COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Clements, Haley and Beales Argued by teleconference
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY v. Record No. 0367-07-1 JUDGE JEAN HARRISON CLEMENTS AUGUST 14, 2007 EARL NATHANIEL COMBS, JR.
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF YORK COUNTY N. Prentis Smiley, Jr., Judge
Gregory W. Franklin, Assistant Attorney General (Robert F. McDonnell, Attorney General, on briefs), for appellant.
Claire G. Cardwell (Stone & Cardwell, PLC, on brief), for appellee.
Earl Nathaniel Combs, Jr., stands indicted for possessing a firearm as a felon, in violation of
Code § 18.2-308.2. Pursuant to Code § 19.2-398, the Commonwealth appeals a pretrial ruling
granting Combs’s motion to suppress evidence of a handgun found under the front passenger seat of
Combs’s car. The Commonwealth contends the trial court erred in suppressing the evidence on the
ground that the police officer who found the handgun exceeded the scope of consent given by
Combs. Finding no error, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
As the parties are fully conversant with the record in this case, and because this
memorandum opinion carries no precedential value, this opinion recites only those facts and
incidents of the proceedings as are necessary to the parties’ understanding of the disposition of this
appeal.
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. I. BACKGROUND
Responding to a call from dispatch, Deputy Houston pulled his vehicle behind a car being
driven by Combs in York County. Almost immediately, Combs pulled over and stopped his car.
Houston advised dispatch of the number on Combs’s vehicle tags. He then exited his vehicle to talk
to Combs, who had also gotten out of his car. Houston and Combs engaged in “casual”
conversation. During the conversation, dispatch informed Houston that Combs’s vehicle tags were
not on file with the Department of Motor Vehicles. Combs explained that he had recently
purchased the vehicle and the tags were issued to the car when he purchased it from the dealer. A
check by Houston of the car’s vehicle identification number showed that the vehicle had been sold
and that no tags had been assigned to it yet. While standing next to the driver’s side of Combs’s car,
Houston noticed another Virginia tag on the rear seat floorboard protruding from underneath the
front passenger seat. Houston could determine only the first few characters of the tag from his
vantage point. Combs informed Houston that the tag underneath the seat belonged to the vehicle he
had previously owned.
Deputy Houston asked Combs for permission to retrieve the tag located on the floorboard in
order to verify it had been assigned to Combs. Combs responded, “[W]ell, it’s my tag.” Houston
reiterated that he wanted to verify the tag was registered to a vehicle Combs had owned. When
Combs offered to retrieve the tag, Houston, who had moved to the rear door closest to the tag,
replied, “I’m right here.” Combs responded, “[G]o ahead.”
In the incident report he completed shortly after his encounter with Combs, Deputy
Houston described his retrieval of the tag from the rear seat as follows:
I opened the rear door of the vehicle to remove the tag. As I pulled the tag from under the seat I discovered an open bottle of alcohol under the seat; however, I was unable to remove it from the rear seat area and had to go to the front seat. Upon reaching under the front seat to remove the bottle, I felt what I believed to be a handgun. -2- At the suppression hearing, Deputy Houston testified that, having been given consent by
Combs “to retrieve the tag from the rear seat of the vehicle,” he proceeded to retrieve the tag as
follows:
I opened the rear door of the vehicle to remove the tag. As I pulled it — tried to attempt to pull the tag from underneath the seat — the front seats were bucket seats and they were fairly low to the floor. As I tried to remove the tag from underneath the seat there was a bottle of alcohol that had rolled to the back of the seat and that was putting pressure down on the tag in between the seat and the floor and keeping me from being able to pull the tag out from underneath without pushing the bottle forward.
As I was trying to push the bottle forward to pull the tag out the bottle wouldn’t go any further. So at that point I walked around to the front passenger’s side seat to reach underneath the floorboard to remove that so I could pull the tag out. Upon reaching underneath the front seat I discovered there was a handgun lying under the front right-passenger seat.
On cross-examination, Deputy Houston testified that his “sole reason” for going around
to the front seat was to retrieve the tag. He agreed that finding an open bottle of alcohol would
have provided him with further grounds to retrieve the bottle. However, he testified that, from
where he was positioned at the rear seat, he could not determine if the bottle was open until he
removed it. He explained that, when he stated in the incident report that he “discovered an open
bottle of alcohol,” he meant he had discovered the bottle was “open” only after he moved to the
front passenger seat and retrieved the bottle. Houston further testified that his use in the incident
report of the phrase “As I pulled the tag from under the seat” was intended to mean “As I was
pulling the tag from under the seat.” Additionally, he testified that the term “it” in the report
referred to the tag and not the bottle.
After hearing the evidence and argument of counsel, the trial court concluded that the
encounter between Deputy Houston and Combs was consensual but that the officer’s actions in
going around to the front seat to remove the bottle exceeded the scope of the consent given by
-3- Combs. Specifically, the trial court determined that Combs’s consent was limited to the retrieval
of the partially exposed tag from the rear passenger floorboard and that, having, according to the
incident report, already “pulled the tag from under the seat,” Houston was not permitted to enter
the front passenger seat to retrieve the bottle of alcohol. Thus, the trial court granted the motion
to suppress the handgun that Houston discovered under the front passenger seat.
This appeal by the Commonwealth followed.
II. ANALYSIS
On appeal, the Commonwealth contends the trial court erred in finding that Deputy
Houston exceeded the scope of the consent given by Combs. The Commonwealth argues that
the court’s finding that Houston had already recovered the tag from the rear seat before going to
the front seat and finding the handgun is unsupported by the evidence and plainly wrong. We
disagree.
“[S]earches made by the police pursuant to a valid consent do not implicate the Fourth
Amendment.” McNair v. Commonwealth, 31 Va. App. 76, 82, 521 S.E.2d 303, 306 (1999) (en
banc). However, an individual may limit the scope of his consent, see Lawrence v.
Commonwealth, 17 Va. App. 140, 145, 435 S.E.2d 591, 594 (1993), and “‘[t]he government may
not exceed the boundaries of the consent,’” Bolda v. Commonwealth, 15 Va. App. 315, 319, 423
S.E.2d 204, 207 (1992) (quoting United States v. Martinez, 949 F.2d 1117, 1119 (11th Cir.
1992)).
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COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Clements, Haley and Beales Argued by teleconference
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY v. Record No. 0367-07-1 JUDGE JEAN HARRISON CLEMENTS AUGUST 14, 2007 EARL NATHANIEL COMBS, JR.
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF YORK COUNTY N. Prentis Smiley, Jr., Judge
Gregory W. Franklin, Assistant Attorney General (Robert F. McDonnell, Attorney General, on briefs), for appellant.
Claire G. Cardwell (Stone & Cardwell, PLC, on brief), for appellee.
Earl Nathaniel Combs, Jr., stands indicted for possessing a firearm as a felon, in violation of
Code § 18.2-308.2. Pursuant to Code § 19.2-398, the Commonwealth appeals a pretrial ruling
granting Combs’s motion to suppress evidence of a handgun found under the front passenger seat of
Combs’s car. The Commonwealth contends the trial court erred in suppressing the evidence on the
ground that the police officer who found the handgun exceeded the scope of consent given by
Combs. Finding no error, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
As the parties are fully conversant with the record in this case, and because this
memorandum opinion carries no precedential value, this opinion recites only those facts and
incidents of the proceedings as are necessary to the parties’ understanding of the disposition of this
appeal.
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. I. BACKGROUND
Responding to a call from dispatch, Deputy Houston pulled his vehicle behind a car being
driven by Combs in York County. Almost immediately, Combs pulled over and stopped his car.
Houston advised dispatch of the number on Combs’s vehicle tags. He then exited his vehicle to talk
to Combs, who had also gotten out of his car. Houston and Combs engaged in “casual”
conversation. During the conversation, dispatch informed Houston that Combs’s vehicle tags were
not on file with the Department of Motor Vehicles. Combs explained that he had recently
purchased the vehicle and the tags were issued to the car when he purchased it from the dealer. A
check by Houston of the car’s vehicle identification number showed that the vehicle had been sold
and that no tags had been assigned to it yet. While standing next to the driver’s side of Combs’s car,
Houston noticed another Virginia tag on the rear seat floorboard protruding from underneath the
front passenger seat. Houston could determine only the first few characters of the tag from his
vantage point. Combs informed Houston that the tag underneath the seat belonged to the vehicle he
had previously owned.
Deputy Houston asked Combs for permission to retrieve the tag located on the floorboard in
order to verify it had been assigned to Combs. Combs responded, “[W]ell, it’s my tag.” Houston
reiterated that he wanted to verify the tag was registered to a vehicle Combs had owned. When
Combs offered to retrieve the tag, Houston, who had moved to the rear door closest to the tag,
replied, “I’m right here.” Combs responded, “[G]o ahead.”
In the incident report he completed shortly after his encounter with Combs, Deputy
Houston described his retrieval of the tag from the rear seat as follows:
I opened the rear door of the vehicle to remove the tag. As I pulled the tag from under the seat I discovered an open bottle of alcohol under the seat; however, I was unable to remove it from the rear seat area and had to go to the front seat. Upon reaching under the front seat to remove the bottle, I felt what I believed to be a handgun. -2- At the suppression hearing, Deputy Houston testified that, having been given consent by
Combs “to retrieve the tag from the rear seat of the vehicle,” he proceeded to retrieve the tag as
follows:
I opened the rear door of the vehicle to remove the tag. As I pulled it — tried to attempt to pull the tag from underneath the seat — the front seats were bucket seats and they were fairly low to the floor. As I tried to remove the tag from underneath the seat there was a bottle of alcohol that had rolled to the back of the seat and that was putting pressure down on the tag in between the seat and the floor and keeping me from being able to pull the tag out from underneath without pushing the bottle forward.
As I was trying to push the bottle forward to pull the tag out the bottle wouldn’t go any further. So at that point I walked around to the front passenger’s side seat to reach underneath the floorboard to remove that so I could pull the tag out. Upon reaching underneath the front seat I discovered there was a handgun lying under the front right-passenger seat.
On cross-examination, Deputy Houston testified that his “sole reason” for going around
to the front seat was to retrieve the tag. He agreed that finding an open bottle of alcohol would
have provided him with further grounds to retrieve the bottle. However, he testified that, from
where he was positioned at the rear seat, he could not determine if the bottle was open until he
removed it. He explained that, when he stated in the incident report that he “discovered an open
bottle of alcohol,” he meant he had discovered the bottle was “open” only after he moved to the
front passenger seat and retrieved the bottle. Houston further testified that his use in the incident
report of the phrase “As I pulled the tag from under the seat” was intended to mean “As I was
pulling the tag from under the seat.” Additionally, he testified that the term “it” in the report
referred to the tag and not the bottle.
After hearing the evidence and argument of counsel, the trial court concluded that the
encounter between Deputy Houston and Combs was consensual but that the officer’s actions in
going around to the front seat to remove the bottle exceeded the scope of the consent given by
-3- Combs. Specifically, the trial court determined that Combs’s consent was limited to the retrieval
of the partially exposed tag from the rear passenger floorboard and that, having, according to the
incident report, already “pulled the tag from under the seat,” Houston was not permitted to enter
the front passenger seat to retrieve the bottle of alcohol. Thus, the trial court granted the motion
to suppress the handgun that Houston discovered under the front passenger seat.
This appeal by the Commonwealth followed.
II. ANALYSIS
On appeal, the Commonwealth contends the trial court erred in finding that Deputy
Houston exceeded the scope of the consent given by Combs. The Commonwealth argues that
the court’s finding that Houston had already recovered the tag from the rear seat before going to
the front seat and finding the handgun is unsupported by the evidence and plainly wrong. We
disagree.
“[S]earches made by the police pursuant to a valid consent do not implicate the Fourth
Amendment.” McNair v. Commonwealth, 31 Va. App. 76, 82, 521 S.E.2d 303, 306 (1999) (en
banc). However, an individual may limit the scope of his consent, see Lawrence v.
Commonwealth, 17 Va. App. 140, 145, 435 S.E.2d 591, 594 (1993), and “‘[t]he government may
not exceed the boundaries of the consent,’” Bolda v. Commonwealth, 15 Va. App. 315, 319, 423
S.E.2d 204, 207 (1992) (quoting United States v. Martinez, 949 F.2d 1117, 1119 (11th Cir.
1992)). Accordingly, “‘any evidence gathered beyond those boundaries must be excluded.’” Id.
(quoting Martinez, 949 F.2d at 1119).
In a hearing on a motion to suppress, the Commonwealth bears the burden of proving the
actions of its agents did not violate the defendant’s constitutional rights. Simmons v.
Commonwealth, 238 Va. 200, 204, 380 S.E.2d 656, 658 (1989). Where, as here, the trial court
rules for the defendant and grants the motion, the evidence must be viewed on appeal in the light
-4- most favorable to him as the prevailing party. Commonwealth v. Grimstead, 12 Va. App. 1066,
1067, 407 S.E.2d 47, 48 (1991).
Additionally, it is well settled that, in hearing a defendant’s motion to suppress, “‘the trial
court, acting as fact finder, must evaluate the credibility of the witnesses, resolve the conflicts in
their testimony and weigh the evidence as a whole.’” Albert v. Commonwealth, 2 Va. App. 734,
738, 347 S.E.2d 534, 536 (1986) (quoting Witt v. Commonwealth, 215 Va. 670, 674, 212 S.E.2d
293, 297 (1975)). Such “determinations of the trial court, like those of a jury, are binding on this
Court, and we will reverse such findings ‘only if they are plainly wrong or without evidence to
support them.’” Mercer v. Commonwealth, 259 Va. 235, 243, 523 S.E.2d 213, 217 (2000)
(quoting Richardson v. Richardson, 242 Va. 242, 246, 409 S.E.2d 148, 151 (1991)). Moreover,
“‘[b]oth the presence of consent to search and any related limitations are factual issues for the
trial court to resolve after consideration of the attendant circumstances.’” Edwards v.
Commonwealth, 38 Va. App. 823, 827, 568 S.E.2d 454, 456 (2002) (quoting Bynum v.
Commonwealth, 23 Va. App. 412, 418, 477 S.E.2d 750, 753 (1996)).
Applying these principles to the circumstances of this case, we cannot say the trial court
erred in determining that Deputy Houston’s movement to the front passenger seat to retrieve the
bottle of alcohol and subsequent discovery of the handgun exceeded the scope of Combs’s
consent to retrieve the tag. As the trial court noted, Houston’s testimony at the suppression
hearing regarding the retrieval of the tag conflicted in significant part with his account of that
retrieval in the incident report he wrote shortly after the encounter with Combs. In concluding,
on the basis of the incident report, that the officer’s actions in going around to the front seat to
remove the bottle exceeded the scope of the consent given by Combs, the trial court necessarily
found the account of the retrieval in the incident report more credible than Houston’s testimony,
with the exception of the report’s notation that the bottle of alcohol under the seat was open. In
-5- that regard, the court believed Houston’s testimony at the suppression hearing that he could not
determine from his vantage point that the bottle of alcohol was open. Indeed, as the trial court
pointed out, had Houston testified at the hearing that he saw the bottle of alcohol was open, the
officer would have had probable cause to retrieve the bottle as evidence of criminal activity.
However, the trial court accepted the officer’s testimony that he was unaware the bottle was open
until he went around to the front seat to retrieve it. Conversely, the trial court rejected the
officer’s testimony that the incident report did not mean what it said.
Plainly, the trial court resolved the internal conflicts in the Commonwealth’s evidence in
favor of Combs. “The power to segregate a witness’s testimony into the believable, partly
believable, or wholly unbelievable is an exercise of decisional discretion intrinsic to the
factfinding task and essential to its proper performance.” Harper v. Commonwealth, 49
Va. App. 517, 523, 642 S.E.2d 779, 782 (2007). Indeed, “a reviewing court ‘faced with a record
of historical facts that supports conflicting inferences must presume—even if it does not
affirmatively appear in the record—that the trier of fact resolved any such conflicts in favor of
the [prevailing party below], and must defer to that resolution.’” Wright v. West, 505 U.S. 277,
296-97 (1992) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 326 (1979)).
Because the incident report supports the trial court’s finding that Houston had already
retrieved the tag from the rear passenger floorboard before moving to the front seat to retrieve
the bottle of alcohol, we conclude the trial court did not err in holding the officer exceeded the
scope of Combs’s consent, which both parties agree was limited solely to the retrieval of the tag.
III. CONCLUSION
For these reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial court and remand for further
proceedings should the Commonwealth be so advised.
Affirmed.
-6-