Opinion op the . Court by
Judge Barker
Reversing.
The appellee, John W. Kelly, was indicted by the grand jury of Trigg county, charged with the offense of ©mbezzeling certain money and notes which were in' his hands as master commisisoner of the Trigg circuit court. A general demurrer to the indictment was interposed by the defendant and sustained by the court, and the indictment dismissed. From this judgment, the commonwealth has appealed.
As the question involved is both novel and important, we insert the indictment and the act under which it was found in full: ‘ ‘ The grand jury of Trigg county, in the name and by the authority of the-commonwealth of Kentucky, accuse John W. Kelly of the crime of fraudulently and feloniously disposing of and converting to his own use money and property of another held in trust by him without the consent of the owner thereof, committed in the manner and form as follows, to-wit: That said Kelly did in the county and state aforesaid, on the —— day of —-, 1906, and before the finding of this indictment, willfully, fraudulently, and feloniously and without the consent of the owner thereof dispose of and convert to his own use certain property hereinafter described and same was felonious and fraudulent, in this: that said Kelly was on or about February 15th, 1898, by the regular [248]*248judge of the Trigg circuit court, duly and legally appointed master commissioner of the said Trigg circuit court, accepted said appointment, took the oath-of office and executed bond as required by law as such master commissioner, and entered upon the discharge of the duties of said office, and acted as such master commissioner until February 6th, 1902. That on February 6th, 1902, he was reappointed by the regular judge of said court, master commissioner of said court, took the oath of said office, executed bond as required by law as such master commissioner, and .again entered upon the discharge of thé duties of said office, and acted as such and was the legally appointed master, commissioner of said court continuously from February 15th, 1898, up to February 8th, 1906. That the time said Kelly was appointed said master oommisisoner of said court as aforesaid on February 15th, 1898, there was in the custody and under the control of said court a sum of lawful money of the United States and notes and other evidences of debt amounting' to about $8,000.00, which came from the estate of L. Bryan, and was held hy said court for the use and benefit of Y. K. Blakely and her children, and was the property of said Blakely and her children under and according to the judgment and orders of said court rendered in the suit of L. Bryan, Administrator, v. Y. K. Blakely and Others, that said funds or sums of money, notes, and evidences of debt were by Ml. M. Hanberry, late master commissioner of said court, turned over to said Kelly on his first appointment as said master commissioner. Said Kelly accepted and took same into his possession and control as such master commissioner of said court under order of said court directed to take charge thereof and to be governed in the collection and loaning of [249]*249said fund by tbe order theretofore made therein. That said Kelly having said trust fund in his possession and control, as aforesaid, did then and there willfully, fraudulently, and feloniously dispose of and convert to his own use about four thousand seven hundred and sixty-one ($4,761.52) dollars and fifty-two cents worth of said trust fund consisting of lawful money of the United States, and notes and other evidences of debt, without the consent of the said V. K. Blakely or her children or either of them, and without the consent, order or direction of the said Trigg circuit court. And in violation and disobedience of the orders and decrees of tbe said court. The grand jury aforesaid further says 'that the exact amount of said money, and the exact amount of said notes and other evidences of debt converted to his own use and disposed of as aforesaid by the said Kelly is to the grand jury unknown. Bone against the peace and dignity of the commonwealth of Kentucky. ’ ’
“An act to make it unlawful for a person to fraudulently dispose of the property of another, and to provide a punishment therefor.
“Be it enacted by the Gleneral Assembly 6f the commonwealth of Kentucky:
“Section 1. That any person who shall sell, dispose of or convert to his or her own use or the use of another, any money, property, or other thing of value, without the consent of the owner thereof, shall be punished by confinement in the penitentiary for not less than one nor more than five years; if the money, property, or other thing of value, so sold, disposed of or converted to his or her own use be of tbe value of twenty dollars or more; or be confined in the county jail for not less than one nor more than [250]*250twelve months if the value be less than twenty dollars. ’ ’ Acts 1902, p. 151, c. 66.
In the case of Commonwealth v. Barney, 115 Ky. 475, 24 Ky. Law Rep. 2352, 74 S. W. 181, the statute under consideration came before this court for the first time. It was there held that the law was.constitutional, and that it was not necessary that the word “embezzlement” should be used, although the act was manifestly an extension of the statutes of the state to prohibit the misappropriation by trustees of trust funds; but it should be construed to include only the misappropriation of funds or property held in a fiduciary capacity; and therefore it was necessary that the fiducial relation existing between the accused and the owner of the property alleged to be misappropriated should be charged. The indictment in this case was evidently drawn under the light of the opinion in the case cited, and it clearly contains every allegation which was there held to be essential to constitute the offense under the act under discussion. It is, however, earnestly insisted by appellee, and it was doubtless the opinion of the trial court, that the indictment in this case was defective, in that it fails to allege that a demand for the trust money of the defendant, or a refusal on his part to pay, and the soundness of this position is the question before us on this appeal.
It may be conceded that the authorities are not altogether harmonious upon the question of the necessity of a demand being alleged in an indictment for an offense such as the one charged here. A good deal of this want of harmony in the adjudged cas«s doubtless grows out of the difference in the language used in the various statutes creating the offene. As embezzlement is wholly a statutory offense, of neces[251]*251sity its constituent elements in the different states vary with the difference in the requirements of the statutes creating it. Of course, where the statutes require a demand as a prerequisite to the etablishment of the offense, the allegation of a demand must always be made. Under our statutes the offense is complete when the trustee fraudulently and feloniously misappropriates the trust fund by wrongfully converting it to his- own use; and there is nothing in the language used to indicate an intention to make a demand necessary. Undoubtedly a demand, and a wrongful refusal on the part of the trustee to pay over the trust fund to the owner, would be considered vital evidence in establishing the fraudulent intent of the conversion, but it is not necessary to constitute the crime.
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Opinion op the . Court by
Judge Barker
Reversing.
The appellee, John W. Kelly, was indicted by the grand jury of Trigg county, charged with the offense of ©mbezzeling certain money and notes which were in' his hands as master commisisoner of the Trigg circuit court. A general demurrer to the indictment was interposed by the defendant and sustained by the court, and the indictment dismissed. From this judgment, the commonwealth has appealed.
As the question involved is both novel and important, we insert the indictment and the act under which it was found in full: ‘ ‘ The grand jury of Trigg county, in the name and by the authority of the-commonwealth of Kentucky, accuse John W. Kelly of the crime of fraudulently and feloniously disposing of and converting to his own use money and property of another held in trust by him without the consent of the owner thereof, committed in the manner and form as follows, to-wit: That said Kelly did in the county and state aforesaid, on the —— day of —-, 1906, and before the finding of this indictment, willfully, fraudulently, and feloniously and without the consent of the owner thereof dispose of and convert to his own use certain property hereinafter described and same was felonious and fraudulent, in this: that said Kelly was on or about February 15th, 1898, by the regular [248]*248judge of the Trigg circuit court, duly and legally appointed master commissioner of the said Trigg circuit court, accepted said appointment, took the oath-of office and executed bond as required by law as such master commissioner, and entered upon the discharge of the duties of said office, and acted as such master commissioner until February 6th, 1902. That on February 6th, 1902, he was reappointed by the regular judge of said court, master commissioner of said court, took the oath of said office, executed bond as required by law as such master commissioner, and .again entered upon the discharge of thé duties of said office, and acted as such and was the legally appointed master, commissioner of said court continuously from February 15th, 1898, up to February 8th, 1906. That the time said Kelly was appointed said master oommisisoner of said court as aforesaid on February 15th, 1898, there was in the custody and under the control of said court a sum of lawful money of the United States and notes and other evidences of debt amounting' to about $8,000.00, which came from the estate of L. Bryan, and was held hy said court for the use and benefit of Y. K. Blakely and her children, and was the property of said Blakely and her children under and according to the judgment and orders of said court rendered in the suit of L. Bryan, Administrator, v. Y. K. Blakely and Others, that said funds or sums of money, notes, and evidences of debt were by Ml. M. Hanberry, late master commissioner of said court, turned over to said Kelly on his first appointment as said master commissioner. Said Kelly accepted and took same into his possession and control as such master commissioner of said court under order of said court directed to take charge thereof and to be governed in the collection and loaning of [249]*249said fund by tbe order theretofore made therein. That said Kelly having said trust fund in his possession and control, as aforesaid, did then and there willfully, fraudulently, and feloniously dispose of and convert to his own use about four thousand seven hundred and sixty-one ($4,761.52) dollars and fifty-two cents worth of said trust fund consisting of lawful money of the United States, and notes and other evidences of debt, without the consent of the said V. K. Blakely or her children or either of them, and without the consent, order or direction of the said Trigg circuit court. And in violation and disobedience of the orders and decrees of tbe said court. The grand jury aforesaid further says 'that the exact amount of said money, and the exact amount of said notes and other evidences of debt converted to his own use and disposed of as aforesaid by the said Kelly is to the grand jury unknown. Bone against the peace and dignity of the commonwealth of Kentucky. ’ ’
“An act to make it unlawful for a person to fraudulently dispose of the property of another, and to provide a punishment therefor.
“Be it enacted by the Gleneral Assembly 6f the commonwealth of Kentucky:
“Section 1. That any person who shall sell, dispose of or convert to his or her own use or the use of another, any money, property, or other thing of value, without the consent of the owner thereof, shall be punished by confinement in the penitentiary for not less than one nor more than five years; if the money, property, or other thing of value, so sold, disposed of or converted to his or her own use be of tbe value of twenty dollars or more; or be confined in the county jail for not less than one nor more than [250]*250twelve months if the value be less than twenty dollars. ’ ’ Acts 1902, p. 151, c. 66.
In the case of Commonwealth v. Barney, 115 Ky. 475, 24 Ky. Law Rep. 2352, 74 S. W. 181, the statute under consideration came before this court for the first time. It was there held that the law was.constitutional, and that it was not necessary that the word “embezzlement” should be used, although the act was manifestly an extension of the statutes of the state to prohibit the misappropriation by trustees of trust funds; but it should be construed to include only the misappropriation of funds or property held in a fiduciary capacity; and therefore it was necessary that the fiducial relation existing between the accused and the owner of the property alleged to be misappropriated should be charged. The indictment in this case was evidently drawn under the light of the opinion in the case cited, and it clearly contains every allegation which was there held to be essential to constitute the offense under the act under discussion. It is, however, earnestly insisted by appellee, and it was doubtless the opinion of the trial court, that the indictment in this case was defective, in that it fails to allege that a demand for the trust money of the defendant, or a refusal on his part to pay, and the soundness of this position is the question before us on this appeal.
It may be conceded that the authorities are not altogether harmonious upon the question of the necessity of a demand being alleged in an indictment for an offense such as the one charged here. A good deal of this want of harmony in the adjudged cas«s doubtless grows out of the difference in the language used in the various statutes creating the offene. As embezzlement is wholly a statutory offense, of neces[251]*251sity its constituent elements in the different states vary with the difference in the requirements of the statutes creating it. Of course, where the statutes require a demand as a prerequisite to the etablishment of the offense, the allegation of a demand must always be made. Under our statutes the offense is complete when the trustee fraudulently and feloniously misappropriates the trust fund by wrongfully converting it to his- own use; and there is nothing in the language used to indicate an intention to make a demand necessary. Undoubtedly a demand, and a wrongful refusal on the part of the trustee to pay over the trust fund to the owner, would be considered vital evidence in establishing the fraudulent intent of the conversion, but it is not necessary to constitute the crime. We apprehend, if the trustee should wrongfully misappropriate the funds of his cestui que trust and flee the state, so that no demand could be made of Mm, a demand would .hardly be considered necessary to establish his crime.
We are referred with great confidence by the appellee to the case of Commonwealth v. Lewis, 12 S. W. 266, 11 Ky. Law Rep. 421, as establishing the principle that in a case like the one at bar a demand of the trust fund is a necessary allegation in an indictment for the crime of embezzlement. Assuming that this case is in point, it was, for all practical purposes, overruled in the. case of Commonwealth v. Fisher, 113 Ky. 491, 68 S. W. 855, 24 Ky. Law Rep. 300, where on the question of demand being necessary to constitute the offense of embezzlement under section 1205, Ky Stats., 1903, it was said: “The indictment is clear and explicit in averring all the facts necessary to constitute the offense denounced by the statute, and it has never been held that a demand for [252]*252the restoration of stolen property was necessary ia order to. secure a conviction. The taking with fraudulent and felonious intent of property, and to convert it to the use of the taker, and permanently deprive the owner thereof, has always been held to constitute the offense of larceny. So it would seem that under this statute the willful and wrongful taking and converting money of the county to the use of the defendant, with the intent as set out in the indictment, constituted the completed crime of embezzlement, ílence it was not necessary to allege a failure to pay over money, due the county, or allege any demand, or that any order of Court has been made to 'that, effect. If defendant in fact'paid over the money on demand, the same may be shown in his defense. ’ ’ To. the same effect is the case of Commonwealth v. Bodley, 31 S. W. 463, 17 Ky. Law Rep. 561, where the constituent elements of the offense of embezzlement are thus stated: “It seems to us that every fact essential to be stated to describe, an offense under the statute has been alleged. The custody of the money, the ownership in the state, the trust to keep and deliver the money, the misappropriation, and use of the money for himself and for his own benefit, and" that it was done with the intent to deprive the state thereof, is distinctly and fully alleged. ’ ’ The soundness of the proposition that the offense of embezzlement is completed when, a trustee feloniously and fraudulently misappropriates and converts to his own use the personal property of his cestui que trust, and that no demand for payment, or refusal to pay over on the part of the accused, is necessary to be charged in the indictment, is supported by the following cases: Wallis v. State, 54 Ark. 611, 16 S. W. 821; State v. Tompkins, 32 La. Ann. 620; Commonwealth v. [253]*253Tuckerman, 10 Gray (Mass.) 173; Commonwealth v. Hussey, 111 Mass. 432; State v. New, 22 Minn. 76; State v. Reynolds, 65 N. J. Law, 424, 47 Atl. 644; People v. Royce, 106 Cal. 173, 37 Pac. 630. 39 Pac. 524; Keys v. State, 37 S. E. 762, 112 Ga. 392, 81 Am. St. Rep. 63.
For these reasons, the judgment sustaining the demurrer to the indictment and dismissing it is reversed for proceedings consistent with this opinion.