Commonwealth v. Larkins

829 A.2d 1203, 2003 Pa. Super. 278, 2003 Pa. Super. LEXIS 2323
CourtSuperior Court of Pennsylvania
DecidedJuly 28, 2003
StatusPublished
Cited by3 cases

This text of 829 A.2d 1203 (Commonwealth v. Larkins) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Superior Court of Pennsylvania primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Commonwealth v. Larkins, 829 A.2d 1203, 2003 Pa. Super. 278, 2003 Pa. Super. LEXIS 2323 (Pa. Ct. App. 2003).

Opinion

OPINION BY

MONTEMURO, J.:

¶ 1 This is an appeal from judgment of sentence of life imprisonment entered following Appellant’s conviction of first degree murder after retrial.

¶2 In January of 1981, Appellant was convicted by a jury of third degree murder in connection with the shotgun slaying of his wife, Gail Larkins, and of first degree murder for shooting Alfred Huweart, whom Appellant believed to be his wife’s paramour. The jury acquitted Appellant of third degree murder and voluntary manslaughter in connection with Huw-eart’s death. The sentences imposed, respectively a life term and a concurrent 14 years’ imprisonment were affirmed on direct appeal by this Court, and the Pennsylvania Supreme Court denied allocatur. A petition for writ of habeas corpus filed in the Federal District Court was similarly unsuccessful.

¶ 3 In 1995, Appellant sought post conviction relief, and appointed counsel filed an amended petition. The trial court agreed that issues raised there were meritorious, and a new trial was granted as to Appellant’s conviction for Huweart’s death, a decision affirmed by this Court on the Commonwealth’s appeal. After retrial, Appellant was again found guilty of first degree murder and sentenced to life imprisonment. This appeal followed.

¶ 4 Three issues are presented which challenge the trial court’s refusal to charge the jury on the lesser included offenses of third degree murder and voluntary manslaughter, and assign error to the trial court’s imposition of a life sentence to run consecutively to the sentence for Mrs. Lar-kin’s murder as well as to the court’s refusal to grant a mistrial based on certain statements by a Commonwealth witness.

¶ 5 Appellant contends that the trial court’s refusal to charge on the lesser included offenses of third degree murder and voluntary manslaughter was reversible error because he was entitled to such a charge by the nature of the case, which included a heat of passion defense. In fact, the assertion that such a charge was warranted by the nature of the defense raised is not disputed; the trial court actually charged on heat of passion relative to a determination of malice. However, Appellant’s claim involves a matter separate from evidentiary justification for the instruction.

¶ 6 In his 1981 trial, Appellant was specifically acquitted by the jury of both voluntary manslaughter and third degree murder in connection with Huweart’s death. Thereafter, in Commonwealth v. Terry, 513 Pa. 381, 521 A.2d 398, 410 (1987), our Supreme Court, in the exercise of its supervisory powers, ordered trial judges “to adopt and enforce procedures in all homicide cases which will prevent the recording of a jury verdict of not guilty on lesser included degrees of homicide when the jury returns a guilty verdict on a higher degree.” The reason for this decision is illuminated by the situation herein, where “a new trial is granted in a murder case in which the jury has previously rendered an incorrect verdict on the lesser included degrees of homicide.” Id. at 409. Here, the trial court’s refusal to charge on third degree murder and voluntary manslaughter turned not upon the evidentiary propriety of such a charge, but on the court’s conclusion that jury consideration of the lesser included crimes at retrial was precluded by double jeopardy. Thus, the most significant aspect of Appellant’s argu[1205]*1205ment is that double jeopardy is a waivable defense, and that he was denied the opportunity to waive it, with the result that he was subjected to the jury’s choice “between first degree murder and the complete acquittal of a man who had admittedly shot two people.” (Appellant’s Brief at 25).

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 109(1) provides as follows:

When a prosecution is for a violation of the same statutes and is based on the same facts as a former prosecution, it is barred by such former prosecution under the following circumstances:
(1) The former prosecution resulted in an acquittal. There is an acquittal if the prosecution resulted in a finding of not guilty by the trier of fact or in a determination that there was insufficient evidence to warrant a conviction. A finding of guilty of a lesser included offense is an acquittal of a greater inclusive offense, although the conviction is subsequently set aside.

See also Commonwealth v. Bracalielly, 540 Pa. 460, 658 A.2d 755 (1995).

¶7 Appellant argues that a knowing and intelligent waiver of double jeopardy protections is theoretically possible. Commonwealth v. Johnson, 319 Pa.Super. 463, 466 A.2d 636, 641 (1983). However, the trial court, extrapolating from our Supreme Court’s decision in Commonwealth v. Tharp, 562 Pa. 231, 754 A.2d 1251, 1253 (2000), concluded otherwise. In Tharp the Court considered whether defendants possessed a right to a bench trial equivalent to the right to be tried by a jury, and determined that no such right exists, although the right to a jury may be waived. See also Commonwealth v. White, 818 A.2d 555 (Pa.Super.2003). The question then becomes whether the same analysis resolves the question here, that is, whether the right to be free from being placed twice in jeopardy may be voluntarily relinquished. We find that our Supreme Court’s decision in Commonwealth v. Gibbons, 567 Pa. 24, 784 A.2d 776 (2001), renders the matter moot. In that case, albeit under entirely different circumstances, the Court in considering the effects of 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 109(1), observed that “[tjhis rule barring retrial is confined to cases where the prosecution’s failure to meet its burden is clear and a second trial would merely afford the prosecution another opportunity to supply evidence that it failed to put forth in the first proceeding.” Gibbons, supra at 778 (citations omitted). The rationale is that “[tjhis prohibition prevents the State from honing its trial strategies and perfecting its evidence through successive attempts at conviction. Repeated prosecutorial sallies would unfairly burden the defendant and create a risk of conviction through sheer governmental perseverance.” Id. (citing Green v. United States, 355 U.S. 184, 187-88, 78 S.Ct. 221, 2 L.Ed.2d 199 (1957)).

¶ 8 The application of this reasoning is made even more cogent by the recognition in Terry that jury verdicts on lesser included offenses where a guilty verdict is reached on the inclusive offense are incorrect. Moreover, here there is no eviden-tiary insufficiency to preclude retrial under Gibbons, nor does the question of successive prosecutions motivated by governmental intransigency ever arise. Thus, we conclude that the trial court’s refusal to charge on lesser included offenses, given the impropriety of the prior jury verdicts on such offenses, as well as refinement of the double jeopardy clause in Tharp, was error. Further, because, in fact, preclu-sive double jeopardy is not involved here, waiver was possible.

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Bluebook (online)
829 A.2d 1203, 2003 Pa. Super. 278, 2003 Pa. Super. LEXIS 2323, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/commonwealth-v-larkins-pasuperct-2003.