Opinion by
Orlady, J.,
On August 12, 1911, a barn of Lewis Hoffman located in Venango county was feloniously burned. Lowrey [276] Hoffman, a brother of this defendant, was tried and convicted as a principal in the burning, and this appellant as an accessory before the fact to the felonious arson. The assignments of error raise but two questions, (1) The general character of the charge, in not adequately presenting the defendant’s theory of the case, and in not sufficiently commenting on the testimony adduced in his behalf. This is without merit, as an examination of the charge in connection with the evidence shows clearly, that the trial judge was specially careful in presenting every material phase of the case in a clear and impartial manner, and stated, “ There is such a want of harmony in the testimony of the witnesses, that it appears not to be possible for you to reach the conclusion, that they are all testifying honestly and truly, as they remember the facts. It is your duty as jurors to reconcile the testimony of all these various witnesses, if you can reach a conclusion that all are honest, that they may differ in their recollections, and may not remember things alike, but all are telling the truth as they understand it. If you can, you should do so; if you cannot, then you must determine wherein the truth lies, and you must necessarily reach a conclusion as to which of the witnesses are testifying honestly and those who are not.”
The trial of the case occupied nearly five days, and the testimony taken covers 530 printed pages. It would not' be possible, nor is it expected of the trial judge, that he should do more than fairly summarize such a mass of testimony. The defendant presented nine points for special instructions, seven of which were affirmed and two were refused. No just complaint can be made of this phase of the case.
The other contention is, that the court erred in admitting in evidence the conduct of a bloodhound in following a trail, and identifying the principal offender, and thus associating him with this defendant. The preliminary examination was exhaustive and after full consideration the evidence was received.
[277] The question is a new one in this state though it has been frequently presented in others. The record shows, that about one hour and a half after the fire was discovered, a female bloodhound of pure strain and breeding about five years old, was brought to the scene of the crime, at the instance of the prosecution and taken to a point as near to the burning building as the heat would permit, and at a place from which all persons had been excluded, and where there was reason to believe from surrounding circumstances that the felon had been when the fire started, and where circumstances indicated that the party who had started the fire had been; that the bloodhound there took up a trail or scent, and followed it by tortuous windings, for a considerable distance, when the dog met Walter Hoffman in the line of the trail she was following, smelled at him, and quit working, by manifesting the usual signs that she had successfully run down the object of the search. It was further shown that the dog had been carefully trained by persons skilled in such work, to follow human tracks, and that in at least 100 tests she was found to run true to scent, and had never failed to locate the object of her pursuit, and that the person who had her in charge had owned her for over two years, and had frequently tried her out, so as to be competent to manage her in securing an initial scent, and following its trail.
It is a matter of common knowledge of which the courts are authorized to take notice, that many animals have a special innate propensity, or sagacity, which transcends the general experience of human beings. It is called a natural intuitive power; perception, or instructive quality; due to effects of habits in successive generations, or original intelligence, special to a class, in which the choice of means suitable to each particular instance is unconsciously made.
The migration of birds and fish; dread of animals of prey; invariable habits of many animals in their natural, or_a domesticated state are so frequently and vividly [278] brought to our notice, that the existence of these special endowments cannot be ignored. We know that certain breeds of dogs are invested with special traits and gifts, peculiar to their respective kind,—the pointer and setter take instinctively to hunting birds, the hound, to foxes, deer, and rabbits. While there is no breed of dogs that instinctively hunts mankind, yet we do know that dogs are capable of being trained, or acquire the habit of their own elective preference, to follow the tracks of human beings. It is a well-known fact that bloodhounds can be trained to follow or run the track of strangers. The gift or power or instinct being already inherent in the animal, he may be induced by special training to exercise it, under the persuasive influence and training of a skilled master. Being once accurately trained in this pursuit, we may presume that his exactness depends on the capacity bestowed upon him by nature, and developed by intelligent training. All are not equally unerring, and each may fail at times in being truthful. It is a novel feature of evidence in our jurisprudence, and is attended with some danger, against which courts must guard as the occasion arises, and when the circumstances are at all doubtful.
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Opinion by
Orlady, J.,
On August 12, 1911, a barn of Lewis Hoffman located in Venango county was feloniously burned. Lowrey [276] Hoffman, a brother of this defendant, was tried and convicted as a principal in the burning, and this appellant as an accessory before the fact to the felonious arson. The assignments of error raise but two questions, (1) The general character of the charge, in not adequately presenting the defendant’s theory of the case, and in not sufficiently commenting on the testimony adduced in his behalf. This is without merit, as an examination of the charge in connection with the evidence shows clearly, that the trial judge was specially careful in presenting every material phase of the case in a clear and impartial manner, and stated, “ There is such a want of harmony in the testimony of the witnesses, that it appears not to be possible for you to reach the conclusion, that they are all testifying honestly and truly, as they remember the facts. It is your duty as jurors to reconcile the testimony of all these various witnesses, if you can reach a conclusion that all are honest, that they may differ in their recollections, and may not remember things alike, but all are telling the truth as they understand it. If you can, you should do so; if you cannot, then you must determine wherein the truth lies, and you must necessarily reach a conclusion as to which of the witnesses are testifying honestly and those who are not.”
The trial of the case occupied nearly five days, and the testimony taken covers 530 printed pages. It would not' be possible, nor is it expected of the trial judge, that he should do more than fairly summarize such a mass of testimony. The defendant presented nine points for special instructions, seven of which were affirmed and two were refused. No just complaint can be made of this phase of the case.
The other contention is, that the court erred in admitting in evidence the conduct of a bloodhound in following a trail, and identifying the principal offender, and thus associating him with this defendant. The preliminary examination was exhaustive and after full consideration the evidence was received.
[277] The question is a new one in this state though it has been frequently presented in others. The record shows, that about one hour and a half after the fire was discovered, a female bloodhound of pure strain and breeding about five years old, was brought to the scene of the crime, at the instance of the prosecution and taken to a point as near to the burning building as the heat would permit, and at a place from which all persons had been excluded, and where there was reason to believe from surrounding circumstances that the felon had been when the fire started, and where circumstances indicated that the party who had started the fire had been; that the bloodhound there took up a trail or scent, and followed it by tortuous windings, for a considerable distance, when the dog met Walter Hoffman in the line of the trail she was following, smelled at him, and quit working, by manifesting the usual signs that she had successfully run down the object of the search. It was further shown that the dog had been carefully trained by persons skilled in such work, to follow human tracks, and that in at least 100 tests she was found to run true to scent, and had never failed to locate the object of her pursuit, and that the person who had her in charge had owned her for over two years, and had frequently tried her out, so as to be competent to manage her in securing an initial scent, and following its trail.
It is a matter of common knowledge of which the courts are authorized to take notice, that many animals have a special innate propensity, or sagacity, which transcends the general experience of human beings. It is called a natural intuitive power; perception, or instructive quality; due to effects of habits in successive generations, or original intelligence, special to a class, in which the choice of means suitable to each particular instance is unconsciously made.
The migration of birds and fish; dread of animals of prey; invariable habits of many animals in their natural, or_a domesticated state are so frequently and vividly [278] brought to our notice, that the existence of these special endowments cannot be ignored. We know that certain breeds of dogs are invested with special traits and gifts, peculiar to their respective kind,—the pointer and setter take instinctively to hunting birds, the hound, to foxes, deer, and rabbits. While there is no breed of dogs that instinctively hunts mankind, yet we do know that dogs are capable of being trained, or acquire the habit of their own elective preference, to follow the tracks of human beings. It is a well-known fact that bloodhounds can be trained to follow or run the track of strangers. The gift or power or instinct being already inherent in the animal, he may be induced by special training to exercise it, under the persuasive influence and training of a skilled master. Being once accurately trained in this pursuit, we may presume that his exactness depends on the capacity bestowed upon him by nature, and developed by intelligent training. All are not equally unerring, and each may fail at times in being truthful. It is a novel feature of evidence in our jurisprudence, and is attended with some danger, against which courts must guard as the occasion arises, and when the circumstances are at all doubtful.
We gather from the eminent writers on this subject, that the theory or scientific fact as it may be, is, that the path of every human being, at every step from the cradle 'to the grave, is strewn with putrescent excretions from the body. This waste matter is in process of decomposition and is being resolved into its constituent elements, so that its power to make an impression on the olfactory nerves of a dog, or other animal, becomes fainter with lapse of time, and exposure to the elements; and when dissolution is coinplete, its characteristic scent is ended. The bloodhound is endowed with an unusually keen scent, and has great ability for differentiating smells. The methods of trailing are simple and well understood. There must be an intelligent and truthful starting point, which will make an impression that the dog is able to recognize [279] and distinguish from all other impressions; personal attendants and surrounding conditions may modify his certainty, time, weather conditions and other circumstances must be considered in giving proper weight to the conclusion reached. In order to make such testimony competent, even when it is shown that the dog is of pure blood, and of a stock characterized by acuteness of scent and power of discrimination, it must be established that the dog in question is possessed of these qualities, and has been trained and tested in their exercise, in the tracking of human beings, by a person who has knowledge and experience in such a matter, and that the test was made by starting the dog at a point where the circumstances tend clearly to show that the alleged guilty party had been, at a time when his presence would instinctively be known to the dog. When so indicated, testimony as to the trailing by a bloodhound may be permitted to go to the jury for what it is worth, as one of the circumstances which may tend to connect the defendant with the crime with which he is accused. It is a circumstance, and the weight to be given to it depends upon the other facts in the case. While the cases on this subject are not numerous, they are exhaustively considered, and the conclusion reached by the large majority of the courts may well be accepted by us as a convincing answer to the objections urged by the appellant. See Pedigo v. Com., 42 L. ft. A. 432; Hodge v. State, 98 Ala. 10; Simpson v. State, 111 Ala. 6; State v. Moore, 129 N. C. 494, 55 L. R. A. 96; McClurg v. Brenton, 123 Iowa, 368, 98 N. W. Repr. 881; Sprouse v. Com., 116 S. W. Repr. 344; Brott v. State, 63 L. R. A. 789; State v. Adams, 85 Kansas, 435, 35 L. R. A. (N. S.) 870; Parker v. State, 46 Tex. Cr. R. 461, 108 Am. St. Rep. 1021; Hargrove v. State, 147 Ala. 97, 119 Am. St. Rep. 60; State v. Hall, 4 Ohio Dec. 147; State v. Dickerson, 77 Ohio, 34, 122 Am. St. Rep. 479; Spears v. State, 92 Miss. 613, 16 L. R. A. (N. S.), 285.
In the case before us, every precaution suggested in [280] the cited cases was carefully observed by the trial judge, and the jury was directed to take such evidence into consideration in connection with the other evidence in the case, relied on by the commonwealth, for the purpose of establishing the guilt of the defendant.
The defendant presented a point (seventh assignment) “unless the jury find there is sufficient evidence outside of that furnished by the bloodhound, they will not be justified in convicting the defendant,” was properly refused as it was for the jury to consider that testimony in connection with all the other evidence. It was not conclusive in and of itself, but could be considered as any other circumstance in- the case, that was legitimately in evidence.
The trial was earnestly conducted by able counsel on each side, and the defendant has no reason to complain of the charge of the court.
The judgment is affirmed and the record is remitted to the court below to the end that the sentence be carried into effect.