Commonwealth v. Gratereaux

725 N.E.2d 573, 49 Mass. App. Ct. 1, 2000 Mass. App. LEXIS 100
CourtMassachusetts Appeals Court
DecidedMarch 20, 2000
DocketNo. 98-P-492
StatusPublished
Cited by3 cases

This text of 725 N.E.2d 573 (Commonwealth v. Gratereaux) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Massachusetts Appeals Court primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Commonwealth v. Gratereaux, 725 N.E.2d 573, 49 Mass. App. Ct. 1, 2000 Mass. App. LEXIS 100 (Mass. Ct. App. 2000).

Opinion

Armstrong, J.

The defendant was convicted of conspiring to traffic in 200 grams or more of cocaine. The charge resulted from a “reverse sting” operation wherein State Trooper Grassia posed as a drug seller while a paid informant, Pena, referred potential customers to him. Pena introduced Grassia to the defendant, who had agreed to drum up a third party to make a buy from Grassia. Two days later, police arrested the defendant at the scene of a sale of just under two kilograms of cocaine from Grassia to such a third party. On appeal, the defendant challenges the denials of two pretrial motions to dismiss and of his motion for a required finding of not guilty.

1. The judge properly denied the defendant’s motions for a required finding. The defendant’s trial testimony — that he took part in the deal only after Pena badgered him repeatedly over a period of several days and suggested that Grassia could get the defendant a much-needed green card if he found a drug buyer — sufficiently raised the issue of entrapment, see Commonwealth v. Tracey, 416 Mass. 528, 536 (1993); Commonwealth v. Urena, 42 Mass. App. Ct. 20, 21 (1997), so that the Commonwealth had the burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was predisposed to commit the crimes charged. See Commonwealth v. Monteagudo, 427 Mass. 484, 487 (1998). There was ample evidence, however, for the jury fairly to infer both the defendant’s predisposition and his intent to participate in the conspiracy. When asked by Trooper Grassia at their first meeting whether he wanted to “do business,” the defendant responded that he had $39,000 and wanted to buy three kilograms of cocaine, and he then made two phone calls and told Grassia he would return with the money. [3]*3Thereafter, it took the defendant only two days to produce a large volume buyer and consummate the sale. During negotiations, the defendant demonstrated personal knowledge of cocaine prices and sampling techniques. Grassia testified that the defendant stated that brokering drug transactions “was his [the defendant’s] business, this is what he did,” that he knew many “big” dealers, and that he and Grassia could develop a lucrative long-term business relationship. There was also testimony that it was the defendant, and not the third party buyer, who handed Grassia the money and received the cocaine in exchange.

From this evidence, the jury could reasonably infer the defendant’s predisposition, i.e., that he was “ready and willing to commit the crime whenever the opportunity might be afforded.” Commonwealth v. Miller, 361 Mass. 644, 651 (1972), quoting from United States v. Groessel, 440 F.2d 602, 605 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 403 U.S. 933 (1971). See Miller, supra at 652 (“The jury may also properly consider the conduct of the defendant as related to the indictments at issue before the jury, and predisposition may warrantably be found upon this kind of evidence alone, if the evidence is of sufficient significance”). That the defendant intended to conspire in trafficking was also a fair inference. See Commonwealth v. Stoico, 45 Mass. App. Ct. 559, 562 (1998) (sufficient evidence of conspiracy to distribute based on defendant’s familiarity with co-conspirator and packages of marihuana, and defendant’s statements suggesting existence of a common plan). See also Commonwealth v. Sendele, 18 Mass. App. Ct. 755, 758 (1984) (“Possession of a large quantity of an illicit narcotic raises an inference of intent to distribute”). The defendant’s insufficiency argument hinges on accepting his testimony that he was harassed into going along with the scheme. The jury, however, were free to reject the defendant’s version.1

2. The judge correctly denied the defendant’s first pretrial motion to dismiss. His argument was that the Commonwealth’s fee arrangement with the informant Pena was so outrageous as [4]*4to offend due process.2 See Commonwealth v. Shuman, 391 Mass. 345, 353-355 (1984); Commonwealth v. Monteagudo, 427 Mass. 484, 485-487 (1998); Commonwealth v. LaBonte, 25 Mass. App. Ct. 190, 195 (1987); Commonwealth v. Lacend, 33 Mass. App. Ct. 495, 498 (1992). At the hearing on the motion, the defendant called as his sole witness Trooper Grassia, who testified that the agreement was that Pena would bring Grassia individuals who wanted to either sell drugs or buy drugs, and that if investigation of those individuals led to an arrest, Pena would get paid after the arrest a sum later determined on a case-by-case basis by members of the anti-drug task force (in this case, $6,000). In urging dismissal, the defendant relied primarily on State v. Glosson, 462 So. 2d 1082, 1085 (Fla. 1985), which held that under Florida’s Constitution “a trial court may properly dismiss criminal charges for constitutional due process violations in cases where an informant stands to gain a contingent fee conditioned on cooperation and testimony in the criminal prosecution when that testimony is critical to a successful prosecution.” The informant in Glosson was to be paid ten percent of civil forfeitures resulting from investigations of the drug activities initiated and participated in by him, so long as he cooperated and testified in the criminal prosecutions of the other participants. The parties stipulated that without the testimony of the informant, the defendant could not successfully be prosecuted. Id. at 1083.

Glosson has not been widely followed (see Jacobs v. State, 953 P.2d 527, 531-533 [Alaska Ct. App. 1998], and cases cited), and even in Florida has been narrowly read. See State v. Hunter, 586 So. 2d 319, 321 (Fla. 1991). In any event, Glosson is distinguishable on its facts. First, as the judge in this case found, there was “no [contingent fee] agreement here. He got whatever they threw him.” Second, Pena did not testify at trial; he was not present at the sale and was not vital to the prosecution’s case. Third, Pena’s fee did not depend on a conviction. Thus, [5]*5the incentive of the informant to color or falsify trial testimony, a central concern of the court in Glosson, 462 So. 2d at 1085, played no role in the defendant’s conviction here.3 Contrast Commonwealth v. Ciampa, 406 Mass. 257, 262 n.5 (1989) (“Testimony pursuant to a plea agreement made contingent on obtaining an indictment or a conviction, as a result of the witness’s testimony, would presumably present too great an inducement to lie, would not meet the test of fundamental fairness, and would not be admitted”); Commonwealth v. Luna, 410 Mass. 131, 138-139 (1991) (an informant witness’s reward contingent on conviction “would raise special problems”).

The defendant attempts to buttress his claim that the Commonwealth’s arrangement with Pena was “so outrageous or wicked as to deny him due process,” Commonwealth v. LaBonte, 25 Mass. App. Ct. at 195, by focusing on Pena’s alleged hounding and instigation of the drug transaction. The argument is unavailing for two reasons.

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Bluebook (online)
725 N.E.2d 573, 49 Mass. App. Ct. 1, 2000 Mass. App. LEXIS 100, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/commonwealth-v-gratereaux-massappct-2000.