be of inferior quality, does not wholly exclude it, its effect in each case must finally be determined by the jury; and therefore, if the judge calls their attention to its suspicious character and need of corroboration, no exception lies to his refusal to direct them to acquit the prisoner if it is' not corroborated, or to his instructing them that they may convict upon the uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice if it satisfies them beyond a reasonable doubt of the guilt of-the defendant. But if evidence is submitted to the jury as corroborative, which is not legally such, the error may be revised by bill of exceptions. Commonwealth v. Bosworth, 22 Pick. 397. Commonwealth v. Desmond, 5 Gray, 80. Commonwealth [416]*416v. Brooks, 9 Gray, 299. Commonwealth v. Price, 10 Gray, 472. Simmons v. Simmons, 1 Rob. Eccl. 575, and 5 Notes of Cases, 344. Regina v. Stubbs, 7 Cox Crim. Gas. 48, and Dearsly, 555 3 Russell on Crimes, (4th Eng. ed.) 961-968. 1 Greenl. Ev. §§ 380, 381.
It was argued by the attorney general, that the Gen. Sts. c. 115, § 5, having provided that “the courts shall not charge juries with respect to matters of fact, but may state the testimony and the law,” a judge has now no authority in this Commonwealth to advise the jury as to the weight to be allowed to the testimony of an accomplice, and that the defendants in this case have therefore no ground of exception to the instructions given. But the answer to this is twofold. In the first place, the statute referred to, while it restrains the judge from expressing an opinion upon the credibility of particular witnesses, does not preclude him from defining the degree of weight which the law attaches to a whole class of testimony, leaving it to the jury to apply the general rule to the circumstances of the case. Commonwealth v. Barry, 9 Allen, 276. And in the next place, if the judge had exceeded the limit fixed by the statute in this respect, it would not deprive the defendant of his right of exception to further instructions attributing to the testimony a weight to which it was hot by law entitled, as would be the case if he should instruct the jury that the testimony of an accomplice was corroborated, when the other evidence introduced for the purpose of corroboration had not by the rules of law that effect.
The presiding judge in this case, as the bill of exceptions states, “recited the testimony which the government relied upon as such corroboration, and among the rest that of Mclntire' and Munroe, and said to the jury that if they believed the witnessef then there was such corroboration.” The reasonable interpretation of this instruction, in our opinion, is, not merely that the whole testimony of all the other witnesses, taken together amounted to a corroboration of the accomplice, but that the testimony of each of the witnesses called to corroborate him, taken by itself, or with the aid of such other evidence only a* [417]*417was avowedly introduced in connection with it, was corroborative evidence.
In order to determine whether there was any error in this instruction, it is therefore necessary to analyze the testimony of the accomplice and the evidence relied on by way of corroboration.
Stone, the accomplice, testified at the trial that the two defendants had previously agreed to meet him on the 23d of July with their horse and wagon at the Wilkins Farm, a place between South Danvers and Reading; that he on that day walked from South Danvers up the Lowell Railroad, (upon which he met and conversed with Isaac Munroe,) and thence up the highway to the rendezvous, and there, found the defendants waiting for him, and they drove together towards Andover through Middleton, where he got out of the wagon and bought some luncheon in a shop, while the defendants drove on out of the village; that he walked after them, and found them waiting for him and talking with a man whom he had since seen in court; that they' three drove on, and called at two farm-houses for water, which he obtained at one house from a woman, and at another from a little girl, both of whom he saw the Saturday before the trial, when he was taken by an officer to see them; that the three waited until night and then stole two horses out of a pasture and led them to Brighton, where they arrived about daylight and sold them on the 24th.
Charles Mclntire testified that on some day in July he saw a horse and wagon (his description of which was a correct description of the defendants’ horse and wagon) standing on the road in Middleton, with two men sitting in the wagon, and had some talk with them, (which he stated substantially as detailed by Stone,) and while they were talking a third man came up, bringing some crackers and cheese, of which all three partook. Mclntire professed himself unable to identify the persons, and his testimony was objected to by the defendants on that ground, and was admitted by the court upon the statement of the district attorney that he proposed to identify them by witnesses who saw them further along the road. Mrs. Blunt and her [418]*418daughter, and two gills named Upton, (who resided in Andover in two houses not far apart, situated substantially as stated by Stone, and several miles from the place described by Mclntire,) testified that three men, whom they positively identified as Stone and the defendants, called in a wagon at their houses and obtained water on the 23d of July; and gave a similar description of their horse and wagon to that which Mclntire had given. There was also evidence from other witnesses, (which does not appear to have been objected to, and as to which no argument has been "addressed to us,) identifying the defendants as having been at Brighton with Stone on the 24th, with these horses in the possession of one of them.
The fact to be proved was, that the defendants and Stone stole the horses in Andover on the night of the 23d. The evidence last mentioned tended to show that they were in Brighton with the horses on the 24th. The testimony of Mclntire, taken together with that of the Blunts and Uptons, (in connection with which it had been admitted,) tended to show that on the 23d they drove together in apparent intimacy several miles towards Andover. All this testimony corresponded with Stone’s, and tended materially to corroborate him. It is not to be expected that each witness will be able to prove the connection of the accused with the accomplice throughout the whole criminal transaction. It is enough if the testimony of each witness, proves joint action at any stage, and that it all tends to show the participation of the accused in the crime charged. Authorities above cited. People v. Davis, 21 Wend. 309.
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Gray, J.
The testimony of accomplices is competent, and often necessary, to prove the commission of a crime. But, as it involves a confession of participation by the witness in the guilt charged, and is liable to be exaggerated from hope of pardon or fear of punishment, the law views it with peculiar suspicion; and it is usual to instruct the jury, as was done in this case, that it is unsafe to convict upon such evidence, unless corroborated in some material particular. This is said in some of the English cases to be rather a rule of practice than a rule of" law; but the statement of Lord Abinger in Regina v. Farler, 8 C. & P. 107, that “ it is a practice which deserves all the rever-r ence of law,” has been often quoted with approval. Still, as' the law, while holding such evidence to be of inferior quality, does not wholly exclude it, its effect in each case must finally be determined by the jury; and therefore, if the judge calls their attention to its suspicious character and need of corroboration, no exception lies to his refusal to direct them to acquit the prisoner if it is' not corroborated, or to his instructing them that they may convict upon the uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice if it satisfies them beyond a reasonable doubt of the guilt of-the defendant. But if evidence is submitted to the jury as corroborative, which is not legally such, the error may be revised by bill of exceptions. Commonwealth v. Bosworth, 22 Pick. 397. Commonwealth v. Desmond, 5 Gray, 80. Commonwealth [416]*416v. Brooks, 9 Gray, 299. Commonwealth v. Price, 10 Gray, 472. Simmons v. Simmons, 1 Rob. Eccl. 575, and 5 Notes of Cases, 344. Regina v. Stubbs, 7 Cox Crim. Gas. 48, and Dearsly, 555 3 Russell on Crimes, (4th Eng. ed.) 961-968. 1 Greenl. Ev. §§ 380, 381.
It was argued by the attorney general, that the Gen. Sts. c. 115, § 5, having provided that “the courts shall not charge juries with respect to matters of fact, but may state the testimony and the law,” a judge has now no authority in this Commonwealth to advise the jury as to the weight to be allowed to the testimony of an accomplice, and that the defendants in this case have therefore no ground of exception to the instructions given. But the answer to this is twofold. In the first place, the statute referred to, while it restrains the judge from expressing an opinion upon the credibility of particular witnesses, does not preclude him from defining the degree of weight which the law attaches to a whole class of testimony, leaving it to the jury to apply the general rule to the circumstances of the case. Commonwealth v. Barry, 9 Allen, 276. And in the next place, if the judge had exceeded the limit fixed by the statute in this respect, it would not deprive the defendant of his right of exception to further instructions attributing to the testimony a weight to which it was hot by law entitled, as would be the case if he should instruct the jury that the testimony of an accomplice was corroborated, when the other evidence introduced for the purpose of corroboration had not by the rules of law that effect.
The presiding judge in this case, as the bill of exceptions states, “recited the testimony which the government relied upon as such corroboration, and among the rest that of Mclntire' and Munroe, and said to the jury that if they believed the witnessef then there was such corroboration.” The reasonable interpretation of this instruction, in our opinion, is, not merely that the whole testimony of all the other witnesses, taken together amounted to a corroboration of the accomplice, but that the testimony of each of the witnesses called to corroborate him, taken by itself, or with the aid of such other evidence only a* [417]*417was avowedly introduced in connection with it, was corroborative evidence.
In order to determine whether there was any error in this instruction, it is therefore necessary to analyze the testimony of the accomplice and the evidence relied on by way of corroboration.
Stone, the accomplice, testified at the trial that the two defendants had previously agreed to meet him on the 23d of July with their horse and wagon at the Wilkins Farm, a place between South Danvers and Reading; that he on that day walked from South Danvers up the Lowell Railroad, (upon which he met and conversed with Isaac Munroe,) and thence up the highway to the rendezvous, and there, found the defendants waiting for him, and they drove together towards Andover through Middleton, where he got out of the wagon and bought some luncheon in a shop, while the defendants drove on out of the village; that he walked after them, and found them waiting for him and talking with a man whom he had since seen in court; that they' three drove on, and called at two farm-houses for water, which he obtained at one house from a woman, and at another from a little girl, both of whom he saw the Saturday before the trial, when he was taken by an officer to see them; that the three waited until night and then stole two horses out of a pasture and led them to Brighton, where they arrived about daylight and sold them on the 24th.
Charles Mclntire testified that on some day in July he saw a horse and wagon (his description of which was a correct description of the defendants’ horse and wagon) standing on the road in Middleton, with two men sitting in the wagon, and had some talk with them, (which he stated substantially as detailed by Stone,) and while they were talking a third man came up, bringing some crackers and cheese, of which all three partook. Mclntire professed himself unable to identify the persons, and his testimony was objected to by the defendants on that ground, and was admitted by the court upon the statement of the district attorney that he proposed to identify them by witnesses who saw them further along the road. Mrs. Blunt and her [418]*418daughter, and two gills named Upton, (who resided in Andover in two houses not far apart, situated substantially as stated by Stone, and several miles from the place described by Mclntire,) testified that three men, whom they positively identified as Stone and the defendants, called in a wagon at their houses and obtained water on the 23d of July; and gave a similar description of their horse and wagon to that which Mclntire had given. There was also evidence from other witnesses, (which does not appear to have been objected to, and as to which no argument has been "addressed to us,) identifying the defendants as having been at Brighton with Stone on the 24th, with these horses in the possession of one of them.
The fact to be proved was, that the defendants and Stone stole the horses in Andover on the night of the 23d. The evidence last mentioned tended to show that they were in Brighton with the horses on the 24th. The testimony of Mclntire, taken together with that of the Blunts and Uptons, (in connection with which it had been admitted,) tended to show that on the 23d they drove together in apparent intimacy several miles towards Andover. All this testimony corresponded with Stone’s, and tended materially to corroborate him. It is not to be expected that each witness will be able to prove the connection of the accused with the accomplice throughout the whole criminal transaction. It is enough if the testimony of each witness, proves joint action at any stage, and that it all tends to show the participation of the accused in the crime charged. Authorities above cited. People v. Davis, 21 Wend. 309.
The defendants denied the truth of Stone’s whole story, ami offered much testimony tending to prove that they were both in South Danvers during the whole of the 23d of July and the succeeding night. They testified that Stone borrowed the horse and wagon two days before, saying that he would come for it on that day, for the purpose of going after a horse which he had bought; that he did come about ten o’clock in the morning, and took the horse and wagon from the house of one of them more than a mile from the Wilkins Farm, and at such a time as was inconsistent with Stone’s statement of the time when he mei [419]*419Munroe; that the defendants did not go to Middleton or North Andover, never saw Mclntire, the Blunts or the Uptons, and had no knowledge of the larceny; that, becoming uneasy about the continued absence of Stone, they borrowed a horse and wagon of the father of one of them, and on the 24th drove to Brighton, and there found Stone with their horse and wagon, and the two stolen horses, which he said he bad bought, and which one of the defendants at Stone’s request then led to the auction stable and left there, and the defendants took their horse and wagon and drove home.
The district attorney, in reply, called Munroe, who was permitted, against the defendants’ objection, and for the purpose of contradicting the defendants’ testimony that Stone called at their house for the horse and wagon on the morning of the 23d of July, to testify that he remembered meeting Stone on some day in July or August (which he could not fix more definitely) and as he thought about the middle of the forenoon, on the Lowell Railroad, substantially in the place described by Stone. In the aspect of the case at the time when this testimony was offered, after the defendants had introduced their own and other testimony to disprove the truth of the whole of Stone’s evidence, this testimony of Munroe tended to corroborate Stone in a particular which went to show the falsehood of the defendants’ own testimony, and indeed of their entire defence; which was a most material particular directly tending to prove their guilt. Commonwealth v. O’Brien, 12 Allen, 183. People v. Dyle, 21 N. Y. 578. If previous testimony had precisely fixed the day, it is hardly denied that it would have been admissible. Its indefiniteness in this respect might affect its weight, but not its competency to be submitted to the jury, who were the proper judges whether the day was identified. Commonwealth v. Annis, 15 Gray, 197.
The evidence as to Lapham and Marshall was manifestly not part of the testimony upon which the Commonwealth relied by way of corroboration of Stone, and was therefore not embraced within the ruling excepted to. Exceptions overruled-