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SJC-12061
COMMONWEALTH vs. BRYAN M. GRASSIE.
Plymouth. September 6, 2016. - January 6, 2017.
Present: Gants, C.J., Botsford, Lenk, Hines, Lowy, & Budd, JJ.
Homicide. Assault and Battery by Means of a Dangerous Weapon. Evidence, Self-defense. Self-Defense. Practice, Criminal, Argument by prosecutor, Verdict, Grand jury proceedings. Grand Jury.
Indictments found and returned in the Superior Court Department on September 21, 2012.
The cases were tried before Frank M. Gaziano, J., and a renewed motion for a required finding of not guilty was considered by him.
The Supreme Judicial Court on its own initiative transferred the case from the Appeals Court.
Kenneth H. Anderson for the defendant. Robert C. Thompson, Assistant District Attorney, for the Commonwealth. Argie K. Shapiro, Assistant Attorney General, for the Attorney General, amicus curiae, submitted a brief.
BOTSFORD, J. The defendant appeals from his convictions of
murder in the second degree and a related charge. He argues 2
that, based on the evidence presented at trial and the
prosecutor's closing argument, his murder conviction should be
reversed or reduced to a conviction of manslaughter. We
conclude that there was sufficient evidence to convict the
defendant of murder in the second degree and that the
prosecutor's closing argument was not improper. However, for
the reasons discussed below, we do not decide whether the
defendant is entitled to a reduced verdict.
The defendant argues as well that this court should expand
its holding in Commonwealth v. Walczak, 463 Mass. 808 (2012), to
require that in all cases where the Commonwealth seeks to indict
a person for murder, whether the person is a juvenile (as in
Walczak) or an adult (as here), and there is substantial
evidence of mitigating circumstances or defenses presented to
the grand jury, the grand jury must be instructed on the
elements of murder and the significance of mitigating
circumstances and defenses. We conclude that this defendant is
not entitled to relief based on the absence of any such
instructions. However, we also believe it is important for the
court to gain a better understanding of current grand jury
instruction practices before deciding whether the holding of the
Walczak case should be expanded in the future. Accordingly, we 3
will appoint a committee to study and make recommendations about
this question.1
Background. 1. Facts. The jury could have found the
following. The fatal altercation occurred in the East Wareham
section of Wareham outside a high school graduation party hosted
by Dylan Burns. The gathering began on the afternoon of July
28, 2012, and extended into the early morning hours of July 29.
The two victims, Brendan Mahoney and Brian Mahoney,2 arrived at
the party around 2 or 3 P.M. on July 28 and, like many of the
partygoers, were drinking alcohol despite being underage. All
told, a "half keg" and two thirty-packs of beer were consumed
throughout the day and night. The defendant, Bryan Grassie,
arrived at the party after midnight on July 29, appearing
intoxicated and acting "confrontational" and "aggressive." The
defendant had not been invited to the party, but he knew Burns,
the host.
Over the next few hours, the defendant repeatedly
confronted others at the party, including the Mahoney brothers,
and either discussed fighting or offered to fight them. For
example, the defendant at one point told the brothers, "[I]f
1 We acknowledge the amicus brief submitted by the Attorney General. 2 For convenience, we will use only first names when referring to the Mahoney brothers individually. 4
there's a problem right now, we can go outside and take care of
it." During a confrontation, the brothers forced the defendant
up against a wall and told him "no one there wanted to fight"
and "to leave before he got hurt." Brendan then removed a
cigarette from behind the defendant's ear and threw it in the
defendant's face. Brian spoke with Burns and asked him to get
the defendant "the fuck out of here before I [Brian], like, hit
him or something." Eventually, Burns did intervene. However,
the defendant and the Mahoney brothers continued to exchange
words about the possibility of fighting at a nearby beach. As
Burns was leading the defendant away from the brothers, Brian
reached over Burns's shoulder and pushed the defendant's face
away.
Burns was able to coax the defendant outside, although the
defendant remained confrontational. He told Burns, "My problem
is with . . . the Mahoney [b]rothers," and said, "[H]ave them
come outside and . . . we'll solve it. We'll take care of it
with them." Once outside, the defendant at first would not
leave the front of the house, and yelled at the Mahoneys to come
outside and fight him. When Brian came out, the defendant said,
"[L]et's go down to the beach. We'll fight there," and Brian
said, "[A]lright, I'll see you in like [ten] minutes," before
going back inside. The defendant continued to yell about
fighting. After some time outside, however, the defendant began 5
to walk away from the party. He headed down Priscilla Avenue,
in the direction of his home and also the beach; as he walked,
he continued shouting insults back toward the party.
The events at the heart of this case occurred shortly
thereafter. The trial witnesses essentially agreed that after
the defendant began walking away from the party, the Mahoney
brothers pursued him down Priscilla Avenue, followed by several
others from the party. One witness testified that the defendant
was "walking backwards" -- that is, facing the party -- as he
left. This witness described the defendant as "turned around"
and "waiting" in a "fighting stance" or "in a ready position
waiting to fight," with his feet "shoulder width apart" and his
hands out of his pockets as the brothers approached. The
defendant and the brothers then engaged in physical combat in
the shadows beyond a streetlight. A surveillance audio-video
system mounted on the outside of a nearby home on Priscilla
Avenue captured audio from the fight, as well as some video
images from before and after.
The following is apparent from the audio-video recording.
Footsteps walking can be heard, and a very shadowy figure
(identified by several witnesses as the defendant) can vaguely 6
be made out, moving down the road away from the party.3 Over the
first twenty seconds of the recording, the defendant can be
heard saying, "Follow me, let's go . . . . Follow me, you
little pussies. I'll wait there, dude. I'll wait there for
you. You guys are fucking bitches, you guys won't come. You
fucking pussies. I'll fight you guys like one-on-one. Not even
one-on-one. Two-on-one, three-on-one, you fucking little
pussies." Over the next three seconds, the defendant says
nothing further as he continues to walk down Priscilla Avenue
and his shadowy figure moves out of the camera's view. As it
does so, the sound of running footsteps becomes audible.
Although the video recording does not reveal any visual image of
a person or persons, the witnesses at trial essentially agreed
that the Mahoney brothers were the first partygoers to run down
Priscilla Avenue after the defendant, followed by Burns, James
Waitz, and Matthew Ingargiola. Within three seconds of the
sound of running footsteps, a series of thuds or crashes is
heard, along with additional running footsteps. Approximately
ten seconds elapse between the first crash and the sound of
someone's voice saying, "He's got a knife," followed immediately
3 As mentioned, one witness testified that the defendant was walking backward as he left the party. Another witness testified that -- at least once the Mahoney brothers began their pursuit -- the defendant started to run away from them. It is impossible to tell from the recording alone which direction the defendant was facing at any given time. 7
by a scream. Six seconds later, someone says, "Call the
ambulance." About five seconds after that, a video image shows
Brendan limping quickly away from the fight, back toward the
site of the party, accompanied by Brian and two others running
beside him, identified at trial as Burns and Waitz.
Each Mahoney brother had been stabbed several times.
Brendan suffered five stab wounds and one incised wound. One of
the stab wounds was to the abdomen, identified by the medical
examiner as the only wound that could have caused his death.
The remaining wounds were to Brendan's legs or buttocks.
Following surgical intervention, Brendan died on July 31, 2012.
Brian suffered two stab wounds to his abdomen and side, and
others to the buttocks; the injuries required surgical repair.
Although the weapon used in the stabbings was not
recovered, there was testimony that the defendant had exhibited
a folding knife, in a nonthreatening manner, to one person at
Burns's party and to a different person at an earlier party held
the same night. The Commonwealth introduced in evidence two
knives that were described by those two individuals as looking
similar to the knife the defendant had shown to them. Each of
the model knives has a blade approximately three and one-half
inches long and a handle approximately four and one-half inches
long. The model knives can be opened with one hand by pressing
certain areas of the handle. 8
2. Procedural history. A Plymouth County grand jury
indicted the defendant for murder in the first degree (Brendan),
armed assault with intent to murder (Brian), and assault and
battery by means of a dangerous weapon (Brian). The defendant
moved to dismiss the indictments because the Commonwealth had
failed to instruct the grand jury on the elements of murder in
the first degree, murder in the second degree, and voluntary
manslaughter, and on mitigating circumstances and defenses. The
motion was denied. The defendant sought review before a single
justice in this court pursuant to G. L. c. 211, § 3. The single
justice denied relief.
The defendant thereafter was tried before a jury. At the
close of the Commonwealth's case and at the close of all the
evidence, the defendant moved for a required finding of not
guilty insofar as the indictments alleged murder (in both
degrees) and armed assault with intent to murder. The trial
judge denied the motions. With respect to the murder
indictment, the judge instructed the jury on murder in the first
degree (on the theories of deliberate premeditation and extreme
atrocity or cruelty); murder in the second degree; voluntary
manslaughter; self-defense; and the mitigating circumstances of
(1) heat of passion on reasonable provocation, (2) heat of
passion induced by sudden combat, and (3) the use of excessive
force in self-defense. The jury found the defendant guilty of 9
murder in the second degree and assault and battery by means of
a dangerous weapon; the defendant was found not guilty of armed
assault with intent to murder and the lesser included offense of
armed assault with intent to kill.
Following the verdicts, the defendant renewed his motion
under Mass. R. Crim. P. 25 (b) (2), as amended, 420 Mass. 1502
(1995), for a required finding of not guilty on the charge of
murder. In the alternative, he moved under the same rule for a
reduction in the verdict of murder in the second degree to
manslaughter, or for a new trial. The trial judge denied all
three aspects of the motion. The defendant appealed from his
convictions to the Appeals Court, and we transferred the case to
this court on our own motion.
Discussion. 1. Motion for a required finding of not
guilty. The defendant first argues that the judge erred in
denying his motion for a required finding of not guilty insofar
as the indictments alleged murder. Essentially, he argues that
the Commonwealth failed to meet its burden of proving beyond a
reasonable doubt the absence of mitigating circumstances -- to
wit, the absence of heat of passion induced by reasonable 10
provocation or sudden combat,4 and the absence of excessive force
in self-defense. We disagree.
When reviewing a motion for a required finding of not
guilty, the "question is whether, after viewing the evidence in
the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier
of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
beyond a reasonable doubt" (emphasis in original). Commonwealth
v. Latimore, 378 Mass. 671, 677 (1979), quoting Jackson v.
Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-319 (1979). The evidence and the
inferences drawn therefrom must be of sufficient force to bring
minds of ordinary intelligence and sagacity to the persuasion of
guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Latimore, supra at 676, citing
Commonwealth v. Cooper, 264 Mass. 368, 373 (1928). More than
slight evidence must support each essential element, and "a
conviction may not 'rest upon the piling of inference upon
inference or conjecture and speculation.'" Commonwealth v.
Reaves, 434 Mass. 383, 390 (2001), quoting Commonwealth v.
Mandile, 403 Mass. 93, 94 (1988).
Where, as in this case, there is evidence supporting the
proposition that in stabbing Brian, the defendant acted out of
heat of passion, whether induced by reasonable provocation or
4 There is substantial overlap, at least in this case, between the theories of heat of passion induced by reasonable provocation and heat of passion induced by sudden combat. We address both theories infra. 11
sudden combat, the jury are instructed to consider whether a
reasonable person, either as a result of reasonable provocation
or induced by sudden combat, would be "provoked to act out of
emotion rather than reasoned reflection." Model Jury
Instructions on Homicide 67-68 (2013).5 If the jury make such a
finding or, more specifically, find that the Commonwealth has
failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was
not so provoked, they cannot return a verdict of murder, whether
of first or second degree. See id. Because the jury in this
case returned a verdict of murder in the second degree, our task
is to determine whether there was sufficient evidence to allow
them to find the Commonwealth did prove beyond a reasonable
doubt the absence of heat of passion resulting from either
reasonable provocation or sudden combat. See, e.g.,
Commonwealth v. Acevedo, 427 Mass. 714, 715–716 (1998), citing
Commonwealth v. Boucher, 403 Mass. 659, 661-662 (1989) (because
malice and adequate provocation are "mutually exclusive,"
Commonwealth must prove beyond reasonable doubt absence of
provocation in order to sustain murder conviction).
With respect to heat of passion induced by reasonable
provocation, the crucial inquiry is whether an action by the
victim or victims in relation to the defendant would have roused
5 The jury were so instructed in the present case. 12
in an ordinary person such a state of passion, anger, fear,
fright, or nervous excitement as would eclipse the defendant's
capacity for reflection or restraint, and whether it actually
did produce such a state of mind in the defendant. Commonwealth
v. Burgess, 450 Mass. 422, 439 (2008), citing Commonwealth v.
Walden, 380 Mass. 724, 728 (1980). The jury must find a causal
connection between the provocation, the heat of passion, and the
killing. Burgess, supra at 438, citing Commonwealth v.
Garabedian, 399 Mass. 304, 313 (1987). The jury here could have
credited the following evidence: the defendant was walking
backward down Priscilla Avenue, beckoning people to fight him
"three-on-one," with the knowledge that he had a knife in his
pocket and no indication that anyone else was carrying a weapon.
Seconds later, the brothers came after him and Brendan landed
one punch. Virtually immediately thereafter, the brothers were
stabbed. If the jury believed these facts, as they were
entitled to do, they could rationally infer that the defendant's
decision to use deadly force reflected a previously formed
intention to do so, not an impulsive action resulting from a
state of passion induced by provocation supplied by Brendan's
opening punch. If the jury found that the defendant's intent to
stab preexisted Brendan's landing that first punch, there would
be no causal connection between the punch and the defendant's 13
state of mind -- and thus no mitigation due to reasonable
provocation. See Burgess, supra.
We reach the same conclusion with respect to sudden combat.
The mitigating circumstance of sudden combat contemplates a
scenario in which "two meet, not intending to quarrel, and angry
words suddenly arise, and a conflict springs up in which blows
are given on both sides, without much regard to who is the
assailant." Commonwealth v. Rodriquez, 461 Mass. 100, 107
(2011), quoting Commonwealth v. Webster, 5 Cush. 295, 308
(1850). "[I]f no unfair advantage is taken in the outset, and
the occasion is not sought for the purpose of gratifying malice,
and one seizes a weapon and strikes a deadly blow, it is
regarded as homicide in heat of blood." Rodriquez, supra. The
jury could reasonably infer that the defendant uttered the
words, "I'll fight you guys like one-on-one. Not even one-on-
one. Two-on-one, three-on-one," because he had already formed
the intent to stab anyone who accepted his invitation to fight.
In other words, this evidence at least permits (although
certainly does not require) an inference that the defendant
solicited a fight with the Mahoney brothers as a pretext for his
use of deadly force. See Commonwealth v. Fitzgerald, 380 Mass.
840, 849-850 (1980) (sufficient evidence to warrant jury's
finding of malice and returning verdict of murder in second
degree where defendant, after professing intention to injure 14
victims, intentionally used deadly weapon on them). Such a
finding would defeat any entitlement to mitigation based on heat
of passion induced by sudden combat.
The issue of excessive force used in self-defense is much
closer. Because the actual physical confrontation that ended
with Brendan's death raised an issue whether the defendant used
a knife -– deadly force6 -- in proper self-defense, the
Commonwealth was required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt
that the defendant did not engage in the proper use of self-
defense. See Commonwealth v. Glacken, 451 Mass. 163, 166–167
(2008). As relevant here, our cases and the model jury
instructions, to which the trial judge scrupulously adhered and
which neither party challenges on appeal, set out alternative
ways for the Commonwealth to carry this burden. See Model Jury
Instructions on Homicide, supra at 20-21. In a deadly force
self-defense case, the Commonwealth may establish the absence of
proper use of self-defense by proving beyond a reasonable doubt
at least one of the following propositions: (1) the defendant
did not actually believe that he was in immediate danger of
6 The defendant correctly does not dispute that his use of a knife constituted deadly force. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Pring-Wilson, 448 Mass. 718, 733 (2007), citing Commonwealth v. Toon, 55 Mass. App. Ct. 642, 644 n.3 (2002) (stabbing victim with knife constitutes use of deadly force); Commonwealth v. Albert, 391 Mass. 853, 860-861 (1984) (jury were entitled to infer malice from intentional use of deadly force [knife] to stab victim). 15
death or serious bodily harm from which he could save himself
only by using deadly force; (2) a reasonable person in the
defendant's position would not reasonably have believed that he
was in immediate danger of death or serious bodily harm from
which he could save himself only by using deadly force; (3) the
defendant did not use or attempt to use all proper and
reasonable means in the circumstances to avoid physical combat
before resorting to the use of deadly force; or (4) the
defendant used more force than was reasonably necessary in all
the circumstances.7 See id. See also Glacken, supra at 167. If
the Commonwealth fails to prove the first, second, or third
proposition, but does prove the fourth proposition -- that is,
if the only way the Commonwealth proves that the defendant did
not act in proper self-defense is by proving that the defendant
used excessive force -- then the jury must return a verdict of
not guilty of murder but, if the other required elements of
murder are proved, must find the defendant guilty of voluntary
7 The Model Jury Instructions on Homicide 21 (2013) also provide a fifth option that may be applicable where there is evidence that the defendant was the initial aggressor. The defendant agreed with the trial judge's decision that including this fifth option was not warranted in this case, because as a general matter, words alone cannot make one into a first aggressor, and did not do so with respect to this defendant. We agree as well. See Commonwealth v. Harris, 464 Mass. 425, 435- 436 & n.12 (2013) (generally "conduct involving only the use of nonthreatening words will not be sufficient to qualify a defendant as a first aggressor"). 16
manslaughter. See Model Jury Instructions on Homicide, supra at
71. See Glacken, supra, and cases cited. See also Commonwealth
v. Santos, 454 Mass. 770, 775 (2009).
The trial evidence here would permit a rational jury to
conclude that the Commonwealth had proved beyond a reasonable
doubt that the defendant did not act in the proper exercise of
self-defense. In particular, the jury could have credited the
surveillance video recording depicting the defendant offering to
fight people from the party "two-on-one" or "three-on-one";
that, as one witness testified, the defendant was "walking
backwards" and shouting back toward the party as he departed
down Priscilla Avenue; and that, as the same witness stated, the
defendant was "turned around" and "waiting" in a "fighting
stance" with his hands out of his pockets as the brothers
approached.8 This evidence would permit the jury to conclude
that the defendant had invited the fight and was waiting for it
rather than trying to use all reasonable options to avoid it.
That the jury reasonably could so conclude means that the
Commonwealth could prove beyond a reasonable doubt the third
8 The witness who testified to these observations, James Waitz, also testified that he saw nothing in the defendant's hands at this exact moment, but the jury were not required to accept that testimony. There was no question that it was very dark where the fight took place, and there was evidence that the knife in the defendant's possession had a black blade with a black handle. 17
proposition listed in the previous paragraph, namely, that "the
defendant had not availed himself of all proper means to avoid
physical combat before resorting to the use of deadly force."
Glacken, 451 Mass. at 167. See Santos, 454 Mass. at 773;
Commonwealth v. Bertrand, 385 Mass. 356, 362 (1982) (defendant
"did not attempt to avoid a fight" with victim, but rather
"anticipated a fight that evening" and remained on scene until
after participating in fight).
In addition, the jury rationally could have concluded that
the defendant sought out a fight in which he was outnumbered
precisely because he knew that he could use, and intended to
use, the knife in his pocket against anyone who accepted his
invitation to fight. Such a mental state is inconsistent with
the defendant harboring a subjective fear of serious bodily
injury from which he could only save himself by using deadly
force. See Santos, supra ("A person using a dangerous weapon
[or deadly force] in self-defense must also have actually
believed that he was in imminent danger of serious harm or
death"). Again, because the jury permissibly could make such
findings, it follows that the Commonwealth could carry its
burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant
did not have an actual belief that he could not protect himself
absent the use of deadly force -- i.e., the second proposition
listed previously. Cf. Commonwealth v. Torres, 420 Mass. 479, 18
492–493 (1995) (defendant not entitled to self-defense
instruction absent evidence of reasonable and actual belief that
he or another was in imminent danger of death of serious bodily
harm).
If the jury rationally could conclude that the Commonwealth
had proved the defendant was not entitled to use deadly force in
self-defense, there would be no basis for a finding that the
defendant had used excessive force in self-defense. See Santos,
454 Mass. at 775 ("The jury cannot reach the question of
excessive force in self-defense unless they decide that the
defendant has exercised his right of self-defense in the first
place"); Commonwealth v. Walker, 443 Mass. 213, 218 (2005) ("a
voluntary manslaughter verdict based on excessive force in self-
defense would have been precluded if the Commonwealth proved
that the defendant was not entitled to use deadly force"). See
also Commonwealth v. Roberts, 433 Mass. 45, 57 (2000) (excessive
force instruction unavailable absent evidence that defendant
reasonably believed he was in imminent danger of death or
serious bodily injury and used all reasonable means of avoiding
combat); Commonwealth v. Berry, 431 Mass. 326, 335 (2000)
(defendant did not take advantage of every opportunity to avoid
combat when "at least at some point he had adequate means of
escape"). 19
Of course, this was no by means the only conclusion
available to the jury. As the defendant correctly points out,
there was other evidence that could have led the jury to embrace
any of his theories of mitigation. The defendant was just
eighteen years old and appeared intoxicated before the fight
began around 3:30 in the morning. Brendan's punch knocked the
defendant to the ground or into a fence, and the defendant at
that point was facing what very well may have looked like a
group of at least five attackers (Brendan, Brian, Burns, Waitz,
and Ingargiola). The jury had ample evidence from which to
conclude that the defendant used deadly force in response to
reasonable provocation or that he had a right to defend himself
but used excessive force in doing so. However, that state of
affairs merely entitled the defendant to jury instructions on
mitigation and self-defense -- which he received in the words of
the model jury instructions. Compare Boucher, 403 Mass. at 661-
662 (error when instructions failed to inform jury that malice
and adequate provocation are "mutually exclusive"); Commonwealth
v. Kendrick, 351 Mass. 203, 212–213 (1966) (error where
instructions foreclosed jury from finding manslaughter based on
excessive force used in self-defense).
Once the jury were properly instructed on mitigating
circumstances and self-defense -- and no one argues they were
not -- it was for them to decide whether the defendant properly 20
used deadly force in the heat of passion or in self-defense --
or, alternatively, if he used deadly force because of a
preexisting intent to stab anyone who accepted his invitation to
fight. See Daniels v. Commonwealth, 455 Mass. 1009, 1009–1010
(2009) (defendant's "claim that the Commonwealth failed to
disprove that she acted in self-defense beyond a reasonable
doubt fails because, while the evidence at her trial, viewed
most favorably to her, entitled her to a self-defense
instruction, the jury were not required to credit her version of
the altercation"); Hartfield v. Commonwealth, 443 Mass. 1022,
1022 (2005) ("The flaw in [the defendant's] argument is that the
jury were not required to credit the evidence supporting her
contention that she acted on provocation or in self-defense.
The evidence is examined in the light most favorable to the
defendant in determining whether instructions on provocation or
self-defense are warranted, . . . but that is not to say that
the jury must believe that evidence -- or that a judge or an
appellate court, in assessing the sufficiency of the
Commonwealth's evidence to support a conviction of murder, must
assume that the jury would believe that evidence" [citation
omitted]). Because there was legally sufficient evidence to
support the jury's verdict of murder in the second degree, the
defendant's motions for a required finding of not guilty insofar
as the indictments alleged murder were properly denied. 21
2. Prosecutor's closing argument. The defendant also
argues that we should vacate his convictions because the
prosecutor improperly shifted the burden of proof by discussing
the defendant's "claim" of self-defense during her closing
argument. We disagree. In context, the prosecutor's comments
"do not appear to represent an effort to place a burden on the
defendant." Commonwealth v. Williams, 450 Mass. 879, 889
(2008). To the contrary, they were merely "an attempt to meet
the Commonwealth's burden of disproving self-defense." Id. The
argument was not improper.
3. Motion to reduce the verdict from murder in the second
degree to manslaughter. The defendant contests the judge's
denial of his motion under the second sentence of Mass. R. Crim.
P. 25 (b) (2) to reduce the jury's verdict to manslaughter.9 He
argues that the weight of the evidence so strongly supports the
presence of mitigating circumstances -- that is, excessive force
in self-defense and heat of passion -- that the judge's denial
of his motion was an abuse of discretion. For the reasons
discussed below, we do not decide this issue at the present
time.
9 The second sentence of Mass. R. Crim. P. 25 (b) (2) provides: "If a verdict of guilty is returned, the judge may on motion set aside the verdict and order a new trial, or order the entry of a finding of not guilty, or order the entry of a finding of guilty of any offense included in the offense charged in the indictment or complaint." 22
Under rule 25 (b) (2), a trial judge has broad authority to
reduce a jury's verdict, despite the presence of legally
sufficient evidence to support it. Commonwealth v. Sokphann
Chhim, 447 Mass. 370, 381 (2006). "A judge's discretion to
reduce a verdict pursuant to rule 25 (b) (2) is appropriately
exercised where the weight of the evidence in the case, although
technically sufficient to support the jury's verdict, points to
a lesser crime." Commonwealth v. Rolon, 438 Mass. 808, 821
(2003). In exercising his or her rule 25 (b) (2) powers, the
trial judge should be guided by the same considerations that
have guided this court in the exercise of its power and duties
under G. L. c. 278, § 33E, to reduce a verdict. Commonwealth v.
Gaulden, 383 Mass. 543, 555 (1981).
The role of this court in reviewing a trial judge's ruling
on a motion to reduce the verdict is "not to decide whether we
would have acted as the trial judge did." Sokphann Chhim, 447
Mass. at 381. Instead, we decide only whether the judge abused
his or her discretion or committed an error of law.10 Id.,
10 We are cognizant of the fact that a narrower scope of review applies to our analysis of second-degree murder convictions compared with our review of first-degree murder convictions under G. L. c. 278, § 33E, given that § 33E no longer provides plenary review by this court in cases where a defendant is convicted of murder in the second degree. See Commonwealth v. Maillet, 400 Mass. 572, 579 n.9 (1987) (comparing St. 1962, c. 453, which required review by this court under § 33E where defendant indicted for murder in first degree 23
citing Gaulden, 383 Mass. at 557. Abuse of discretion arises
where "the judge made 'a clear error of judgment in weighing'
the factors relevant to the decision . . . such that the
decision falls outside the range of reasonable alternatives"
(citation omitted). L.L. v. Commonwealth, 470 Mass. 169, 185
n.27 (2014).
That said, there must be some mechanism by which an
appellate court can meaningfully assess whether a judge acted
appropriately in granting or denying rule 25 (b) (2) relief.
For instance, if a judge grants a motion to reduce a verdict,
the expectation is that the judge will explain his or her
reasoning in a written ruling or an oral explanation on the
record. See Commonwealth v. Woodward, 427 Mass. 659, 669 (1998)
("We do expect a judge to state the reasons for a reduction in
verdict" under rule 25 [b] [2]); Gaulden, 383 Mass. at 555–556
(noting that judge who reduces verdict under rule 25 [b] [2]
should state reasons for doing so). This allows the appellate
court to test the judge's reasoning for abuse of discretion. We
is convicted of murder in either first or second degree, with St. 1979, c. 346, § 2, which does not require review where defendant, so indicted, is convicted of murder in second degree). See also Commonwealth v. Gaulden, 383 Mass. 543, 553- 554 (1981) (similar). One possible explanation for this disparity in treatment of the two degrees of murder is that those convicted of murder in the first degree are sentenced to life without the possibility of parole, whereas those convicted of murder in the second degree eventually become eligible for parole. See G. L. c. 265, § 2; G. L. c. 279, § 24. 24
have never required such a statement of reasons when, as here,
the judge denies a motion to reduce and leaves the jury’s
verdict intact. Even so, the task of the appellate court is the
same: to determine whether "the judge made 'a clear error of
judgment in weighing' the factors relevant to the decision . . .
such that the decision falls outside the range of reasonable
alternatives" (citation omitted). L.L., 470 Mass. at 185 n.27.
In this case, the trial judge did not state his reasons for
denying the defendant's motion to reduce the verdict.11 Without
a statement of reasons, we are unable to determine whether the
decision not to reduce the verdict was an abuse of discretion.12
11 The judge's ruling consisted of two handwritten lines: "The motion is denied. The court declines to disturb the jury's verdict." 12 As just stated, we have never required a detailed explanation as a sine qua non of denying a motion to reduce a verdict, nor do we intend to do so now. That said, even a brief explanation of the judge's rationale for denying a motion under rule 25 (b) (2) assists the understanding of the parties, the public, and the appellate courts of the judge's decision, and especially in close or difficult cases, we urge judges to provide a statement articulating with some specificity their reasons for denying a rule 25 (b) (2) motion. See L.L. v. Commonwealth, 470 Mass. 169, 182–183 (2014), quoting Long v. Wickett, 50 Mass. App. Ct. 380, 402 (2000) (even where judge has "broad discretion," it is "essential . . . that a reviewing court have some basis for distinguishing between well-reasoned conclusions arrived at after a comprehensive consideration of all relevant factors, and mere boiler-plate approval phrased in appropriate language but unsupported by evaluation of the facts or analysis of the law"). 25
The usual remedy for this predicament -- where the record is
inadequate for an appellate court to test a judge's rule
25 (b) (2) ruling for abuse of discretion -- would be to remand
to the trial judge, who had a firsthand view of the evidence,
for findings or an explanation of reasons.13 See Woodward, 427
Mass. at 669; Gaulden, 383 Mass. at 555–556. However, such a
remedy would be ineffectual in the circumstances of this case
because Justice Gaziano, who was the trial judge, has since
become a member of this court. See Gaulden, supra at 547
13 In other contexts, although not perfectly analogous to this case, we have remanded when it appeared necessary or at least desirable for additional explication from the trial or motion judge. See Commonwealth v. Sylvain, 466 Mass. 422, 439 (2013), S.C., 473 Mass. 832 (2016) (remanding for findings related to defendant's ineffective assistance of counsel claim); Commonwealth v. Greineder, 458 Mass. 207, 219-220 (2010), S.C., 464 Mass. 580 (2013) (discussing result after remanding for factual findings on defendant's claim of closed court room during jury empanelment); Commonwealth v. Isaiah I., 448 Mass. 334, 338 (2007), S.C., 450 Mass. 818 (2008) (remanding for further factual findings in context of motion to suppress); Commonwealth v. Hernandez, 421 Mass. 272, 278–280 (1995) (vacating dismissal of criminal complaint and remanding for determination on issue of prejudice from prosecutor's conduct); Commonwealth v. Caso, 377 Mass. 236, 237, 241-242, 244 (1979) (remanding for further findings on issue of voluntariness of witness's statements). See also Boston Hous. Auth. v. Bridgewaters, 452 Mass. 833, 849–851 (2009) (remanding for individualized assessment regarding reasonable accommodation for public housing tenant); Weber v. Community Teamwork, Inc., 434 Mass. 761, 775–776 (2001) (remanding employment discrimination case for finding on elements of animus and causation); Rosenberg v. Merida, 428 Mass. 182, 185 (1998) (remanding because judge made no findings concerning amount of child support obligation, which left appellate court unable to determine whether he followed correct approach). 26
("Because the judge has retired, we cannot readily remand the
case for him to make findings at this time").
Nonetheless, this court does have the power to transfer
cases, or parts of cases, from a lower court to this court. See
G. L. c. 211, § 4A, third par.14 Thus, given the unusual posture
of this case, pursuant to § 4A, we will exercise jurisdiction
over the motion to reduce the verdict -- a component of the case
that, ordinarily, we would simply remand to the trial judge.15
Having jurisdiction over that part of the case, we will transfer
it to the county court to permit Justice Gaziano, acting as
single justice, to review anew the defendant's motion to reduce
the verdict. In conducting that review, the single justice may
reconsider his prior ruling and reach a different result or he
may not, but his resolution should be accompanied by a statement
explaining the reasons for his decision. Once the single
justice has done so, he should report the case to the full
court.
14 The third paragraph of G. L. c. 211, § 4A, provides:
"The supreme judicial court may also direct any cause or matter to be transferred from a lower court to it in whole or in part for further action or directions, and in case of partial transfer may issue such orders or directions in regards to the part of such cause or matter not so transferred as justice may require." 15 This exercise of jurisdiction requires us to remand the case to the Superior Court and then transfer it back to this court pursuant to our powers under G. L. c. 211, § 4A. 27
We add the following, in light of the close correspondence
between the review conducted by a trial judge on a motion to
reduce the verdict and this court's consideration whether to
reduce a verdict pursuant to § 33E.16 See Gaulden, 383 Mass. at
555–556. In performing our duty under § 33E, we have
occasionally reduced verdicts, or approved of reduced verdicts,
based largely on "the particulars of the fight that led to the
victim's death." Commonwealth v. Vargas, 475 Mass. 338, 365
(2016). In several cases, those "particulars" bear striking
factual similarities to this case. See, e.g., Commonwealth v.
Keough, 385 Mass. 314, 320-321 (1982).17 See also Commonwealth
16 Reviewing convictions of murder in the second degree is familiar territory for this court, albeit more in the past than the present. Before 1979, the court's review under § 33E extended to cases, like this one, that involved a conviction of murder in the second degree based on an indictment charging murder in the first degree. G. L. c. 278, § 33E, as amended through St. 1974, c. 457. See Gaulden, 383 Mass. at 553. In 1979, § 33E was amended to limit this court's review function under that statute to convictions of murder in the first degree; under the rules of criminal procedure, trial judges in all criminal cases have "a power to enter a finding of a lesser degree of guilt in the same manner that this court has had such a power under . . . § 33E, on the appeal of a capital case." Id. 17 In Commonwealth v. Keough, 385 Mass. 314 (1982), this court affirmed the trial judge's decision to reduce a verdict of murder in the second degree to manslaughter on facts that bear a substantial similarity to the facts here. We stated:
"We agree with the judge's statement that '[t]his is a tragic case in which a minor controversy between strangers exploded into the killing of a human being.' A number of 28
v. Jones, 366 Mass. 805, 806, 809 (1975) (reducing verdict from
murder in second degree to manslaughter where victim "struck the
defendant a heavy blow on the jaw which sent him reeling
backward several steps" before defendant stabbed victim in chest
with fishing knife defendant carried with him every day);
Commonwealth v. Kinney, 361 Mass. 709, 710-713 (1972) (reducing
two convictions of murder in second degree to manslaughter where
defendant was set upon by group of women, struck in head, and
dragged into stairwell before firing two shots, killing one
woman and one child); Commonwealth v. Ransom, 358 Mass. 580,
582-583 (1971) (reducing conviction of murder in second degree
to manslaughter where defendant stabbed victim after victim
first attacked defendant and then pursued defendant into alley
significant facts are undisputed. The judgment of the persons involved appears to have been affected by the consumption of alcohol. The defendant and the victim had had no previous confrontation. The defendant had the murder weapon in his possession. He did not leave to obtain it and return to confront the victim. At the crucial moment, the victim sought out the defendant for confrontation. There were four persons in the victim's group and only two in the defendant's. The entire incident was characterized by senseless conduct by both groups. There was no evidence of the defendant's prior criminality.
"Although each case depends on a consideration of its particular circumstances, the judge's conclusion here fits into the pattern of those cases involving senseless encounters in which, under G. L. c. 278, § 33E, we have ordered the entry of a finding of a lesser degree of guilt."
Id. at 320–321, and cases cited. 29
and up to fence where defendant could run no further). It also
bears noting that some § 33E cases have given weight to factors
such as age and intoxication, both of which were also at issue
in this case. See Commonwealth v. McDermott, 393 Mass. 451,
460-461 (1984) (defendant was seventeen years old, and had drug
and alcohol problems); Ransom, supra at 583 (alcohol and drugs
may have played role in killing). See also Commonwealth v.
Colleran, 452 Mass. 417, 431–432 (2008) (collecting cases that
discuss factors that have been relevant to reducing murder
verdicts under § 33E). Because these considerations have
informed this court's § 33E analysis, they should also provide a
framework for the judge to explain his reasons in resolving the
rule 25 (b) (2) question.
4. Grand jury instructions. Finally, the defendant asks
that we expand the court's holding in Commonwealth v. Walczak,
463 Mass. 808 (2012), to apply whether the accused is a juvenile
or an adult. Under such a rule, the defendant suggests, the
grand jury in this case should have received legal instructions
on mitigating circumstances and self-defense. He argues that
because no such instructions were given, the integrity of the
grand jury was impaired, and the indictment must be dismissed.
In the Walczak case, four Justices agreed that "where the
Commonwealth seeks to indict a juvenile for murder and where
there is substantial evidence of mitigating circumstances or 30
defenses (other than lack of criminal responsibility) presented
to the grand jury, the prosecutor shall instruct the grand jury
on the elements of murder and on the significance of the
mitigating circumstances and defenses." Walczak, 463 Mass. at
810 (per curiam). That holding reflected the common ground
between two concurring opinions. Justice Lenk, noting that
"juveniles charged with murder are uniquely treated as adults
for all purposes by virtue of the grand jury's decision to
indict," advocated a rule requiring that in any presentment in
which the Commonwealth seeks to indict a juvenile for murder the
grand jury be instructed on elements of the crime, as well as
any defenses or mitigating circumstances raised by the evidence.
See id. at 832–833 (Lenk, J., concurring). Then Justice Gants,
in an opinion joined by two other Justices, proposed a slightly
different rule. He suggested that grand juries should receive
legal instructions on murder in the second degree and mitigating
circumstances when the prosecutor seeks an indictment for murder
despite "evidence of mitigating circumstances that is so
substantial that concealing it would impair the integrity of the
grand jury," regardless of whether the person accused is a
juvenile or an adult. Id. at 837 (Gants, J., concurring).18
18 Justice Spina, joined by two Justices, concurred in part and dissented in part. He believed there should be no change to then-existing law regarding instructions to grand juries. See 31
The holding of the Walczak case, by its own terms, does not
help the defendant here. For one, the rule agreed upon in
Walczak does not require additional instructions to be provided
to the grand jury in cases, like this one, involving accused
persons who are adults. Id. at 810. Moreover, as the defendant
acknowledges, even if the Walczak case had applied to adults,
that case was decided nearly three months after the indictments
issued in the present case, and we stated in Walczak that other
than the defendant then before the court, the rule would apply
only to "future cases." Id. Finally, the Walczak case came to
this court in a very different posture from this one -- an
appeal from the dismissal of an indictment, not an appeal from a
conviction following a full jury trial. See id. at 809.
Because this case does not require us to decide it, we
leave to another time the question whether to expand the holding
of the Walczak case to apply to adults. Meanwhile, we will
convene a committee to assist us in gaining a better
understanding of current practices employed by the various
district attorneys and the Attorney General before considering
an extension of the rule adopted in the Walczak case to similar
Commonwealth v. Walczak, 463 Mass. 808, 844 (2012) (Spina, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part). 32
types of grand jury proceedings involving adults.19 Cf.
Commonwealth v. Walker, 460 Mass. 590, 604 n.16 (2011)
(announcing that study committee would convene regarding
eyewitness identification procedures and related model jury
instructions).20 Independent of the work of that committee,
however, we decide today that, following the issuance of the
rescript in this case, the entire grand jury proceeding -- with
the exception of the grand jury's own deliberations -- is to be
recorded in a manner that permits reproduction and
transcription. This shall include any legal instructions
provided to the grand jury by a judge or a prosecutor in
connection with the proceeding, as well as a record of all those
present during the proceeding.21
19 By "similar types of grand jury proceedings," we mean grand jury proceedings in which the Commonwealth seeks an indictment for murder and in which there is evidence presented of mitigating circumstances or defenses (other than lack of criminal responsibility) sufficiently strong that the integrity of the grand jury would have been impaired if it were withheld, and the subject of the investigation is an adult. See Walczak, 463 Mass. at 810 (per curiam), 837 (Gants, J., concurring). 20 We will ask the committee to report on the range of practices employed by the various district attorneys' offices as well as the office of the Attorney General with respect to grand jury presentments; the reasons supporting the different practices; the substance of the instructions that grand juries receive from those district attorneys who currently provide them; and any recommended best practices. 21 The Attorney General indicates that, in general, only the judge's instructions at empanelment of the grand jury are 33
Conclusion. The case is transferred to the Supreme
Judicial Court for Suffolk County for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion.
So ordered.
recorded, whereas a prosecutor's subsequent instructions are not. It is this practice we seek to change by requiring that the entire grand jury proceeding, including all instructions by either a judge or a prosecutor, be placed on the record. We disagree with the Attorney General's suggestion that such a practice may jeopardize the secrecy of the grand jury, because grand jury minutes are already required to be made available to the parties. See Mass. R. Crim. P. 14 (a) (1) (A) (ii), as amended, 444 Mass. 1501 (2005). LOWY, J. (concurring). I agree that the evidence supports
a verdict of murder in the second degree and that the
prosecutor's closing argument was not improper. I also agree
with the approach of transferring the portion of the case
concerning the denial of the defendant's motion to reduce the
verdict to the county court for review by Justice Gaziano,
acting as single justice. I write separately because I believe
that convening a study group "to assist us in gaining a better
district attorneys and the Attorney General before considering
an extension of the rule in the Walczak case to similar types of
grand jury proceedings involving adults" is unnecessary and
imprudent. I believe it is unnecessary for the reasons stated
in Justice Spina's opinion in Commonwealth v. Walczak, 463 Mass
808, 844-856 (2012) (Spina, J., concurring in part and
dissenting in part).
I believe extending the Walczak protocol to adult murder
cases is imprudent for a number of reasons. First and foremost,
while the grand jury is an arm of the court and this court's
superintendence power reaches its proceedings, the manner of
presentation of evidence to the grand jury rests with the
executive branch, absent impairment of the integrity of the
grand jury. Second, should the court intrude into grand jury
proceedings in murder prosecutions, why should it not do so in 2
armed assault with intent to murder cases when there is evidence
of mitigation, or in indecent assault and battery cases when
there is evidence that the touching was accidental or
consensual? Third, will the Commonwealth now have to anticipate
evidence of mitigation through the eyes of defense counsel or
proactively investigate evidence of mitigation at the earliest
stages of a prosecution? Finally, adopting such a rule will add
a plethora of new motions and appeals relative to the quality or
absence of the Commonwealth's instructions. Trial judges are
not infrequently reversed for failing to give a manslaughter
instruction or because of error in instructions inadvertently
shifting the burden of proof of mitigation to the defendant.
Should Walczak be extended to adult murder cases, countless
issues will be raised concerning the need for and quality of
such instructions. While these issues are of paramount
importance at trial, a grand jury proceeding is not a trial.
For the past 236 years the grand jury has been an investigatory
and accusatory body in this Commonwealth. Commonwealth v.
Moran, 453 Mass. 880, 884 n.7 (2009). The convening of a study
group will be but a first step in the erosion of that vital and
historic function.